Startup IPR strategies: Why should startup companies protect their intellectual property?

This thesis studies intellectual property right (also: IPR) strategies from the perspective of high growth startup companies. Due to technology development and intellectualization of business, large part of companies’ assets are nowadays intangible. At the same time, the importance of protection instruments designed to protect these intangible assets, intellectual property rights, is increasing. Utilization of these instruments, however, requires understanding of the functioning of the IPR system, as well as financial resources. Startup companies aiming for growth need to be able compete with more established companies also in relation to intangible assets, but they might not have the required knowledge ot resources to fully utilize IPRs in their business. This research aims to understand what are the benefits a startup company can have from protecting their IPRs, and how can the company achieve those benefits. Based on a review of previous literature, altogether 11 benefits of IPR registration were recognized. To answer to the research questions, six half-structured interviews were conducted with experts form different fields, all with experience in working with startup companies and IPR issues. The interviews were analyzed using different methods of qualitative data analysis, mainly derived from grounded theory and case study methods. As a result, out of the 11 benefits recognized from earlier literature, 8 were recognized to be relevant for startup companies. The most central benefits were recognized to be linked with the financial lifecycle of the startup company, including increasing credibility of the startup and stimulating an investment. In addition it was noticed, that startup companies are mainly able to utilize these benefits at later stages of their lifecycle. However, to be able to utilize the benefits at later stages, the startup company needs to be aware of the functioning of the IPR system and might need to apply for appropriate protection already early on. As a result of this study, a three-step model was formed to describe different levels of IPR utilization. The first level of the model represents the minimum level of understanding that every startup company should have regarding IPRs. The second level views IPR strategy from a risk management perspective, including securing the minimum protection of the company’s own IPRs, contract management and establishing processes for handling IPR issues. The last stage reflects strategic use of IPRs. At this third stage intellectual property rights have a central role in the startup company’s business, and they are used in the company’s value creation.

Aineettoman pääoman taloudellinen raportointi ja siihen liittyvät haasteet

Tutkielmassa perehdytään aineettoman pääoman taloudellisessa raportoinnissa ilmeneviin haasteisiin. Sen lisäksi pyritään selvittämään kuinka aineettoman pääoman taloudellista raportointia voitaisiin kehittää.

Pk-yrityksen innovaatiokyvykkyyden maturiteettimalli

Tämä diplomityö on tehty suorituskyky johtamisen pääaineeseen ja sen tavoitteena on ollut suunnitella ja toteuttaa pieniin ja keskisuuriin yrityksiin soveltuva innovaatiokyvykkyyden maturiteetti- eli kypsyysmalli. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kvalitatiivista eli laadullista lähestymistapaa ja sovelletaan konstruktiivista tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksen peruskäsitteet ovat innovaatio, innovatiivisuus ja innovaatiokyvykkyys. Innovaatio-käsite voidaan ymmärtää eräänlaiseksi synonyymiksi uutuudelle. Kattavin määritelmä innovaatiolle on ymmärtää se yksittäisen tapahtuman sijasta prosessina. Suorituskyvyn johtamisen näkökulmasta innovatiivisuutta voidaan pitää yhtenä yrityksen sisäisen suorituskyvyn kulmakivenä. Innovaatiokyky on osa yrityksen aineetonta pääomaa sekä organisaation suorituskyvyn ja menestymisen osa-alue ja taustatekijä. Yrityksen koko vaikuttaa sen innovaatiotoimintaan sekä määrällisesti käytettävien resurssien ja tehtävien investointien suuruutena että laadullisesti innovaatiotoiminnan organisoinnissa ja toteutuksessa. Innovaatiokyvykkyyden maturiteettimallin perusajatus on nähdä innovaatiokyvykkyys eteenpäin liikkuvana prosessina, jossa yritys tai organisaatio parantaa omaa asemaansa suhteessa ennalta määrättyihin innovaatiokyvykkyyden tekijöihin. Tutkimuksessa konstruoitu pk-yritysten innovaatiokyvykkyyden maturiteettimalli muodostuu kokonaisuudesta, jossa on kolme tekijää: mittaristo, maturiteettikuvio ja tasoportaat sekä nämä toisiinsa kytkevä innovaatiokyvykkyyden viitekehys. Mallin toimivuutta testattiin heikolla markkinatestillä suomalaisessa tietotekniikka-alan palveluyrityksen tuotekehitysorganisaatiossa. Tuloksien perusteella määritettiin case-organisaation maturiteettitaso. Lisäksi organisaatiosta löydettiin niin kehittämiskohteita kuin vahvuuksiakin.

