EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE IMMATURES OF POLYBIA PAULISTA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

The immatures of Polybia paulista Ihering were described using light and scanning electron microscopy and the results are compared with previous descriptions within the same or related wasps. This study is based on 2 whole nests collected in the municipality of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, in Brazil. We have detected the existence of 5 larval instars. The main morphological alterations over development occur in the relative size of structures, yet certain structures appear with subsequent instars and become more evident later in development: increasing density in the number of body spines and papillae; the appearance of body setae in fifth-instar larvae; opening of spiracles upon second-instar larvae; 2 body shapes in fifth-instar larvae; the appearance of a lateral tooth on the mandibles of fourth instar; presence of spines on the maxillae of fifth-instar larvae; altered shape of galea and palps upon third-instar larvae from a cluster of sensilla to a conical elevation; and the appearance of spines on postmentum upon fourth-instar larvae. This way, the present study presents a detailed description of the immatures of P. paulista, and we hope the presented information can be useful to morphological, taxonomic, and phylogenetic studies.

Influence of the Bilayer Composition on the Binding and Membrane Disrupting Effect of Polybia-MP1, an Antimicrobial Mastoparan Peptide with Leukemic T-Lymphocyte Cell Selectivity

This study shows that MP-1, a peptide from the venom of the Polybia paulista wasp, is more toxic to human leukemic T-lymphocytes than to human primary lymphocytes. By using model membranes and electrophysiology measurements to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this selective action, the porelike activity of MP-1 was identified with several bilayer compositions. The highest average conductance was found in bilayers formed by phosphatidylcholine or a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (70:30). The presence of cholesterol or cardiolipin substantially decreases the MP-1 pore activity, suggesting that the membrane fluidity influences the mechanism of selective toxicity. The determination of partition coefficients from the anisotropy of Tip indicated higher coefficients for the anionic bilayers. The partition coefficients were found to be 1 order of magnitude smaller when the bilayers contain cholesterol or a mixture of cholesterol and sphingomyelin. The blue shift fluorescence, anisotropy values, and Stern-Volmer constants are indications of a deeper penetration of MP-1 into anionic bilayers than into zwitterionic bilayers. Our results indicate that MP-1 prefers to target leukemic cell membranes, and its toxicity is probably related to the induction of necrosis and not to DNA fragmentation. This mode of action can be interpreted considering a number of bilayer properties like fluidity, lipid charge, and domain formation. Cholesterol-containing bilayers are less fluid and less charged and have a tendency to form domains. In comparison to healthy cells, leukemic T-lymphocyte membranes are deprived of this lipid, resulting in decreased peptide binding and lower conductance. We showed that the higher content of anionic lipids increases the level of binding of the peptide to bilayers. Additionally, the absence of cholesterol resulted in enhanced pore activity. These findings may drive the selective toxicity of MP-1 to Jurkat cells.

Fruit processing, seed viability and dormancy mechanisms of Persoonia sericea A. Cunn. ex R. Br. and P-virgata R. Br. (Proteaceae)

The morphology of the fruit and difficulties with fruit processing impose major limitations to germination of Persoonia sericea and P. virgata. The mesocarp must be removed without harming the embryo. Fermentation of fruit or manual removal of the mesocarp was effective but digestion in 32% hydrochloric acid (HCl) completely inhibited germination. The endocarp is extremely hard and therefore very difficult and time consuming to remove without damaging the seeds. The most efficient method was cracking the endocarp with pliers, followed by manual removal of seeds. Germination was completely inhibited unless at least half of the endocarp was removed. Microbial contamination of the fruit and seeds was controlled by disinfestation and germination of the seed under aseptic conditions. The results suggest that dormancy in these species is primarily due to physical restriction of the embryo by the hard endocarp.

