O serviço fiscal aduaneiro criminal e contraordenacional da GNR

At a time of global economic instability, to which Portugal is not oblivious, and aware that the main source of Portuguese State revenue relies on the collection of tribute, the National Republican Guard holds within its mission relevant assignments to the protection of the financial interests of the country, in particular, fiscal and customs. These assignments were inherited from the century - old institution Guarda Fiscal - with evidence given in this domain, which was integrated into the National Republican Guard in 1993, to adopt, a 1St model, that held a specialized unit – Brigada Fiscal, with surveillance and patrolling missions of costa and fiscal and customs supervision, throughout the national territory and maritime zone of respect. In 2009, the result of political decisions, reorganization the State's central administration, appears de 2Nd model, because the Brigada Fiscal assignments were divided by two specialized units - UAF with investigation skills, and UCC for patrolling and surveillance of the coast. Analyzed the legal spectrum of special legislation leading the criminal and transgression sector punitive (RGIT), in essence, is in the UAF that resides the role assignments from the scope of the investigation and supervision of goods in the national territory on a par with the tax authority. Tax inspection assignments, fiscal and customs of the National Republican Guard, are unmatched in the National Tribute System, constituting itself as a potentiality of this special body, in similarity of their counterparts - Spain and Italy; however, have some constraints, that urge to clarify and repair. Foreseeing the future, face the announced news of a new restructuring, on behalf of the interests of the country, and in order to raise the quality of performance of the tax inspection, fiscal and customs, the National Republican Guard shall maintain a model based on the experience already accumulated, obviously adapted to the new demands of a changing society. Despite the current model gain in efficiency, loses in effectiveness. However, the efficiency of a model, without the necessary resources, can never bring “the letter to Garcia” against any kind of infringements, criminal or transgressions. Unless better opinion, both tax structures of the National Republican Guard are valid as an instrument for the prevention and combat of these illegal types. Because they are strategic in pursuing the public interest, given the scarce resources of the country and be the National Republican Guard, the force with the means and know-how of this nature. The political power has the final word.

Le statut ontologique de la dunamis chez Aristote

Ce mémoire a pour tâche de déterminer le statut ontologique de la puissance chez Aristote. Pour ce faire, il est d’abord question, dans le premier chapitre, de bien définir les deux sens de la puissance, soit la puissance motrice et l’état potentiel. Nous expliquons aussi alors les multiples sens de la puissance motrice et les multiples types de la puissance que sont la nature, l’âme et l’art. Ensuite, le second chapitre étudie les liens entre l’état potentiel et la matière, d’une part, et les liens entre le non-être, la puissance et la possibilité, d’autre part. Enfin, le troisième chapitre explicite la hiérarchie ontologique aristotélicienne pour en dégager le statut ontologique de la puissance par rapport à l’acte. Cela est fait de trois manières : selon l’antériorité de l’acte sur la puissance au sein d’une substance unique ; selon l’antériorité des êtres éternels, notamment celle du premier moteur, sur les êtres générables et corruptibles ; l’antériorité du bien en acte sur le bien puissance.

Sens et portée du rôle du législateur chez Jean-Jacques Rousseau

La figure du législateur demeure matière à controverse dans la pensée politique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Son rôle, consistant à « transformer » la nature humaine en vue de réaliser la vertu civique, a porté certains interprètes à voir dans sa pensée une forme d’autoritarisme. L'erreur de cette interprétation nous apparaît être dans le sens et la portée attribués à l'idée de transformation morale. Cette dernière n'implique pas une transformation radicale des mœurs, mais bien leur parachèvement. Circonscrire cette portée nécessite de concevoir les mœurs comme une matière donnée et qui ne saurait être façonnée indéfiniment, car ses potentialités sont déterminées par son développement historique. Ce caractère décisif attribué par Rousseau au développement historique peut se comprendre à la lumière de sa conception pessimiste de l’évolution des mœurs. D’après cette conception, les mœurs, essentiellement corruptibles, atteignent un stade historique de corruption où elles ne sauraient être parachevées en vertu. Il s’ensuit que seul un peuple dont les mœurs sont non corrompues par le progrès historique a la potentialité d'atteindre la vertu. Ainsi, la tâche du législateur d'effectuer une transformation morale de l'homme doit être entendue non comme celle de créer ex nihilo une nouvelle nature humaine, mais comme celle de parachever les virtualités propres aux mœurs saines.