Impact of Product-harm Crisis on Brand Equity: the Moderating Role of Corporate Social Performance

There is an increasing amount of product-harm crisis in the past few years; and the impact of a product-harm crisis becomes more and more influential due to the high increasing speed of globalization. And it is believed that the negative damages to a firm leading to a loss of the intangible assets is bigger than other costs such as the cost of the product recall. Brand equity is a very important and valuable intangible asset for a firm; and it is particularly vulnerable during the crisis. And CSP (CSP) is a hot concept associated with product-harm crisis and brand equity. The aim of this study is to understand how product-harm crisis influences by simultaneously involving CSP as a moderator in a consumer-based level. An experimental study was conducted through an online questionnaire among 198 students in Finland. The questionnaire mainly assessed the consumers’ attitudes towards CSP and brand before/after a fictional product-harm crisis. The results shows that the brand equity was negatively related to the product-harm crisis. And the extent level of crisis’s severity was positively related to the loss of the brand equity; whereas, acknowledged blame was more useful to compensate the loss of brand equity in the low-severity crisis. CSP acted as a moderator role which could compensate the loss of brand equity caused by the product-harm crisis. Managerial implications are also offered for crisis managers, brand managers, and CSR managers.

Plan de empresa COLPallets S.A.S.

Plan de empresa en el cual se encuentra demostrada la viabilidad para la formulación, puesta en marcha y desarrollo, de una empresa productora y comercializadora de Pallets (Estibas) que tiene como principal mercado Estados Unidos.

La protección jurídica del canal de distribución

Analiza la función económica de distribución comercial, da un recorrido general de la figura para presentar los remedios jurídicos del distribuidor en el Derecho colombiano.

Knowledge and information evaluation practice: an exploratory study in a construction firm

There are a number of challenges associated with managing knowledge and information in construction organizations delivering major capital assets. These include the ever-increasing volumes of information, losing people because of retirement or competitors, the continuously changing nature of information, lack of methods on eliciting useful knowledge, development of new information technologies and changes in management and innovation practices. Existing tools and methodologies for valuing intangible assets in fields such as engineering, project management and financial, accounting, do not address fully the issues associated with the valuation of information and knowledge. Information is rarely recorded in a way that a document can be valued, when either produced or subsequently retrieved and re-used. In addition there is a wealth of tacit personal knowledge which, if codified into documentary information, may prove to be very valuable to operators of the finished asset or future designers. This paper addresses the problem of information overload and identifies the differences between data, information and knowledge. An exploratory study was conducted with a leading construction consultant examining three perspectives (business, project management and document management) by structured interviews and specifically how to value information in practical terms. Major challenges in information management are identified. An through-life Information Evaluation methodology (IEM) is presented to reduce information overload and to make the information more valuable in the future.

Is ESG commitment linked to investment performance in the real estate sector?

The linkage between corporate commitment to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues and investment performance has generated a substantial body of research outside the real estate sector. Nevertheless, the relationship between the environmental performance and financial performance of companies is still not well understood as studies have found mixed and contradicting results. Drawing upon the KLD database which contains ratings on seven ESG dimensions from 2003-2009, this paper investigates the relationship between the ESG rating and the financial performance of a sample of US real estate firms. Since the primary transmission channel from ESG activities to financial performance may be better reflected by a firm's intangible assets, we model both Tobin's q and the total annual return in a panel framework with time and sector specific fixed effects. Our results are largely consistent with the existing literature finding a positive relationship between CFP and CSP. Further, the time scale of the lagged effects seems plausible.

Fatores relevantes na geração de valor da marca PETROBRAS - um estudo com consumidores do segmento de combustíveis

The main purpose of this study is identify and select the assessment indicators for Brand Equity (BE), in the fuels segment. Within this perspective, we have chosen to assess the influences based on the following attributes: Brand Loyalty (Lealdade à Marca ( LM), Brand Recognition (Conhecimento da Marca ( CM), Perceived Quality (Qualidade Percebida ( QP) and Brand Associations (Associações à Marca ( AM), through perception of consumers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States. Based on deep interviews in the qualitative phase and in surveys, in the quantitative phase, we began the data analysis through Multiple Linear Regression, according to Atilgan et al. (2005) model and Ha (1996). In the first model, the (CM) was considered non-explanatory to (BE¿, and we¿ve chosen to remove it from the following study model. In the final model, besides remaining variables, demographic variables were included, such as: Family Income (Renda Familiar ( RF) and Federation State (Estado da Federação ( EF), as independent variables. The main relevant findings, through perception of consumers, indicated that the (BE) of company analyzed was better ranked in Rio de Janeiro than in São Paulo and, as for the income, higher level classes tend to have less understanding on the value of (BE) of Petrobras BR. The study finish with mentions the contribution of the research and management implication, as well as limitations and suggestions to further researchers.