Renal- and calcium-dependent vascular effects of Polybia paulista wasp venom

In the present study, the effects of Polybia paulista venom (PPV) on renal and vascular tissues were investigated. Isolated kidneys perfused with PPV (1 and 3 mu g/mL) had increased perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow, and glomerular filtration rate; and reduced sodium tubular transport. Histological evaluation demonstrated deposits of proteins in Bowman's space and tubular lumen, and focal areas of necrosis. The venom promoted a cytotoxic effect on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. A significant increase in lactic dehydrogenase levels was observed in response to venom exposure. In isolated mesenteric vascular beds, pressure and vascular resistance augmented in a dose-dependent manner. PPV increased the contractility of aortic rings maintained under basal tension. This contractile response was inhibited when preparations were maintained in Ca2+-free medium. Likewise, verapamil, a voltage-gated calcium channel blocker, also inhibited the contractile response. In this study, phentolamine, a blocker of a-adrenergic receptor blocker, significantly reduced the contractile effect of PPV in the aortic ring. In conclusion, PPV produced nephrotoxicity, which suggests a direct effect on necrotic cellular death in renal tubule cells. The vascular contractile effect of PPV appears to involve calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels via adrenergic regulation.

Antimycobacterial activity of a new peptide Polydim-I isolated from Neotropical Social Wasp Polybia dimorpha..

2016

Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of some plant extracts of African Combretum Loefl., Terminalia L. and Pteleopsis Engl. species

In Africa various species of Combretum, Terminalia and Pteleopsis are used in traditional medicine. Despite of this, some species of these genera have still not been studied for their biological effects to validate their traditional uses. The aim of this work has been to document the ethnomedicinal uses of several species of Combretum and Terminalia in Mbeya region, south-western Tanzania, and to use this information for finding species with good antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. During a five weeks expedition to Tanzania in spring 1999 sixteen different species of Combretum and Terminalia, as well as Pteleopsis myrtifolia were collected from various locations in the districts of Mbeya, Iringa and Dar-es-Salaam. Traditional healers in seven different villages in the Mbeya region were interviewed in Swahili and Nyakyusa on the medicinal uses of Combretum and Terminalia species shown to them. A questionnaire was used during the interviews. The results of the interviews correlated well between different villages, the same species being used in similar ways in different villages. Of the ten species shown to the healers six were frequently used for treatment of skin diseases, bacterial infections, diarrhea, oedema and wounds. The dried plants were most commonly prepared into hot water decoctions or mixed into maize porridge, Ugali. Infusions made from dried or fresh plant material were also common. Wounds and topical infections were treated with ointments made from the dried plant material mixed with sheep fat. Twenty-one extracts of six species of Combretum and four of Terminalia, collected from Tanzania, were screened for their antibacterial effects against two gram-negative and five gram-positive bacteria, as well as the yeast, Candida albicans, using an agar diffusion method. Most of the screened plants showed substantial antimicrobial activity. A methanolic root extract of T. sambesiaca showed the most potent antibacterial effects of all the plant species screened, and gave a MIC value of 0.9 mg/ml against Enterobacter aerogenes. Also root extracts of T. sericea and T. kaiserana gave excellent antimicrobial effects, and notably a hot water extract of T. sericea was as potent as extracts of this species made from EtOH and MeOH. Thus, the traditional way of preparing T. sericea into hot water decoctions seems to extract antimicrobial compounds. Thirty-five extracts of five species of Terminalia, ten of Combretum and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were screened for their antifungal effects against five species of yeast (Candida spp.) and Cryptococcus neoformans. The species differed from each other to their antifungal effects, some being very effective whereas others showed no antifungal effects. The most effective extracts showed antifungal effects comparable to the standard antibiotics itraconazol and amphotericin B. Species of Terminalia gave in general stronger antifungal effects than those of Combretum. The best effects were obtained with methanolic root extracts of T. sambesiaca, T. sericea and T. kaiserana, and this investigation indicates that decoctions of these species might be used for treatment of HIV-related fungal infections. Twenty-seven crude extracts of eight species of Combretum, five of Terminalia and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines (HeLa, cervical carcinoma; MCF 7, breast carcinoma, T 24 bladder carcinoma) and one endothelial cell line (BBCE, bovine brain capillary endothelial cells). The most outstanding effects were obtained with a leaf extract of Combretum fragrans, which nearly totally inhibited the proliferation of T 24 and HeLa cells at a concentration of 25 ug/ml and inhibited 60 % of the growth of the HeLa cells at a concentration of 4.3 ug/ml. The species of Terminalia were less cytotoxically potent than the Combretum species, although T. sericea and T. sambesiaca gave good cytotoxic effects (< 30 % proliferation). In summary this study indicates that some of the species of Terminalia, Combretum and Pteleopsis, used in Tanzanian traditional medicine, are powerful inhibitors of both microbial and cancer cell growth. In depth studies would be needed to find the active compounds behind these biological activities.

