Desenvolvimento de um sistema para planeamento e controlo da produção

Atualmente o sector industrial está inserido num mercado cada vez mais competitivo, onde é exigida uma estratégia empresarial que possa garantir a sua permanência e destaque no atual mercado. Por esta razão, um planeamento e controlo da produção adequado torna-se essencial para o bom funcionamento de uma empresa. Através destes sistemas é possível atuar de forma positiva na produção, rentabilizando-se o sector produtivo da empresa que contribui para o aumento da qualidade de serviço e também para o crescimento económico da empresa. Com um planeamento da produção adequado, uma organização dispondo das mesmas capacidades, é capaz de produzir quantidades iguais num menor intervalo de tempo. Por outro lado, um controlo da produção preciso é imprescindível para o fornecimento da informação correta quando necessária. No sentido de otimização, uma empresa apresentou algumas sugestões de melhoria a nível do planeamento e controlo da produção. Este trabalho surge assim com o intuito de dar resposta às propostas apresentadas. Para tal, no desenvolvimento desta dissertação, criou-se uma ferramenta dotada de dois algoritmos e um sistema de controlo para aquisição de informação de forma automatizada. Em suma, o sistema proposto apresenta a capacidade de construção de boas soluções para o planeamento, conciliada com um sistema de aquisição de dados bastante prático e e caz. Mantendo sempre a exibilidade necessária para um sistema deste género.

La enseñanza por competencias

La enseñanza por competencias, de manera semejante con el conjunto de actividades académicas que realizan los centros de educación superior, poseen una compleja estructura de atributos, tales como: conocimientos, actitudes, valores y habilidades. Bajo estas consideraciones, entendemos que los docentes de las universidades deberían de orientar entre otras, sus preocupaciones académicas, para impulsar el cambio de enfoque educativo que viabilice la construcción de puentes, para modificar favorablemente el desfase existente entre lo que demanda el sector productivo y la práctica cotidiana en los salones de clase de las universidades. Las universidades como entes responsables de la formación profesional de los(as) ciudadanos(as) de la sociedad, deben velar por coadyuvar a insertar al mercado laboral a sus graduados con una mentalidad flexible, dinámica, creativos, y con visión de futuros conocedores de las realidades de mercado, con una formación integral, plurifuncionales y versados en las herramientas tecnológicas de punta, con el propósito que sean competentes en sus labores específicas. Abstract Teaching through competencies as well as the academic activities carried out in universities, has complex structures as attributes such as: knowledge, values, and abilities. Based on this consideration, we understand that university professors should guide their academic interest towards a change on the teaching approach, allowing the building of bridges that can positively modify the existing gap between the demands of the productive sector on the current practice in the university classroom. The Universities are responsible for the professional education of the members of society and should watch over to help introduce graduates in the labor market. These graduates should characterized by a flexible, dynamic, and creative mind, capable of future projections, as acquainted with the characteristics of the real market, with a well rounded formation, multifunctional and versed in the leading technological tools; so they can be competent on their specific tasks.

Estatística das aplicações de métodos multicritério nas áreas da engenharia de produção

Currently, the decision analysis in production processes involves a level of detail, in which the problem is subdivided to analyze it in terms of different and conflicting points of view. The multi-criteria analysis has been an important tool that helps assertive decisions related to the production process. This process of analysis has been incorporated into various areas of production engineering, by applying multi-criteria methods in solving the problems of the productive sector. This research presents a statistical study on the use of multi-criteria methods in the areas of Production Engineering, where 935 papers were filtered from 20.663 publications in scientific journals, considering a level of the publication quality based on the impact factor published by the JCR between 2010 and 2015. In this work, the descriptive statistics is used to represent some information and statistical analysis on the volume of applications methods. Relevant results were found with respect to the "amount of advanced methods that are being applied and in which areas related to Production Engineering." This information may provide support to researchers when preparing a multi-criteria application, whereupon it will be possible to check in which issues and how often the other authors have used multi-criteria methods.