A influência dos ativos intangíveis na análise de risco de crédito de empresas de base tecnológica

Evolution is present in world dynamics. And it is just in such transformational environment where companies have been encapsulated. In an economy of knowledge, physical assets alone are unable to provide profits to meet shareholders' demands. Now there comes an invisible component with the purpose of defining strategies and impelling results: Intangible Assets. Banking financing systems, however, have not kept pace with this knowledge revolution and its resulting new income generation techniques. Credit analysis methods for most financing agents would not employ any intangible parameters in their methodology of study as yet. This paper seeks to discuss the importance of intangible assets by focusing their role of influencial factor in decisions to finance technology-based companies. By studying the credit risk classification system employed by FINEP, Brazil's Federal Agency for innovation development, we wished to suggest indicators for intangibles which might be put to use in the Financiadora.

Desafios na economia do conhecimento - o caso do BNDES

Land, capital and work dictated the organizations¿ success in the industrial era. Added to these factors, the intangible assets are considered the key complement to determine business¿ sustainability in the knowledge era. The globalization creates a new dynamic in the markets and the knowledge management becomes focal point to the organizations. It becomes more common the incorporation of inter-organizational nets to improve business, in a strategy win-win where the tacit knowledge, noncodified, which is shared. More specifically, the innovation management, one of the intangible assets aspects, plays an important role in the Federal Government agenda, through the PDP and other market players. BNDES made significant progress to assist companies¿ demands in the knowledge era, among them: the adoption of the Intangible Assets BSC methodology to evaluate companies¿ credit risk and the partnership with Brightom University (UK) to train innovation management to companies¿ managers. Besides the initial steps, what are the challenges that BNDES will face from now on? In the bibliographic review, it is analyzed the competitive factors in the knowledge era, the evolution of the intangible assets concept, the consolidation of the networking as business strategy, evaluation its advantages and disadvantages, some innovation definitions and its management through the identification of the development level of the Brazilian companies¿ in this aspect. After that, it is analyzed the management tool so-called Balanced Scorecard, which is fundamental to the Intangible Assets BSC. The actions already implemented by BNDES, Sebrae and FINEP focused on the subject are identified in order to evaluate the integration level among those actions. Then, it is demonstrated the relevancy of the subject not only to BNDES, but also to society. This study faces the subject by the preparation of a diagnostic from 30 actives SMEs investments from BNDESPAR portfolio, a BNDES subsidiary, adopting the BSC methodology through questionnaire. The objective is to certify if there is enough space to elaborate an action plan focused on creating value to companies considering them intangible assets and, if it is viable, how this toll can be useful and adequate to achieve such objective. The questionnaire content, answered by the training participants in the innovation management program, is also evaluated to check the suggestions of actions to maximize the expected feedback. In the conclusion, it is verified that the tool so-called Intangible Assets BSC is adequate to the management activity of the investments in PMEs from BNDESPAR portfolio and there is enough space to adopt measures focused on creation of companies¿ value, mentioning some examples and highlighting some preliminary academicals contributions to improve the tool and also suggests other steps that BNDES can adopt to optimize the actions already implemented.

Análise exploratória da influência de alianças estratégicas no capital intelectual de empresas

This research verified the influence of strategic alliances on the generation of intangible assets in the Brazilian manufacturers. A field research targeted at the senior management of firm covering around 5% of the net sales of this economic segment in Brazil was developed. The aim of the field research was: i) to validate the hypothesis proposed in the theoretical framework that suggested the existence of a relationship between the development of strategic alliances and the development of competitive advantages to the allied firms, through the positive variation of these firms¿ intellectual capital or intangible assets; ii) to capture data for the development of an exploratory analysis of the subjacent characteristics of this relationship. This study is based on theoretical framework that contextualizes the current economic era - the so called information economy - unveils the existing taxonomy of intangible assets and strategic alliances, taking into account their importance to the competitiveness of modern organizations, and presents categorizations for intangibles and alliances, within the business realm. The results of this research showed that the development of strategic alliances is positively correlated to the increase of intangible assets of the companies studied. Furthermore, indications were found that innovation-based alliances are the ones that contribute more intensely to the development of intangible assets of the allies. Lastly, it was perceived that the more different kinds of alliances are developed simultaneously, the smaller the benefits in terms of intellectual capital generation.