Efecto de policultivo repollo-zanahoria sobre la entomofauna del cultivo de repollo

El presente estudio se realizó con al objetivo de determinar el efecto de policultivos Repollo-Zanahoria sobre la entomofauna, rendimiento y calidad del repollo. Los cultivos asociados disminuyeron las poblaciones de la plaga Plutella xylostella más que en monocultivo; el porcentaje de plantas con daño fresco de P.xylostella, fue mayor en monocultivo existiendo una relación directa con las poblaciones de la plaga; en las otras plagas (Afidos, Diabrotica sp. y Creontiades sp) los policultivos no tuvieron un efecto claro sobre sus poblaciones, la dinámica de las plagas fue alta al inicio del cultivo pero descendieron conforme avanzó el desarrollo fenológico de las plantas de repollo y zanahoria. Para los enemigos naturales de P. xylostella como Diadegma insulare y Arañas los policultivos no ejercieron ningún efecto, lo mismo ocurre para el porcentaje de parasitismo de P. xylostella el cual osciló con un porcentaje entre 32 y 20%; Polybia sp. presentó alta incidencia en los monocu1tivos en relación a los policultivos. En todo el cic1o del cultivo la dinámica de los enemigos naturales fue diferente al de las plagas, dándose un efecto acumulado de los enemigos naturales, esto podría ser uno de los factores que ayudaron al descenso de la plaga P. xylostella en las dos últimas etapas del cultivo de repollo. El porcentaje de cabezas formadas fue ambos sistemas (80%), lo que nos indica que secundario (Zanahoria) en los policultivos no formación de las cabezas de repollo. El área foliar dañada en las cabezas de repollo fue menor en los policultivos por ende el precio que se registró por cabeza fue mayor en este sistema. Sin embargo el ingreso bruto de repollo fue mayor en monocultivo; igual ocurre con él ingreso bruto total, esta diferencia se debió al mayor número de cabezas de repollo en monocultivo que en sistemas asociados; también se debe a que la contribución económica de Zanahoria en policultivos no compensó al ingreso obtenido en repollo.