Le problème du mal dans la Summa de bono de Philippe le Chancelier

Ce mémoire entend mettre en lumière la solution au problème du mal développée par Philippe le Chancelier dans la Summa de bono (1225-1228). À cet effet, notre analyse se polarise sur la notion du mal qui occupe à la fois le système des transcendantaux et la division du bien créé découlant du principe du souverain bien. La somme est bâtie d’après la primauté de la notion du bien transcendantal, et fut rédigée par opposition avec la doctrine manichéenne des Cathares, en vogue au XIIIe siècle, qui s’appuyait sur la prééminence de deux principes métaphysiques causant le bien et le mal, d’où devaient procéder toutes les choses de la Création. Ceci explique que nous ayons privilégié de seulement examiner les notions du bien et du mal en un sens général, car c’est au stade universel de l’ontologie du bien que l’auteur défait la possibilité du mal de nature, en amont des ramifications du bien créé, déployées, à l’envi, dans les questions de la somme où les réponses sont assignées à des problèmes spécifiques. Nous offrons ici, pour la première fois, une traduction en français d’une série de questions ayant permis de mener à bien ce projet.

Le toit comme outil de régulation environnementale : le cas montréalais.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre du programme interdisciplinaire de recherche Ignis Mutat Res et vise à éclairer l’univers de l’architecture sur la capacité des toits à amener des solutions efficaces aux problématiques environnementales dans un contexte urbain dense et à forte consommation d'énergie. La volonté de réduire l’empreinte écologique des villes est aujourd’hui bien présente dans le monde de la recherche architecturale et urbaine, ayant ainsi fait preuve de son importance. Pourtant, la réduction de l’empreinte écologique des villes serait une approche globale difficile à quantifier économiquement. Le manque de méthodologie standardisée fait en sorte que les travaux sur le sujet empruntent des démarches qui ne dépassent pas l’étape exploratoire. Dans ce contexte, le mémoire porte sur l’élaboration d’un dispositif numérique d’évaluation des potentialités des toits horizontaux comme un outil d’aide à la décision pour les interventions urbaines visant à réduire l’empreinte écologique des villes, en utilisant le cas de Montréal. Ce type de toit est abordé comme un territoire d’investigation en contribution aux préoccupations reliées à la gestion de l’eau et à l’atténuation des îlots de chaleur. Plus précisément, cette recherche porte sur trois secteurs de l'île de Montréal. Ces échantillons correspondent à deux types de formes urbaines (résidentielle versus commerciale ou industrielle) et sont décortiqués dans le but d’identifier les déséquilibres entre les espaces naturels, faisant référence aux espaces verts (jardins, parcs et canopées) et les étendues minérales occasionnées par l'urbanisation. Ces rapports exprimés en superficies démontrent que l’étendue des toits est assez considérable pour compenser le manque d’espaces naturels en ville. La végétalisation des toits à l’échelle d’un secteur pourrait donc atténuer considérablement les problèmes environnementaux liés aux îlots de chaleur et à la gestion du ruissellement des eaux de pluie. La stratégie consistant à explorer l'hypothèse des 50 % de naturel versus 50 % de minéral pourrait contribuer grandement à l’autonomisation des villes et à la diminution de leurs dépendances vis-à-vis des ressources fossiles.

Destruction, puissance et limites du cinéma dans les films d'Ozu Yasujirô

Cette thèse de doctorat se rapporte aux films du cinéaste japonais Ozu Yasujirô (1903-1963) suivant l'hypothèse principale que les enjeux de la destruction qui y sont mis en scène, sous la forme de la disparition des liens familiaux et de la mort, ne peuvent être éclairés par la narration, dont le caractère non dramatique est notoire. En figurant la dislocation de la famille, les films d'Ozu rendent plutôt compte de la vulnérabilité du monde à la prise cinématographique : la destructivité du médium s'y énonce comme sa capacité à mobiliser ce qui entre dans son champ et à le transformer en faire-valoir de son aptitude à produire des effets. Cette étude fait ainsi apparaître les images animées, en tant qu'elles relèvent de la logique technique régie par la modernité, comme une forme de désastre, qui atteint la famille comme expérience de la communauté, c'est-à-dire comme rapport constitutif à un hors-de-soi. Mais à cette destructivité fait également face, au sein même de la pratique cinématographique d'Ozu, une autre possibilité du cinéma, qui peut restaurer ces liens menacés. Cette étude du cinéma d'Ozu montre sa profonde affinité avec la pensée du désœuvrement élaborée par Giorgio Agamben, les films du cinéaste et les travaux du philosophe s'éclairant mutuellement. Le concept de désœuvrement permet de reconsidérer les enjeux essentiels des films d'Ozu à un niveau à la fois thématique et formel, immatériel et matériel, articulant ces deux facettes pour en considérer le registre proprement médiatique. Le propos n'est pas essentiellement esthétique ou formaliste, mais s'intéresse avant tout au travail d'Ozu du point de vue des enjeux éthiques du cinéma, qui se formulent en termes de relation à sa puissance. Celle-ci concerne aussi bien l'attention d'Ozu à la vie collective que le soin qu'il porte aux potentialités expressives du cinéma, c'est-à-dire à la manière dont il se rapporte aux limites de son médium.

