The SPARC Data Initiative: Comparison of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere ozone climatologies from limb-viewing instruments and the nadir-viewing Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer

We present the first comprehensive intercomparison of currently available satellite ozone climatologies in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) (300–70 hPa) as part of the Stratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) Data Initiative. The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument is the only nadir-viewing instrument in this initiative, as well as the only instrument with a focus on tropospheric composition. We apply the TES observational operator to ozone climatologies from the more highly vertically resolved limb-viewing instruments. This minimizes the impact of differences in vertical resolution among the instruments and allows identification of systematic differences in the large-scale structure and variability of UTLS ozone. We find that the climatologies from most of the limb-viewing instruments show positive differences (ranging from 5 to 75%) with respect to TES in the tropical UTLS, and comparison to a “zonal mean” ozonesonde climatology indicates that these differences likely represent a positive bias for p ≤ 100 hPa. In the extratropics, there is good agreement among the climatologies regarding the timing and magnitude of the ozone seasonal cycle (differences in the peak-to-peak amplitude of <15%) when the TES observational operator is applied, as well as very consistent midlatitude interannual variability. The discrepancies in ozone temporal variability are larger in the tropics, with differences between the data sets of up to 55% in the seasonal cycle amplitude. However, the differences among the climatologies are everywhere much smaller than the range produced by current chemistry-climate models, indicating that the multiple-instrument ensemble is useful for quantitatively evaluating these models.

Persia and kingship in William Cartwright's The Royall Slave (1636)

The recent reorientation of early modern studies draws attention to the Renaissance stage as a site of exploration of images of the Islamic world. This article examines the use of ancient and contemporary Persia in William Cartwright’s The Royall Slave (1636), in which Persia figures as a convenient space through which to examine political issues relevant to the audience at home in England. Assessing the construction of idealized societies and rulers in the play, The Royall Slave is a contemporary Court and academic drama that demonstrates its importance as one of a number of synchronous texts that represent Persia.

A method for merging nadir-sounding climate records, with an application to the global-mean stratospheric temperature data sets from SSU and AMSU

A method is proposed for merging different nadir-sounding climate data records using measurements from high-resolution limb sounders to provide a transfer function between the different nadir measurements. The two nadir-sounding records need not be overlapping so long as the limb-sounding record bridges between them. The method is applied to global-mean stratospheric temperatures from the NOAA Climate Data Records based on the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU), extending the SSU record forward in time to yield a continuous data set from 1979 to present, and providing a simple framework for extending the SSU record into the future using AMSU. SSU and AMSU are bridged using temperature measurements from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), which is of high enough vertical resolution to accurately represent the weighting functions of both SSU and AMSU. For this application, a purely statistical approach is not viable since the different nadir channels are not sufficiently linearly independent, statistically speaking. The near-global-mean linear temperature trends for extended SSU for 1980–2012 are −0.63 ± 0.13, −0.71 ± 0.15 and −0.80 ± 0.17 K decade−1 (95 % confidence) for channels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The extended SSU temperature changes are in good agreement with those from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite, with both exhibiting a cooling trend of ~ 0.6 ± 0.3 K decade−1 in the upper stratosphere from 2004 to 2012. The extended SSU record is found to be in agreement with high-top coupled atmosphere–ocean models over the 1980–2012 period, including the continued cooling over the first decade of the 21st century.

Understanding inter-satellite biases of microwave humidity sounders using global simultaneous nadir overpasses

Simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNOs) of polar-orbiting satellites are most frequent in polar areas but can occur at any latitude when the equatorial crossing times of the satellites become close owing to orbital drift. We use global SNOs of polar orbiting satellites to evaluate the intercalibration of microwave humidity sounders from the more frequent high-latitude SNOs. We have found based on sensitivity analyses that optimal distance and time thresholds for defining collocations are pixel centers less than 5 km apart and time differences less than 300 s. These stringent collocation criteria reduce the impact of highly variable surface or atmospheric conditions on the estimated biases. Uncertainties in the estimated biases are dominated by the combined radiometric noise of the instrument pair. The effects of frequency changes between different versions of the humidity sounders depend on the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. There are significant scene radiance and thus latitude dependencies in the estimated biases and this has to taken into account while intercalibrating microwave humidity sounders. Therefore the results obtained using polar SNOs will not be representative for moist regions, necessitating the use of global collocations for reliable intercalibration.