Efecto de policultivo repollo-tomate sobre la entomofauna del cultivo de repollo

En el estudio realizado en el Valle de Sebaco, durante el periodo de Nov.90 - Mar.91, establecido con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del policultivo: (Repollo Tomate) sobre la entomofauna del cultivo de repollo (Brassica oleracea L.), sobre la calidad y rendimiento del repollo, cuyos tratamientos comprendieron monocultivo (Repollo­ Repollo) y policultivo (Repollo-Tomate) en dos diferentes modalidades de siembra (Tiempo: 10, 30 Dias Antes del Transplante, y espacio: surco, cama). Las poblaciones de P.xylostella fueron menores en policultivo, sin embargo sobre el resto de poblaciones de insectos (Diabrotica sp., áfidos, y Creontiades sp.) este sistema de asocio no tuvo efecto reductor. Ofreciendo igual protección de este defoliador al cultivo de repollo en las dos modalidades de siembra en estudio (tiempo y espacio). En la incidencia de insectos benéficos como: Arañas, D.insulare fueron iguales, en ambos sistemas de siembra, solo las poblaciones de Polybia sp. fueron Superiores en monocultivo, sin embargo al establecer una relación de insecto plagas (P. xyylostella) por insecto benéfico estos fueron superiores en policultivo lo que permitió ser un mecanismo de control de P, xylostella en el cultivo de repollo. de igual manera el porcentaje de parasitismo de D. insular e fue de 31.87% en monocultivo y de 34.72% para poliCultivo permitiendo este sistema de siembra un aumento en los enemigos naturales los que son un mecanismo de control de P. xylostella. El cultivo de tomate ejerce protección al cultivo de repollo de las plagas defoliadoras lo que permite obtener• una mejor calidad de cabezas con menor cantidad de área foliar dañada siendo del 20%, un porcentaje de cabezas formadas de 74% y peso de 1.10kg. lo que permite incrementar los rendimientos del cultivo de repollo. El Cultivo de tomate en sus dos modalidades de siembra permite obtener similares ingresos, y permite incrementar los rendimiento en el sistema de siembra en policultivo.

Evaluación de productos botánicos y biológicos para el control de Plutella xylostella en el cultivo del repollo (Brassica oleraceae L.) hibrido Izalco en época de apante

Con el fin de encontrar el mejor producto para el control de Plutella xylostella en el cultivo del repollo, se llevó a cabo un ensayo a nivel de campo en época seca (Die 91-Mar 92) en el valle de Sébaco-Matagalpa donde se evaluaron los tratamientos Bacillus thuringiensis nacional, Dipel comercial, Javelin, Nim, Mamey y Júpiter, con un criterio de aplicación de 0.5 larvas por plantas. Las poblaciones de Plutella xylostella fueron relativamente bajas en la etapa de crecimiento vegetativo disminuyendo en las últimas dos etapas formación y llenado de cabeza. Durante las tres fases del cultivo las poblaciones de Plutella xylostella fueron menores en los tratamientos Javelin Mamey y Júpiter. Los insecticidas Dipel. Javelin y Mamey fueron diferentes estadísticamente del testigo (sin aplicación), según el análisis económico los primeros dos insecticidas son rentables económicamente sucediendo lo contrario con el insecticida Mamey por lo tanto su uso no es recomendado para el manejo de la plaga. El insecticida Júpiter puede ser utilizado contra la plaga ya que muestra una tasa de retorno marginal superior a la tasa comparativa. La presencia de enemigos naturales (Araña, Polybia sppy el parasitoide Diadegma insularis) fue notoria en el cultivo, cabe señalar su importancia ya que intervienen en el equilibrio del ecosistema dentro del cultivo (plaga-repollo). Estos predadores no se vieron afectados por las aplicaciones de los insecticidas botánicos y biológicos evaluados en el cultivo. El uso de estos productos parecen ser una alternativa de manejo de las plagas del cultivo a largo plazo ya que el establecimiento de la fauna benéfica en el sistema y el no uso de productos sintéticos evitan los problemas de resistencia en las plagas y la contaminación ambiental.

Diagnóstico de plagas y enemigos naturales en el cultivo del ajonjolí (Sesamum indicum L.) durante el ciclo 1997/1998 en cuatro comunidades del departamento de León, Nicaragua