As relações da tríplice hélice no setor da carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte: uma análise a partir das abordagens da imersão social e da dependência de recursos

This work consists in a study of the Shrimp Industry in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, whose central issue relates to the understanding of how the Triple Helix (University, Government and the productive sector) interrelationship limits or expands the industry s innovation process. The study aims to understand how the Triple Helix relationship interferes in the innovation process of shrimp in Rio Grande do Norte. As the knowledge becomes the resource key for production methods, the generation of new technologies, new products and processes which demands joint and integrated action of the institutions comprising the Triple Helix: University, Government and productive sector, which possess the essential resources to innovate the process and can be maximized from cooperative relationships between the referred Institutions. Thus, in this work, it was sharply used the pioneering studies of Sabato and Botana (1968) regarding the cooperation relationship between the scientific-technological sphere, the governmental and the productive base, and studies on the Triple Helix approach, proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), in which the university has a key role in the process of technological and innovative development of countries and regions, and under which it is assigned to the very University - the character of the entrepreneurial institution, through the concept of entrepreneurial University. Aiming to overcome the criticism of Cooke (2005), regarding the limitations of the Triple Helix approach, in this study it was used - as analytical perspectives - the perspective of social immersion (Granovetter, 1985, 2005) and the theory of resources dependence (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). The analytical perspectives presented in here, despite of the different assumptions, are essential to eliminate the bias that one only approach can lead (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM; 2007). The authors arguments focus on the fact that the integration is possible if the researcher acknowledged that different perspectives may have different descriptions of the same phenomenon. As a research strategy, this study is characterized as a study case, along with the proposed objectives - the qualitative method was used as an approach and, depending on the gathering of the sector s historical, a sectional longitudinal view approach was applied (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the sector s evolutionary process and its inter-institutional relations - regarding the shrimp culture in Rio Grande do Norte - to promote the development, as the content was used for the technical analysis (BARDIN, 1977). The approach of social immersion and resources addiction dependence made it possible to understand that relationships are established within and between each sphere (university, government and productive sector) characterizing a network of low density relationships and strongly internal and external dependence. Based on the speech of Etzkowitz and Mello (2006), a successful Triple Helix strategy of innovation requires not only the involvement and commitment of the parts, within the institutional sphere and among them, but also the development of mechanisms to coordinate the multiple and complex interactions and interfaces, focusing on promoting both environment and context for innovation and learning; it can be acknowledge from study results that the shrimp in the State of the RN, although there are several institutional mechanisms to promote greater integration and technological development, has been presented disjointed - both internally and between the spheres - and under no legitimate practice when facing the innovational promotion and integration institutions. Due to those factors, the central institutions of the network are crucial to the promotion of innovations, spreading through their direct contacts the importance factor of the sustainable competitive activity in the world market and on the national level. However, it may be concluded, from the data, that the Triple Helix relations are interfering in a negative way on what concerns the promotion of innovations in the shrimp industry in RN

Avaliação da incorporação combinada dos resíduos de cascalho de perfuração de poço de petróleo e de polimento do porcelanato em cerâmica vermelha

Among the industries, those that produce ceramic porcelain for use in construction industry and oil, during the exploration and production period, play an important role in the production of waste. Much research has been carried out both by academia and the productive sector, sometimes reintroducing them in the same production line that generated them, sometimes in areas unrelated to their generation, as in the production of concrete and mortar for the construction, for example, but each one in an isolated way. In this research, the aim is to study the combined incorporation of the waste drill cuttings of oil well and the residue of the polishing of porcelain, generated in the final stage of finishing of this product in a clay matrix, for the production of red pottery, specifically bricks, ceramic blocks and tiles. The clay comes from the municipality of São Gonçalo, RN, the drilling waste is from the Natal basin, in Rio Grande do Norte, and the residue of the polishing proceeds from a ceramic porcelain of the State of Paraíba. For this purpose, we used a mixture of a plastic clay with a non-plastic, in a ratio of 50% each, settling formulations with the addition of these two residues in this clay matrix. In the formulations, both residues were incorporated with a minimum percentage of 2.5% and maximum of 12.5%, varying from 2.5% each, in each formulation, which the sum of the waste be no more than 15%. It should be noted that the residue of the polishing of ceramic porcelain is a IIa class (not inert). The materials were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG, DTA, laser granulometry and the plasticity index. The technological properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage of burning, flexural tensile strength and bulk density were evaluated after the sintering of the pieces to 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C, with a burning time of 3 hr, 3 hr and 30 minutes, and 3 hr and 50 minutes, respectively, with a heating rate of 10 °C/minute, for all formulations and landing of 30 minutes. To better understand the influence of each residue and temperature on the evaluated properties, we used the factorial planning and its surfaces of response for the interpretation of the results. It was found that the temperature has no statistical significance at a 95% of reliability level in flexural tensile strength and that it decreases the water absorption and the porosity, but increases the shrinkage and the bulk density. The results showed the feasibility of the desired incorporation, but adjusting the temperature to each product and formulation, and that the temperatures of 850 °C and 950 °C were the one that responded to the largest number of formulations