La estrategia diplomática-militar de España reflejada en la correspondencia extraoficial del Duque de Huéscar entre 1747 y 1748

[ES] En este artículo se pretende contribuir al conocimiento de los sucesos bélicos acaecidos en Génova durante la primavera de 1747, a través del intercambio de correspondencia inédita entre algunos de los principales aliados españoles de esta república, capitaneados por Carvajal y Ensenada que encontraron en don Fernando de Silva, duque de Huéscar (luego de Alba), el mejor enlace para la conformación de una red social que permitiera un conocimiento extraoficial que mejorara la capacidad de actuación a favor de los intereses de España en dicha república. Un análisis interpersonal de un hecho histórico que pone de manifiesto la «tensa relación» diplomática entre Francia y España, unidas por el Pacto de Familia de 1743 y que determinó las estrategias diplomáticas llevadas por ambos durante las negociaciones de la paz de Aquisgrán, que puso fin a la Guerra de Sucesión Austriaca.

L'inno avestico agli Aməsha Spəṇtas (Yasht 2). Testo critico e traduzione con commentario storico religioso

L'inno dedicato ai sette Amesha Spəṇta è parte della produzione avestica recenziore, e si compone in gran parte di porzioni testuali riprese da altri testi avestici a loro volta di formazione tardiva. Lo Yašt si divide in tre parti principali: le stanze 0-10; 11-14; e infine la stanza 15 che comprende la formula di chiusura tipica degli inni avestici. La prima sezione (2.0-10) è composta dalla formula di apertura, incompleta rispetto a quelle dei restanti inni, seguita dai primi sette capitoli di entrambi i Sīh-rōzag compresi i Gāh. Le stanze centrali (11-14) si caratterizzano per l'assenza di passi gemelli, un elevato numero di hapax e di arcaismi formali e inoltre, una grande variabilità nella tradizione manoscritta. Si tratta di una formula magica per esorcizzare/allontanare demoni e stregoni, che doveva essere recitata per sette volte. Tale formula probabilmente rappresentava in origine un testo autonomo che veniva recitato assieme ad altri testi avestici. La versione a noi pervenuta comprende la recitazione di parte di entrambi i Sīh-rōzag, ma è molto probabile che tale arrangement sia soltanto una sequenza recitativa che doveva coesistere assieme ad altre. Attualmente la formula magica viene recitata principalmente assieme allo Yasna Haptaŋhāiti, senza le restanti stanze dell'inno nella sua versione geldneriana. Il testo sembra nascere come formula magica la quale venne recitata assieme a diversi testi avestici come per esempio parti dello Sīh-rōzag. In un periodo impossibile da stabilire con certezza la versione viene fissata nella forma a noi pervenuta nella maggior parte dei manoscritti e per la sua affinità formale probabilmente interpretato come inno e perciò incluso nell'innario avestico.

Randomized controlled study demonstrating failure of LPV/r monotherapy in HIV: the role of compartment and CD4-nadir

Long-term side-effects and cost of HIV treatment motivate the development of simplified maintenance. Monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r-MT) is the most widely studied strategy. However, efficacy of LPV/r-MT in compartments remains to be shown.

Low current and nadir CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with higher hepatitis C virus RNA levels in the Swiss HIV cohort study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CD4+ T-cell counts and other characteristics of HIV-infected individuals on hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels. METHODS: All HIV-HCV-coinfected Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants with available HCV RNA levels and concurrent CD4+ T-cell counts before starting HCV therapy were included. Potential predictors of HCV RNA levels were assessed by multivariate censored linear regression models that adjust for censored values. RESULTS: The study included 1,031 individuals. Low current and nadir CD4+ T-cell counts were significantly associated with higher HCV RNA levels (P = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). In individuals with current CD4+ T-cell counts < 200/microl, median HCV RNA levels (6.22 log10 IU/ml) were +0.14 and +0.24 log10 IU/ml higher than those with CD4+ T-cell counts of 200-500/microl and > 500/microl. Based on nadir CD4+ T-cell counts, median HCV RNA levels (6.12 log10 IU/ml) in individuals with < 200/microl CD4+ T-cells were +0.06 and +0.44 log10 IU/ml higher than those with nadir T-cell counts of 200-500/microl and > 500/microl. Median HCV RNA levels were also significantly associated with HCV genotype: lower values were associated with genotype 4 and higher values with genotype 2, as compared with genotype 1. Additional significant predictors of lower HCV RNA levels were female gender and HIV transmission through male homosexual contacts. In multivariate analyses, only CD4+ T-cell counts and HCV genotype remained significant predictors of HCV RNA levels. Conclusions: Higher HCV RNA levels were associated with CD4+ T-cell depletion. This finding is in line with the crucial role of CD4+ T-cells in the control of HCV infection.

Shaʻar leshon ha-ḳodesh

von Heinrich Wilhelm Josias Thiersch