Durante el año 1997 se realizó un diagnóstico para identificar las plagas y benéficos en el cultivo del ajonjolí durante las épocas de primera y postrera, estableciéndose parcelas en las comunidades Chacraseca, La Ceiba, Abangasca y Los Lechecuagos del departamento de León, Nicaragua.Se realizaron muestreos semanales, los métodos de muestreos utilizados fueron: Panas amarillas, trampas Pitfull, red entomológica así como muestreos de plagas de suelo usándose el método del pie cúbico. Además se cuantificó visualmente el porcentaje de plantas enfermas, identificándose el agente causal y se determinó a través de estimación visual el porcentaje de defoliación de las plantas. Al momento del emparve se realizó un análisis de la calidad de los granos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron 114 géneros de insectos encontrados de los cuales 69 géneros fitófagos, 38 géneros benéficos y siete géneros sin relación con el cultivo, los fitófugos que se presentaron con más frecuencia fueron Estigmene acrea, Spodoptera sunia, Trichoplusia ni, Diabrotica balteata, Cerotoma sp y chinches fitófagos como Nezara viridula, Euchistus sp, Stenocoris sp y Hyalimenus sp, al comparar la calidad de los granos secados en el campo y bajo condiciones controladas, después del análisis T- student los resultados indican que no hubo diferencias significativas entre ellos. Los insectos benéficos más frecuentes fueron los depredadores Polybia sp, Megacephala sp, Zelus sp, Sinea sp y arañas, los parasitoides se presentaron en menores poblaciones sobresaliendo Chelonus sp y Ophion sp, los insectos de suelo mas frecuentes fueron: Blapstinus sp, Epitragus sp, Phyllophaga sp y Conoderus sp. La época de primera presentó poblaciones insectiles más bajas que la época de postrera, pero en ambas épocas de siembra los fitófagos fueron mayores que los benéficos, las precipitaciones en la época de primera fueron de 33.3 mm promedio por mes y de 126 mm promedio por mes para la época de postrera. Las enfermedades presentes en el cultivo fueron Cercospora sesami y Macrophomina phaseoli, siendo la que se presentó con mayor intensidad C. sesami con un promedio máximo de plantas infectadas de 47.71 %en la etapa & y M phaseoli alcanzó un promedio de 31 %de plantas infectadas en la misma etapa fenológica. Se recomienda estudiar la biología y ecología de los insectos más importantes encontrados en este estudio, con el propósito de conocer su comportamiento durante las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo y trazar mejores estrategias de manejo para las plagas del ajonjolí en Nicaragua.

Efecto de las aplicaciones de insecticida chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) sobre las poblaciones de plagas y enemigos naturales en el agroecosistema de maiz (Zea mays L.) época de riego, 1996

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto del insecticida chlorpyrifos (lorsban)sobre las poblaciones de plagas y enemigos naturales en el agro ecosistema de maíz, se llevo a efecto el presente experimento en la finca Santa Rosa, Managua, durante la época de riego (febrero - junio)1996. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron a) aplicación de insecticida chlorpyrifos (lorsban); b) no aplicación de insecticida (testigo). Se realizaron dos aplicaciones; durante la primera aplicación se hicieron muestreos cada dos días y después de la segunda aplicación éstos muestreos se realizaron cada ocho dias, mediante recuentos visuales, trampas amarillas y trampas de caida (pitfall). Los arthropodos muestreados fueron agrupados como: depredadores y parasitoides, estos insectos fueron separados por familia, género y especie hasta donde era posible. Los principales parasitoides encontrados en las trampas amarillas pertenecen al orden Hymenoptera, familias: Braconidae, Mimaridae, Scelionidae, Ceraphronidae, Eucoilidae, el que se obtuvo en mayor proporción pertenece a la familia Scelionidae. Los principales depredadores obtenidos de los recuentos visuales y de las trampas de caída (pitfall)fueron Doru spp (Dermaptera:Forficulidae), cycloneda spp (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Polybia spp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) y arañas. el que se obtuvo en mayor proporción fue Cycloneda spp. En general, durante las aplicaciones, el insecticida chlorpyrifos tuvo efecto sobre la población de parasitoides, éstas fueron reducidas después de cada aplicación y aumentaron seis días después de cada aplicación. Después del periodo de las aplicaciones el insecticida no tuvo efecto sobre ninguna de las poblaciones de insectos, la población de parasitoides fue diferente en las distintas fechas de muestreo, no así para la población de insectos depredadores.

