999 resultados para Nel Noddings


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Il 17 maggio 1977 è entrata in vigore all'interno dell'Unione europea la Sesta Direttiva del Consiglio 77/388/CEE, comunemente nota come Sesta Direttiva, in “materia di armonizzazione delle legislazioni degli Stati Membri relative alle imposte sulla cifra di affari - Sistema comune di imposta sul valore aggiunto: base imponibile uniforme”. Agli Stati membri veniva richiesto di modificare i loro sistemi IVA in accordo con le nuove regole delineate dalla Direttiva. La Sesta Direttiva, scritta negli anni Settanta, non conteneva alcuna regolamentazione relativa ai servizi di comunicazione e telecomunicazione: nei primi anni Novanta, con l'emergere della Società dell'Informazione, divenne chiaro che questa mancanza cominciava a pesare negativamente sulla competitività degli operatori europei. Il 26 giugno 1999, al termine di un lungo processo, venne adottata la Direttiva del Consiglio 1999/59/CE, che emendava la Direttiva 77/388/CEE per quanto atteneva alla regolamentazione in materia di IVA applicabili ai servizi di telecomunicazione . Poi, il 15 maggio 2002 è entrata in vigore la Direttiva del Consiglio 2002/38/CE che ha introdotto sostanziali cambiamenti pro tempore alla Direttiva 77/388/CEE, ampliando gli emendamenti introdotti dalla precedente Direttiva 1999/59/EC, e stabilendo nuove regole in materia di servizi di radiodiffusione e di televisione e a determinati servizi prestati tramite mezzi elettronici. La recente rifusione della Sesta Direttiva, 2006/112/CE del 29 novembre 2006 sul sistema IVA, non ha modificato il quadro legislativo comunitario in materia di servizi di telecomunicazioni e servizi di radiodiffusione e di televisione e di servizi prestati per via elettronica: la Direttiva del Consiglio 2006/138/CE, adottata il 19 dicembre 2006 a emendamento della 2006/112/CE, ha confermato che la regolamentazione IVA applicabile ai servizi di comunicazione radio-televisivi e a certi servizi forniti per via elettronica resteranno soggetti a questo regime fino al 31 dicembre 2008.

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The research is an itinerary from the discovery of the force of Love in the Song of Songs, where the human figure is given entirely through aesthetics, right to the agony of the other's death, where ethics, the "Severe Name of Love", is the only guard left; a journey through the contradictions of human mind, that, though aiming at Good, Beauty, Happiness, is completely immersed into the darkness of its finiteness and into evil. The consciousness leads to the creation of a world whose essential prefiguration is the Beauty; whose fundamental expression is the Good. Ethics must translate itself in responsability towards the other, in the history. This immersion into reality preserves the aesthetic and ethic dimension from the temptation of absolutizing the finite. In this work, the proximity and divergence between the aesthetic and ethic dimension is analysed, with reference to significant moments of the philosophical reflection, namely in the thought of Ingarden, Tishner and Levinas.

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Introduction. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the main cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney recipients. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of functional polymorphisms located in cytokine and apoptosis genes on CVD after kidney transplantation. Cytokine polymorphisms, generally located in gene regulatory regions, are associated with high and low cytokine production and are likely to modulate the magnitude of inflammatory responses following transplantation, depending on the balance between the levels of pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. The role of apoptosis in atherosclerosis has not been completely elucidated, and here we explored the hypothesis that the heterogeneity in cardiovascular risk in kidney recipients may also be linked to functional polymorphisms involved in apoptosis induction. Purpose. In the search for relevant genetic markers of predisposition to CVD after renal transplant, the present investigation was undertaken to identify the clinical impact of polymorphisms of cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-8 and of apoptosis genes Fas and Caspase 9 in a population of kidney transplant recipients. Materials and methods. The study involved 167 patients who received cadaveric kidney transplantation at our centre between 1997 and 2005 (minimum follow-up of 12 months); 35 of them had experienced cardiovascular events (CVD group) and 132 had no cardiovascular complications (non-CVD group). Genotyping was performed using RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) for RFLP per IL-8/T-251A, Fas/G-670A e Casp9/R221Q polymorphism and SSP (Sequence Specific Primer) for TNF-α/G-308A, TGF-β/L10P, TGF-β/R25P, IL-10/G-1082A, IL- 10/C-819T, IL-10/C-592A, IL-6/G-174C, IFN-γ/T+874A polymorphisms.Results. We found a significant difference in TNF-α and IL-10 genotype frequencies between the patients who had suffered cardiovascular events and those with no CVD history. The high producer genotype for proflogistic cytokine TNF-α appeared to have a significantly superior prevalence in the CVD group compared to the non-CVD group (40.0% vs 21.2%) and it resulted in a 2.4-fold increased cardiovascular risk (OR=2.361; p=0.0289). On the other hand, the high producer genotype for the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found in 2.8% of the CVD group and in 16.7% of non-CVD group; logistic regression showed a 0.3-fold reduced risk of CVD associated with genetically determined high IL-10 production (OR=0.278; p<0.0001). The other polymorphisms did not prove to have any impact on CVD. Conclusions. TNF-α and IL-10 gene polymorphisms might represent cardiovascular risk markers in renal transplant recipients.