Foraminiferal and Pteropod Records in the Late Quaternary Sequence off Northern Kerala and Their Oceanographic and Climatic Significance

In the present investigation, an attempt is made to study late Quaternary foraminiferal and pteropod records of the shelf of northern Kerala and to evaluate their potentiality in paleocenographic and paleoclimatic reconstruction. The study gives details of sediment cores, general characteristics of foraminifera and pteropod species recorded from the examined samples and their systematic classification, spatial distribution of Recent foraminifera and pteropods and their response to varying bathymetry, nature of substrate, organic matter content in sediment and hydrography across the shelf. An attempt is also made to establish an integrated chronostratigraphy for the examined core sections. An effort is also made to identify microfaunal criteria useful in biostratigraphic division in shallow marine core sections. An attempt is made to infer various factors responsible for the change in microfaunal assemblage. Reconstruction of sea level changes during the last 36,000 years was attempted based on the pteropod record. The study reveals a bathymetric control on benthic/planktic (BF/PF) foraminiferal and pteropods/planktic foraminiferal (Pt/PF) abundance ratio. Bathymetric distribution pattern of BF/PF ratio is opposite to the (Pt/PF) ratio with decreasing trend of former from the shore across the shelf. Quantitative benthic foraminiferal record in the surficial sediments reveals a positive correlation between the diversity and bathymetry. R-mode cluster analysis performed on 30n significant Recent benthic foraminiferal, determines three major assemblage.

Photopyroelectric study of thermal properties and phase transitions in selected solids

This thesis presents in detail. the theoretical developments and calculations which are used for the simultaneous determination of thermal parameters, namely thermal diffusivity (a). thermal effusivity (e), thermal conductivity (K) and heat capacity (cr ) employing photopyroelectric technique. In our calculations. we have assumed that the pyroelectric detector is supported on a copper backing. so that there will be sufficient heat exchange between the heated pyroelectric detector and the backing so that the signal fluctuations are reduced to a minimum. Since the PPE signal depends on the properties of the detector that are also temperature dependent. a careful temperature calibration of the system need to be carried out. APPE cell has been fabricated for the measurements that can be used to measure the thermal properties of solid samples from ~ 90 K to ~ 350 K. The cell has been calibrated using standard samples and the accuracy of the technique is found to be of the order of± 1%.In this thesis, we have taken up work n photopyroelectric investigation of thermal parameters of ferroelectric crystals such as Glycine phosphite (NH3CH2COOH3P03), Triglycine sulfate and Thiourea as well as mixed valence perovskites samples such as Lead doped Lanthanum Manganate (Lal_xPb~Mn03) Calcium doped (Lal_xCaxMnOJ) and Nickel doped Lanthanum Stroncium Cobaltate (Lao~Sro5Ni,Col_x03).The three ferroelectric crystals are prepared by the slow evaporation technique and the mixed valence perovskites by solid state reaction technique.Mixed valence perovskites, with the general formula RI_xA~Mn03 (R = La. Nd or Pr and A = Ba, Ca, Sr or Pb) have been materials of intense experimental and theoretical studies over the past few years. These materials show . colossal magneloresis/ance' (CMR) in samples with 0.2 < x < 0.5 in such a doping region, resistivity exhibits a peak at T = T p' the metal - insulator transition temperature. The system exhibits metallic characteristics with d %T > Oabove Tp (wherep is the resistivity) and insulating characteristics with d % T < 0 above T p. Despite intensive investigations on the CMR phenomena and associated electrical properties. not much work has been done on the variation of thermal properties of these samples. We have been quite successful in finding out the nature of anomaly associated with thermal properties when the sample undergoes M-I transition.The ferroelectric crystal showing para-ferroelectric phase transitions - Glycine phosphite. Thiourea and Triglycine sulfate - are studied in detail in order to see how well the PPE technique enables one to measure the thermal parameters during phase transitions. It is seen that the phase transition gets clearly reflected in the variation of thermal parameters. The anisotropy in thermal transport along different crystallographic directions are explained in terms of the elastic anisotropy and lattice contribution to the thermal conductivity. Interesting new results have been obtained on the above samples and are presented in three different chapters of the thesis.In summary. we have carried investigations of the variations of the thermal parameters during phase transitions employing photopyroelectric technique. The results obtained on different systems are important not only in understanding the physics behind the transitions but also in establishing the potentiality of the PPE tool. The full potential of PPE technique for the investigation of optical and thermal properties of materials still remains to be taken advantage of by workers in this field.