Avaliação dafitotoxidez de 18 espécies ocorrentes na restinga de Massambaba, Rio de Janeiro

A Área de Proteção Ambiental de Massambaba concentra diversas formações vegetais com uma grande riqueza florística e endemismos. Infelizmente esta área está sujeita à ação antrópica tanto que alguns fragmentos se encontram degradados. Para recuperar ecologicamente esta vegetação é importante compreender os mecanismos de sucessão ecológica. Como se sabe pouco sobre interações entre plantas de restinga, e menos ainda sob o prisma da alelopatia (efeito negativo que uma planta exerce em outras, ao liberar metabólitos secundários para o seu entorno),objetivou-se a realização de ensaios biológicos com espécies nativas. Inicialmente determinamos as melhores condições de extração de metabólitos, e por fim realizamos bioensaios com 18 espécies (Allagoptera aenaria, Andira legalis, Byrsonima sericea, Clusia fluminensis, Couepia ovalifolia, Erythroxylum ovalifolium, Eugenia copacabanensis, Eugenia selloi, Garcinia brasiliensis, Guapira opposita, Maytenus obtusifolia, Myrsine parvifolia, Neomitranthes obscura, Ocotea notata, Pouteria caimito, Renvoizea trinii, Tocoyena bullata e Vitex megapotamica). A aplicação dos extratos foi sobrea germinação e ocrescimento inicial de sementes de alface. Para isso, folhas destas espécies foram coletadas sazonalmente na formação arbustiva aberta não inundável (fácies alta) na restinga de Massambaba para o preparo de extratos aquosos. Os extratos foram obtidos a através da secagem das folhas à60C para posterior maceração, aquecimento, diluição e filtração, obtendo-se as concentrações de 5 e 10% de concentração (peso/volume). Os parâmetros para avaliar a fitotoxidez foram:a porcentagem ea velocidade de germinação e o comprimento da raiz após sete dias de crescimento em placas de Petri umedecidas com os extratos. Além desses três parâmetros, foi utilizado o índice de efeito global, que transforma as três variáveis em um índice único e uma analise de agrupamento (distância euclidiana, método de Ward) para classificá-las em espécies de fraca, média ou alta fitotoxidez de acordo com o valor do índice. A inibição do crescimento foi observada em todas as espécies, e verificou-se diferenças sazonais significativas, com destaque no inverno. Isso sugere que as diferenças os entre níveis de fitotoxidez estejam correlacionada são ambiente e à genética. Se a ação inibitória das espécies com maior efeito alelopático for comprovada, novas estratégias podem ser elaboradas para a reintrodução em projetos de conservação ambiental

中国蔷薇属芹叶组（Rosa Sect. Pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.）的分类学研究