Proposta de modelo de interação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte e empresas do setor de petróleo

Operational procedures may negatively interfere in negotiation and execution regarding universities and business companies. In some cases it may even derail business interaction. Thus, aiming to overcome this and other barriers a university-industry interaction model was structured. The model enhances the appropriation of technological solutions on behalf of enterprises, as well as aim to improve the quality of teaching and research done at the university. In order to conduct a case study, sampling considering the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) was made as well as the Oil and Gas sector. For data collection questionnaires, classroom observation, document analysis, semi-structured interviews were used. The study describes the companies as well as the internal organization of UFRN in their interaction context. The diagnosis related to past interactions as well as the expectations of the companies and the university s internal subjects regarding the university-industry relationship were also studied. Thus, specific questionnaires were applied for the three types of groups: researchers, managers and business companies. These subjects pointed out that the great deal of barriers they identified were related to issues regarding the university internal management. Given these barriers, the critical factors were then identified in order to overcome this reality. Among the nine critical factors only one belongs to the macro environment, while the remaining factors are related to organizational issues present in the university context. It was possible to formulate a university-business interaction model one the researched focused on the case study results and contribution from a theoretical framework that was enabled trough literature review. The model considers all business collaboration mechanisms; it focuses on a particular strategic productive sector and provides a co-evolution vision over time, according to the sector´s development strategy. The need for institutionalizing the relationship with the companies involved is pointed out. The proposed model considers all the critical factors identified by the research; it aims long-term relationship with the company and integrates teaching, research and extension actions. The model implementation was also considered. It was seen that it must be done in three phases. The phases will be defined by the level of maturity in the relationship between the university and the companies. Thus, a framework was developed in order to assess the interaction level regarding company institutionalization. Whilst structuring the model was a concern with replication came up. It was pointed out that this model should not only serve to this specific case study situation. So the final result is a model of university-industry relationship appropriate in the first instance, for UFRN, but has applicability, in general, to any Brazilian university

DINÁMICA TERRITORIAL ASOCIADA A LA ACTIVIDAD AGROPECUARIA EN EL CANTÓN DE POÁS, ALAJUELA

Este artículo presenta la dinámica y articulación de las actividades agrícolas del cantón de Poás.Considera además los rasgos sobresalientes de dichas actividades a saber: café, caña de azúcar, fresas, plantas ornamentales, ganadería de leche y hortalizas. Asimismo, relaciona la dinámica de inserción de la población en este sector productivo, justificando las actividades agrícolas como relevantes en el desarrollo económico del cantón. La caracterización efectuada permitió identificar las tendencias de los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales, no tradicionales y las actividades agrícolas emergentes. La metodología involucra la revisión de datos secundarios de diversas fuentes, estadísticas y censales, enriquecidas con levantamiento de campo, visitas y entrevistas de campo a  productores. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del plan regulador del cantón de Poás, realizado por la Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas de la Universidad Nacional. ABSTRACT This article presents the dynamics and articulation of agricultural activities in the canton of Poás. Also considered are the salient features of such activities, namely, coffee, sugar cane, strawberries, rnamental plants, dairy and vegetables. At the same time, the article relates the dynamics of inclusion of the population in the productive sector, justifying agricultural activities as relevant to the economic  evelopment of the canton. This characterization made it possible to identify trends in traditional farming systems as well as non-traditional and emerging agricultural activities. The methodology involves a review of secondary data from various sources, statistics and census, supplemented with field surveys, field visits and interviews about producer experiences. This work is part of the Poás regulatory plan onducted by the School of Geographical Sciences at Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.