Sistemas de gerenciamento na nova economia

A globalização, a desregulamentação, o desenvolvimento teconlógico e outras mudanças recentes no mundo alteraram de forma definitiva a maneira como valor é criado e gerenciado nas empresas. Nessa nova era, chamada de nova economia ou economia do conhecimento, é muito mais importante concentrar esforços nos ativos intangíveis, fatores que mais contribuem para a criação de valor; entre estes a ênfase recai sobre o conhecimento. No contexto deste trabalho, o conhecimento é a capacidade de usar e aumentar a inteligência humana com o intuito de gerar produtos e empresas mais inteligentes e mais competitivas. Dentre as inúmeras ferramentas de medida de performance e gerenciamento, que prometiam ajudar a gerenciar melhor os ativos intangíveis e criar maior valor para os acionistas, destacam-se o Balanced Scorecard; Navigator Skandia; Intangible Assets Monitor. Todos esses modelos reconhecem que para a criação de valor na nova economia, é preciso recorrer ao uso de medidas não financeiras, em adição às financeiras. As medidas financeiras tradicionais são medidas de resultado, isto é, mostram aquilo que foi feito. Apesar de os modelos desenvolvidos serem de grande valia, eles não estão totalmente concluídos. Trabalho adicional precisa ser feito para corrigir alguns de seus defeitos . O modelo proposto no presente trabalho procurará resolver estes problemas. O modelo concentra atenção nos impulsionadores de performance e tem como objetivo principal facilitar as ações de executivos na implementação de uma estratégia que vise à maximização do valor do negócio. As principais premissas usadas na construção do modelo são: a estratégia de cada empresa e o modelo de gerenciamento devem ser únicos; o ponto inicial de cada sistema de gerenciamento é o intento estratégico da empresa, não as perspectivas-padrão de modelos de gerenciamento; uma vez definida a estratégia, definiem-se quais as condições para se alcançá-Ia; para criar essas condições, será necessário a execução de uma série de ações, impulsionadoras de performance, e sua identificação faz a gestão da empresa ser mais eficaz; uma vez que os ativos intangíveis são os grandes fatores responsáveis pela criação de valor, acredita-se que a maior parte destas ações deva estar relacionada a eles; as ações devem ser priorizadas de acordo com a importância para a consecução do que foi definido na estratégia; não deve haver ações ou áreas de foco pré-definidas; tudo vai depender da estratégia escolhida. Escolheu-se o estudo de caso como metodologia de pesquisa mais apropriada para este trabalho; pela análise da aplicação de modelos de gerenciamento em duas empresas, procurou-se validar o modelo proposto.

Empreendedorismo e estratégia: estudo de múltiplos casos de criação de empresas no setor de refrigerantes no Ceará

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal descrever como se desenvolveram, no setor de refrigerantes no Estado do Ceará, os processos de criação de duas empresas e de suas estratégias competitivas. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza descritiva, em que a interpretação desempenha papel crucial na análise dos dados, constituídos principalmente de textos, originados de entrevistas com os fundadores e gerentes gerais das duas empresas estudadas e gerentes de três redes de supermercados, além de documentos, estudos, artigos e dados estatísticos do setor de refrigerantes. A pesquisa revelou que os processos de empreender ocorreram de maneira desordenada; a descoberta de uma oportunidade resultou do atendimento de um conjunto de condições; os empreendedores não compararam oportunidades e usaram critérios racionais e não racionais para avaliação de oportunidades, não tiveram meta ou visão de longo prazo na implantação de suas empresas e exibiram confiança e otimismo quanto ao sucesso de suas empresas. Quanto à criação da estratégia competitiva, os resultados mostram que a competição ocorreu em todos os segmentos da cadeia de valor das empresas; uma estratégia de liderança em custo foi eficaz para a entrada no mercado, mas impeditiva ao crescimento diante das mudanças no perfil econômico e estilo de vida dos consumidores; os recursos intangíveis (reputação da marca, conhecimento, educação para o empreendedorismo, por exemplo) e capacidades de executar com eficiência as atividades na cadeia de valores foram vantagens competitivas mais sustentáveis e valiosas para o desempenho empresarial. Finalmente, os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que a elaboração e a avaliação de projetos de criação de empresas devem incorporar variáveis como aumento do número de firmas e suas taxas de sobrevivência e mortalidade, custos de entrada, utilização de capacidade e movimentos competitivos em espaços geográficos mais amplos.