本研究通过我国CDBI、 KUN、PE、SZ等主要标本馆约3, 500份馆藏标本的研究和野外考察相结合，对我国蔷薇属（Rosa L.）芹叶组(Sect. pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.）植物以及相关组的一些种进行了性状特征、形态和微形态的研究，对该组的一些种的形态特征描述进行了补充，同时给出详细的地理和海拔范围分布图。综合花粉以及种子（瘦果）形态的研究结果重新制订了分种检索表，同时，对该组一些形态相近容易混淆的种进行了对比研究，特别对一直存在争议的绢毛复合体（绢毛蔷薇R. sericea Lindl.和峨眉蔷薇R. omeiensis Rolfe）进行了大量宏观形态特征的研究，并用光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电镜(SEM)对二者的花粉及种子形态、微形态进行对比研究和分析，主要研究内容包括： 1. 芹叶组孢粉研究 对芹叶组的10个种及相关的4个组共17个种（18个样品）的植物花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜观察和比较研究。研究结果表明：蔷薇属植物花粉粒大小为中等偏小，极轴长23.98[21.82(R. graciliflora Rehd. et Wils.)～29.18(R. tsinglingensis Pax. et Hoffm.)] μm，赤道轴长28.65[24.15（R. graciliflora）～34.70(R. davidii Crép.)] μm；花粉属辐射对称等极单花粉，花粉形态赤道面观呈球形到超长球形；极面观为三裂圆形或近圆形,三孔沟，孔缘加厚,具中部突起的桥状盖。花粉外壁纹饰为条纹状，光镜下形态特征相差不大；在电镜下外壁条纹和脊沟内穿孔的形状、大小和频度等特征，常具组至种水平上的可见变异，可作为组至种水平划分的依据。 根据花粉外壁条纹特征及穿孔形状和数目等特征，本研究将这些植物的花粉归为5个类型，并编制了分组检索表。同时，根据条纹状的清晰度，排列方式、条纹形状、穿孔大小及其频度等方面的差异，各有特点，对该组的10个种编制了分种检索表。 2. 芹叶组种子形态研究 应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对我国蔷薇属芹叶组14个种及相关组5个组共36种植物的种子宏观形态及种皮微形态特征进行了观察研究。结果显示，蔷薇属种子形态多样,形状分别为肾形、卵形或锥形等；种子颜色以淡棕色、褐色以及土黄色为主；种子大小种间相差悬殊，相对体积为（长×宽×厚）36.66（4.79～114.47) mm3。光镜下，种子宏观形态特征具组内一致性，在扫描电镜下种子表面结构特征因种而异，其纹饰以网纹为主，可分为3种类型，即近平滑型、负网纹型和网纹型。研究结果表明，蔷薇属种子表面纹饰与地理分布关系不大,具有组及种内稳定性。其种子形态、大小、表而纹饰类型等特征可作为蔷薇属组及种水平上的分类依据。 结合蔷薇属花粉形态研究结果，得出蔷薇属种皮微形态特征与花粉外壁纹饰特征相吻合，在代表组及种的特征上具相关性的结论。同时根据种子形态、微形态结构特征的组间区别和种间差异编制了分组及芹叶组14个种的分种检索表。 3. 绢毛蔷薇复合体的研究 通过对大量标本的研究、野外观察以及扫描电镜对绢毛蔷薇复合体的花粉形态和种皮表面结构进行研究，通过对小叶、花粉及种子的形态定量分析结果支持Rowley (1959)的观点，将峨眉蔷薇处理为绢毛蔷薇的一个变种。 综上研究结果得出，蔷薇属植物的小叶片数目、花被基数以及花粉及种子形态等性状是较为稳定的，这些特征可很好的作为分类学依据。 The morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure of the species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and related sections were studied.About 3,500 herbarium specimens at CDBI, KUN, PE, and SZ were examined. Field work in Sichuan and Yunnan were conducted. Revisions of some species were carried out and a new key to species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae was proposed based on morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure, Detailed morphological descriptions, geographical distributions and the altitudinal ranges of some taxa are given. The systematics of the species complex, the Rosa sericea complex (R. sericea Lindl. & R. omeiensis Rolfe), was emphasized. This thesis focused on the following three aspects: 1. Pollen morphology of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The pollen morphology of 18 samples representing 10 species of the Eurasian Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 7 additional species of related sections was investigated under LM and SEM. The pollen grains are monadic, actinomorphic, equipolar, medium-sized, spheroidal to perprolate in equatorial view, 3-lobed circular or semi-circular in polar view, crassimarginate, pontoperculate, and with striate exine sculpture. The striate sculpture varies among sections and species. The equatorial axis ranges from 17.97 μm (R. sikangensis) to 29.18 μm (R. tsinglingensis) with an average of 23.98 μm in length, while polar axis varies from 24.15 μm (R. gracilifolra) to 34.70 μm (R. davidii) with an average of 28.65 μm in length. The pollens can be divided into five types based on striate sculpture and a key to the sections sampled was proposed accordingly. The pollen morphology of species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae is more homogeneous and different from other sections sampled and did not support the two-series subdivisions in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. A key is also provided based on characers of pollen morphology among species in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. 2. Seed coat structure of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The seed coat structure of 39 samples representing 14 species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 12 additional species of related sections was investigated under LE and SEM. The seed relative volume (Length × width × thickness) ranges from 4.79 to 114.47 mm3 with an average of 36.66. mm3. The seeds are reniform, ovate or oblong in shape, with orange-brown, light brown or deep brown color. Seed coat sculpture was reticulate or striate-like reticulate. There was no difference in sculpture character of various speices under LM, while three types of seed coat sculpture were identified under SEM and a key to species based on the seed coat sculpture was provided. The three types of seed coat sculpture were nearly smooth, areolate and reticulate. The study of the seed coat sculpture of same species sampled from different populations showed that characters on the seed coat are stable, and thus the size, shape and seed coat sculpture can be used in species level identification. Interestingly, characters in the seed coat sculpture and the pollen morphology in sect. Pimpinellifoliae are consistent at in specific or sectional levels. A key to the 14 species sampled was given based on seed coat sculpture. 3. The study on Rosa sericea complex The Rosa sericea complex contains R. omeiensis and R. sericea. They are morphologically similar to one another and the systematic status of R. omeiensis has been controversial. In this study we examined large numbers of herbarium specimens of R. omeiensis and R. sericea and conducted field observations in the Hengduan Mts.. We also performed SEM study of pollen morphology and seed coat structure of R. omeiensis and R. sericea. We further carried out intensive morphometric study on the leaflet, pollen, and seed morphology. Our results showed that R. omeiensis should be sunk to be a variety of R. sericea, just as Rowley’s treatment in 1959. In conclusion, the features in the number of leaflet and petal, and the morphological character on pollen and seed are relatively stable. Therefore these characters are very useful in taxon delimition.