The Brazilian sugar and alcohol sector: evolution, productive chain and innovations

Includes bibliography

Economic fluctuations and productivity in the Malaysian construction sector

Growth in productivity is the key determinant of the long-term health and prosperity of an economy. The construction industry being one of major strategic importance, its productivity performance has a significant effect on national economic growth. The relationship between construction output and economy has received intensive studies, but there is lack of empirical study on the relationship between construction productivity and economic fluctuations. Fluctuations in construction output are endemic in the industry. In part they are caused by the boom and slump of the economy as a whole and in part by the nature of the construction product. This research aims to uncover how the productivity of construction sector is influenced in the course of economic fluctuations in Malaysia. Malaysia has adopted three economic policies – New Economic Policy (1971-1990), National Development Policy (1991-2000) and the National Vision Policy (2001-2010) since gaining independence in 1959. The Privatisation Master Plan was introduced in 1991. Operating within this historical context, the Malaysian construction sector has experienced four business cycles since 1960. A mixed-method design approach is adopted in this study. Quantitative analysis was conducted on the published official statistics of the construction industry and the overall economy in Malaysia between 1970 and 2009. Qualitative study involved interviews with a purposive sample of 21 industrial participants. This study identified a 32-year long building cycle appears in 1975-2006. It is superimposed with three shorter construction business cycles in 1975-1987, 1987-1999 and 1999-2006. The correlations of Construction labour productivity (CLP) and GDP per capita are statistically significant for the 1975-2006 building cycle, 1987-1999 and 1999-2006 construction business cycles. It was not significant in 1975-1987 construction business cycles. The Construction Industry Surveys/Census over the period from 1996 to 2007 show that the average growth rate of total output per employee expanded but the added value per employee contracted which imply high cost of bought-in materials and services and inefficient usage of purchases. The construction labour productivity is peaked at 2004 although there is contraction of construction sector in 2004. The residential subsector performed relatively better than the other sub-sectors in most of the productivity indicators. Improvements are found in output per employee, value added per employee, labour competitiveness and capital investment but declines are recorded in value added content and capital productivity. The civil engineering construction is most productive in the labour productivity nevertheless relatively poorer in the capital productivity. The labour cost is more competitive in the larger size establishment. The added value per labour cost is higher in larger sized establishment attributed to efficient in utilization of capital. The interview with the industrial participant reveals that the productivity of the construction sector is influenced by the economic environment, the construction methods, contract arrangement, payment chain and regulatory policies. The fluctuations of construction demand have caused companies switched to defensive strategy during the economic downturn and to ensure short-term survival than to make a profit for the long-term survival and growth. It leads the company to take drastic measures to curb expenses, downsizing, employ contract employment, diversification and venture overseas market. There is no empirical evidence supports downsizing as a necessary step in a process of reviving productivity. The productivity does not correlate with size of firm. A relatively smaller and focused firm is more productive than the larger and diversified organisation. However diversified company experienced less fluctuation in both labour and capital productivity. In order to improve the productivity of the construction sector, it is necessary to remove the negatives and flaws from past practices. The recommended measures include long-term strategic planning and coordinated approaches of government agencies in planning of infrastructure development and to provide regulatory environments which encourage competition and facilitate productivity improvement.

Productive inefficiency analysis and toxic chemical substances in US and Japanese manufacturing sectors

Corporate social responsibility is imperative for manufacturing companies to achieve sustainable development. Under a strong environmental information disclosure system, polluting companies are disadvantaged in terms of market competitiveness, because they lack an environmentally friendly image. The objective of this study is to analyze productive inefficiency change in relation to toxic chemical substance emissions for the United States and Japan and their corresponding policies. We apply the weighted Russell directional distance model to measure companies productive inefficiency, which represents their production technology. The data encompass 330 US manufacturing firms observed from 1999 to 2007, and 466 Japanese manufacturing firms observed from 2001 to 2008. The article focuses on nine high-pollution industries (rubber and plastics; chemicals and allied products; paper and pulp; steel and non-ferrous metal; fabricated metal; industrial machinery; electrical products; transportation equipment; precision instruments) categorized into two industry groups: basic materials industries and processing and assembly industries. The results show that productive inefficiency decreased in all industrial sectors in the United States and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, that of the electrical products industry decreased rapidly after 2002 for both countries, possibly because of the enforcement of strict environmental regulations for electrical products exported to European markets.

Determinants of eco-efficiency in the Chinese industrial sector

This study measures productive inefficiency within the context of multi-environmental pollution (eco-efficiency) in the Chinese industrial sector. The weighted Russell directional distance model is applied to measure eco-efficiency using production technology. The objective is to clarify how external factors affect eco-efficiency. The major findings are that both foreign direct investment and investment for pollution abatement improve eco-efficiency as measured by air pollutant substances. A levy system for wastewater discharge improves eco-efficiency as measured by wastewater pollutant substances. However, an air pollutant levy does not significantly affect eco-efficiency as measured by air pollutants.