Microstructural evolution of primary crystallization in diffusion-controlled grain growth

A model has been developed for evaluating grain size distributions in primary crystallizations where the grain growth is diffusion controlled. The body of the model is grounded in a recently presented mean-field integration of the nucleation and growth kinetic equations, modified conveniently in order to take into account a radius-dependent growth rate, as occurs in diffusion-controlled growth. The classical diffusion theory is considered, and a modification of this is proposed to take into account interference of the diffusion profiles between neighbor grains. The potentiality of the mean-field model to give detailed information on the grain size distribution and transformed volume fraction for transformations driven by nucleation and either interface- or diffusion-controlled growth processes is demonstrated. The model is evaluated for the primary crystallization of an amorphous alloy, giving an excellent agreement with experimental data. Grain size distributions are computed, and their properties are discussed.

Determination of the silvo-melliferous regions of Benin: a nationwide categorisation of the land based on melliferous plants suitable for timber production

Perennial plants are the main pollen and nectar sources for bees in the tropical areas where most of the annual flora are burned in dry seasons. Therefore perennial plants constitute the most reliable bio materials for determining and evaluating the beekeeping regions of the Republic of Benin. A silvo-melliferous region (S-MR) is a geographical area characterised by a particular set of homogenous melliferous plants that can produce timber. Using both the prevailing climatic and the agro-ecological conditions six S-MRs could be identified, i.e. the South region, the Common Central region, the Central West region, the Central North region, the Middle North region and the Extreme North region. At the country level, the melliferous plants were dominated by Vitellaria paradoxa which is common to all regions. The most diversified family was the Caesalpiniaceae (12 species) followed by the Combretaceae (10 species) and Combretum being the richest genus. The effect of dominance is particularly high in the South region where Elaeis guineensis alone represented 72.6% of the tree density and 140% of the total plant importance. The total melliferous plant density varied from 99.3 plants ha^(−1) in the Common Central region to 178.0 plants ha^(−1) in the Central West region. On the basis of nectar and pollen source, the best region for beekeeping is the CentralWest region with 46.7% of nectar producing trees, 9.4% of pollen producing trees and 40.6% of plants that issue both, this in opposition to the South region which was characterised by an unbalanced distribution of melliferous trees.

Análisis de las potencialidades y vulnerabilidades de los sectores productivos colombianos derivados del TLC con Canadá

El comercio exterior se ha convertido en una fuente dinámica de crecimiento de las economías, permitiendo identificar información y conocimiento sobre las capacidades productivas de los países en los mercados externos, clasificándolas como instrumentos esenciales para aprovechar las oportunidades que surgen con los tratados comerciales entre naciones. En la práctica, los tratados de libre comercio permiten ampliar el acceso de los bienes y servicios y contar con entornos normativos estables que facilitan el incremento de la inversión y el comercio. Este trabajo de investigación surge por el interés de tener un conocimiento profundo acerca del comercio internacional entre Colombia y Canadá, con el fin de entenderlo e identificar oportunidades y amenazas para los productos colombianos. La investigación se compone por un análisis cuantitativo de la dinámica comercial colombo-canadiense y un análisis cualitativo de los alcances del acuerdo de libre comercio entre los dos países.