Analyse des relations entre plasticité architecturale des buissons et prolifération de leurs populations

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Montpellier II

Do the Golden-winged Warbler and Blue-winged Warbler Exhibit Species-specific Differences in their Breeding Habitat Use?

We compared habitat features of Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) territories in the presence and absence of the Blue-winged Warbler (V. cyanoptera) on reclaimed coal mines in southeastern Kentucky, USA. Our objective was to determine whether there are species specific differences in habitat that can be manipulated to encourage population persistence of the Golden-winged Warbler. When compared with Blue-winged Warblers, Golden-winged Warblers established territories at higher elevations and with greater percentages of grass and canopy cover. Mean territory size (minimum convex polygon) was 1.3 ha (se = 0.1) for Golden-winged Warbler in absence of Blue-winged Warbler, 1.7 ha (se = 0.3) for Golden-winged Warbler coexisting with Blue-winged Warbler, and 2.1 ha (se = 0.3) for Blue-winged Warbler. Territory overlap occurred within and between species (18 of n = 73 territories, 24.7%). All Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warblers established territories that included an edge between reclaimed mine land and mature forest, as opposed to establishing territories in open grassland/shrubland habitat. The mean distance territories extended from a forest edge was 28.0 m (se = 3.8) for Golden-winged Warbler in absence of Blue-winged Warbler, 44.7 m (se = 5.7) for Golden-winged Warbler coexisting with Blue-winged Warbler, and 33.1 m (se = 6.1) for Blue-winged Warbler. Neither territory size nor distances to forest edges differed significantly between Golden-winged Warbler in presence or absence of Blue-winged Warbler. According to Monte Carlo analyses, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) seedlings and saplings, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) saplings were indicative of sites with only Golden-winged Warblers. Sericea lespedeza, goldenrod (Solidago spp.), clematis vine (Clematis spp.), and blackberry (Rubus spp.) were indicative of sites where both species occurred. Our findings complement recent genetic studies and add another factor for examining Golden-winged Warbler population decline. Further, information from our study will aid land managers in manipulating habitat for the Golden-winged Warbler.