Sector-Specific on-the-Job Training: Evidence from U.S. Data.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we re-examine the effect of formal on-the-job training on mobility patterns of young American workers. By employing parametric duration models, we evaluate the economic impact of training on productive time with an employer. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive and statistically significant impact of formal on-the-job training on tenure with the employer providing the training. However, the expected net duration of the time spent in the training program is generally not significantly increased. We proceed to document and analyze intra-sectoral and cross-sectoral mobility patterns in order to infer whether training provides firm-specific, industry-specific, or general human capital. The econometric analysis rejects a sequential model of job separation in favor of a competing risks specification. We find significant evidence for the industry-specificity of training. The probability of sectoral mobility upon job separation decreases with training received in the current industry, whether with the last employer or previous employers, and employment attachment increases with on-the-job training. These results are robust to a number of variations on the base model.

Estudio sistémico del sector de transporte terrestre de carga en Colombia - Caso Servientrega S.A

Las organizaciones que componen los distintos sectores productivos en Colombia contribuyen, en mayor o en menor medida, a la economía del país y de ellos depende la solidez con que este se muestre ante las demás naciones. Empresas como Servientrega, perteneciente al sector de transporte terrestre de carga, es un claro ejemplo de cómo se deben aprovechar las oportunidades convertir las ventajas competitivas en objetivos de negocio con el fin de fidelizar la marca y ganar participación en el mercado. Por medio de un Análisis Estructural de Sectores Estratégicos (AESE) y un Estudio de Prospectiva se comprueba los nichos de mercado que faltan por explorar y cuál es el escenario más conveniente para llevar a cabo sus estrategias.

Análisis del proceso de negociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio Colombo Canadiense, para el sector agrícola. Periodo 2007 – 2008

En el mundo se está evidenciando un proceso de globalización, que ha impulsado a los Estados a una interacción, generando cambios significativos a nivel económico, cultural, político y social. Un reflejo de lo anterior, es la iniciativa de negociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio Colombo Canadiense, que además refleja una nueva etapa del Proceso de Apertura Económica iniciada en Colombia hace más de una década. El TLC Colombo Canadiense materializa la primera iniciativa bilateral entre estos dos países, enfocada a una negociación de Libre Comercio, sin embargo, los dos Estados ya habían tenido antecedentes de negociaciones comerciales multilaterales. Las negociaciones de Libre Comercio entre estos dos países, se desarrollaron en cinco rondas de negociación celebradas desde junio de 2007 hasta julio de 2008. Para el Sector Agrícola específicamente, las negociaciones fueron muy productivas, obteniendo los mejores resultados frente a las propuestas ofensivas tanto de Canadá como de Colombia. Frente a la entrada en vigor del TLC Colombo Canadiense, se evidenciaron distintas posiciones tanto de algunos representantes de la sociedad civil, como de organizaciones no gubernamentales, la academia, entre otros, que rechazaban completamente el acuerdo, alegando especialmente el tema del conflicto armado interno en Colombia, la violación a los Derechos Humanos, la falta de garantías a los derechos de los trabajadores y a los sindicatos, entre otros temas sociales.

Estudio del sector BPO en Colombia servicios BPO outsourcing & offshoring

Durante la última década hemos presenciado una revolución tecnológica que nos ha llevado a interconectarnos globalmente, desde las redes sociales como mecanismo de unión entre las personas hasta los servicios mercerizados prestados a través de la web que cada día van logrando un tejido empresarial mas informado y en contacto, en donde la información es en tiempo real y de gran ayuda para la toma de decisiones diarias. En el siguiente texto podremos observar de forma más detenida y detallada la forma en que se están generando unidades de negocio estratégicas que surgen a medida que la conectividad comienza a ser prioridad en muchas organizaciones, en donde buscan generar ventajas competitivas por medio de la tercerización de procesos, lo que ha llevado que Colombia quiera ser pionera en dicha materia. Pero para lograr consolidar un aparato productivo que incursione en el mundo digital y preparar la fuerza laboral para que pueda prestar dichos servicios tercer izados el gobierno ha ubicado los puntos críticos en donde se deben focalizar los recursos y los esfuerzos, de esta forma este texto busca aclarar y generar nuevas ideas en torno a la tercerización de los servicios, pasando por los modelos de negocios en la tercerización, los medios y la realidad actual de Colombia en este mercado.