O Lugar como Simbiose : Centro Histórico de Torres Vedras

A presente dissertação tem como principal objectivo a análise morfológica do centro histórico de Torres Vedras. Após um rigoroso estudo do seu plano estratégico de reabilitação urbana, verifica-se a ausência de um documento complementar que permita conhecer sua identidade. A informação existente é bastante planimétrica, pouco esclarecedora da qualidade espacial do Lugar. Devido à escassa cartografia existente, julgou-se essencial desenvolver a reconstituição urbanística da cidade, permitindo dissipar algumas memórias artificiais, fomentadas pelo ‘neo-romantismo’ do Estado Novo, mas que ainda hoje se fazem sentir na memória colectiva dos torrienses. O estudo da génese fundacional do Lugar e do seu enquadramento histórico é fundamental para o entendimento do valor patrimonial enquanto conceito subjacente às políticas de reabilitação dos centros históricos. O estudo da evolução urbana de Torrres Vedras desde a vila medieval, até à cidade do séc. XXI, dando a conhecer os pólos de atracção do crescimento periurbano, e a sua relação com o centro histórico, permitiu um conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre os elementos essenciais que caracterizam a sua Identidade. Verifica-se que a matriz urbana fundacional, ainda hoje perceptível, provém da ocupação romana, materializada pelos dois principais eixos reguladores: cardus e decumanus. A leitura do passado, alicerçada sobre a historiografia e arqueologia, pretende apenas mostrar que os núcleos urbanos antigos foram sempre elementos dinâmicos, capazes de se adaptarem às circunstâncias de cada época, garantindo a sua permanência e importância até ao início do séc. XX. A abordagem feita ao centro histórico pretende demonstrar a sua potencialidade para se tornar num elemento activo da cidade de Torres Vedras, capaz de se adaptar às necessidades da sociedade do séc. XXI, sem perder a sua identidade.

Technological Solutions Potentially Influencing the Future of Long-Term Care. ENEPRI Research Report No. 114, April 2012

This report provides a forecast of the potential direct and indirect influences of various kinds of technologies on the LTC milieu, answering the following question: from a technology-driven perspective: “Consider each technological solution. What could be its future usage in the LTC sector?” Future technological deployments will induce changes in the respective roles of the care recipient and of the formal and informal carers, with an impact on three major concerns: the transformation of the care recipient into a proactive subject, the augmented potentiality for home care and the new functions that informal carers could assume.

An evolutionary innovation perspective on the selection of low and zero carbon technologies in new housing

The Code for Sustainable Homes (the Code) will require new homes in the United Kingdom to be ‘zero carbon’ from 2016. Drawing upon an evolutionary innovation perspective, this paper contributes to a gap in the literature by investigating which low and zero carbon technologies are actually being used by house builders, rather than the prevailing emphasis on the potentiality of these technologies. Using the results from a questionnaire three empirical contributions are made. First, house builders are selecting a narrow range of technologies. Second, these choices are made to minimise the disruption to their standard design and production templates (SDPTs). Finally, the coalescence around a small group of technologies is expected to intensify with solar-based technologies predicted to become more important. This paper challenges the dominant technical rationality in the literature that technical efficiency and cost benefits are the primary drivers for technology selection. These drivers play an important role but one which is mediated by the logic of maintaining the SDPTs of the house builders. This emphasises the need for construction diffusion of innovation theory to be problematized and developed within the context of business and market regimes constrained and reproduced by resilient technological trajectories.

Consumer behaviour towards organic ready-to-eat meals: a case of quality innovation

Over the past decades, a significant number of peer-reviewed journal articles on the field of interest, has gradually grown mirroring the corresponding relevance. The purpose of this research is mainly to analyse the factors that could influence the choices of consumers’ when purchasing organic RTE meals while simultaneously identifies consumers’ attitudes regarding the ethical and green sounds towards such products. Particularly, special interest is placed on the dual nature of these products which on the one hand are characterized by high quality (organic) and on the other hand by the convenience factor. As a result, research has been carried out in order to examine both the potentiality of organic RTE meals in the food market and also the presentation of consumers’ behaviour and perceptions towards these products from a review perspective. Hence, a narrative literature review was performed in order to produce an overview of the most important outcomes and trends in this area being presented, compared and summarised based on authors’ experience. To put over a holistic approach of organic RTE meals purchase behaviour and attitudes, both key findings and other areas that have not been extensively documented, are presented.