Kiista, eheys, unohdus : Vapaussodan muistaminen suojeluskunnan ja veteraaniliikkeen toiminnassa 1918-1944

Conflict, Unity, Oblivion: Commemoration of the Liberation War by the Civic Guard and the Veterans´ Union in 1918-1944 The Finnish Civil War ended in May 1918 as a victory for the white side. The war was named by the winners as the Liberation War and its legacy became a central theme for public commemorations during the interwar period. At the same time the experiences of the defeated were hindered from becoming a part of the official history of Finland. The commemoration of the war was related not only to the war experience but also to a national mission, which was seen fulfilled with the independence of Finland. Although the idea of the commemoration was to form a unifying non-political scene for the nation, the remembrance of the Liberation War rather continued than sought to reconcile to the conflict of 1918. The outbreak of the war between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939 immediately affected the memory culture. The new myth of the Miracle of the Winter War, which referred to the unity shown by the people, required a marginalization of controversial memory of the Liberation War. This study examines from the concepts of public memory and narrative templates how the problematic experience of a civil war developed to a popular public commemoration. Instead of dealing with the manipulative and elite-centered grandiose commemoration projects, the study focuses on the more modest local level and emphasizes the significance of local memory agents and narrative templates of collective memory. The main subjects in the study are the Civil Guard and the Veterans´ Union. Essential for the widespread movement was the development of the Civic Guard from a wartime organization to a peacetime popular movement. The guards, who identified themselves trough the memories and the threats of civil war, formed a huge network of memory agents in every corner of the country. They effectively linked both local memory with official memory and the civic society with the state level. Only with the emergence of the right wing veteran movement in the 30ies did the tensions grow between the two levels of public memory. The study shows the diversity of the commemoration movement of the Liberation War. It was not only a result of a nation-state project and political propaganda, but also a way for local communities to identify and strengthen themselves in a time of political upheaval and uncertainty.

Paimen vailla hiippakuntaa : Kenttäpiispan viran synty ja vaikutus sotilaspapiston asemaan Suomen puolustusvoimissa ja kirkossa vuosina 1939 - 1944

The main purpose of this research is to shed light on the factors that gave rise to the office of Field Bishop in the years 1939-1944. How did military bishophood affect the status of the head of military pastoral care and military clergy during these years? The main sources of my research are the collections in the Finnish National Archives, and I use a historical-qualitative method. The position of the military clergy was debated within both the Church and the Defence Forces before 1939. At that stage, Church law did not yet recognize the office of the leading military priest, the Field Dean. There had been a motion in 1932 to introduce the office of a military bishop, but the bishops' synod blocked it. The concept of Field Bishop appeared for the first time in 1927 in a Finnish military document, which dealt with pastoral care in the Polish military. The Field Dean in Finland had regularly proposed improvements to the salary of the military clergy before the Winter War. After the Winter War, arguments were made for strengthening the position of the military clergy: these arguments were based on the increased respect shown towards this clergy, especially due to their role in the care of the fallen, which had become their task during the war. Younger members of the military clergy in particular supported the demands to improve their position within the Church and the army. The creation of a Field Bishop was perceived as strengthening the whole military clergy, as the Field Bishop was envisioned as a bishop within the Church and a general within the Defence Forces. During that time the Field Dean was still without any military rank. The idea of a Field Bishop was recommended to Mannerheim in June 1940, after which the Defence Forces lent their support to the cause. The status of the military clergy, in Church law, made it to the agenda of the Church council in January 1941, thanks largely to the younger priests' group influence and Mannerheim's leverage. The bishops opposed the notion of a Field Bishop mostly on theological grounds but were ready to concede that the position the Field Dean in Church law required further defining. The creation of the office of Field Bishop was blocked in the Church law committee report issued close to the beginning of the Continuation War. The onset of that war, however, changed the course of events, as the President of the Republic appointed Field Dean Johannes Björklund as Field Bishop. Speculation has abounded about Mannerheim's role in the appointment, but the truth of the matter is not clear. The title of Field Bishop was used to put pressure on the Church, and, at the same time, Mannerheim could remain detached from the matter. Later, in September 1941, the Church council approved the use of the Field Bishop title to denote the head of military pastoral care in Church law, and Field Bishops were assigned some of the duties formerly pertaining to bishops. Despite all expectations and hopes, the new office of Field Bishop did not affect the status of the military clergy within the Defence Forces, as no ranks were established for them, and their salary did not improve. However the office of the Field Bishop within Army HQ was transformed from a bureau into a department in the summer of 1942. At the beginning of the Continuation War, the Field Bishop was criticized by certain military and Church clergy for favouring Russian Orthodox Christians in Eastern Karelia. Björklund agreed in principle with most of the Lutheran clergy on the necessity of Lutheranizing East Karelia but had to take into account the realities at Army HQ. As well, at the same time the majority of the younger clergy were serving in the army, and there was a lack of parish priests on the home front. Bishop Lehtonen had actually expressed the wish that more priests could have been released from the front to serve in local parishes. In his notes Lehtonen accused Björklund of trying to achieve the position of Field Bishop by all possible means. However, research has revealed a varied group of people behind the creation of the office of Field Bishop, including in particular younger clergy and the Defence Forces.

Collecção das leis do Imperio do Brasil de 1861

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Coleção das Leis da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1944

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Executivo - Decretos

Carta enviada por Hernan D. Aguilar a Justo Garate en 1944

1 carta (manuscrita) ; 225X160mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 6

Cartas enviadas por Augusto Barcia a Justo Garate entre 1944 y 1960

9 cartas (manuscritas) ; entre 225x140mm y 220x285mm

"A colaboração lhe bate à porta...": visitadoras sociais e a política de normalização de corpos e mentes de operários e operárias, de uma indústria têxtil no Rio de Janeiro (1944-1953)

A questão central desta Tese diz respeito à emergência de uma singular modalidade de assistência social no campo das políticas públicas e sociais no pós 1930, direcionada aos trabalhadores assalariados da área urbana e suas famílias. A produção discursiva sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho do operariado, no bojo das novas teorias científicas e enunciados médicos-sanitários reivindicava uma organização geral da sociedade. Afirmava-se a urgência de uma intervenção política estatal de cunho preventivo e coercitivo no modo de vida desses indivíduos em sociedade. O que se colocava até então como um caso de polícia ou de caridade passa a ser nomeado como questão social legitimando novas formas de exercício de poder e a conformação do Estado em suas novas atribuições de promotor da justiça social. Nesta pesquisa de doutoramento investiguei o exercício dessas estratégias de poder nas intervenções realizadas pelas visitadoras sociais no cotidiano de um grupo de operários e operárias da Cia (têxtil) Nova América na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, objetivando pela investigação minuciosa dessas práticas relativamente microscópicas iluminar uma rede muito maior de ardis e disputas de poder. As ações de ordenação do dia a dia desse operariado implicava a fiscalização do emprego dos serviços sociais disponibilizados pelo Estado e empresa, o monitoramento do uso do tempo e dos espaços, e finalmente a doutrinação em valores e práticas instituídas em nome da preservação e otimização da vida. Tais intervenções aconteciam em diferentes espaços: no interior da Fábrica, na vila operária Cidade Jardim Nova América e nas dependências da Associação Atlética Nova América e ficaram registradas em textos e imagens no boletim mensal da Fábrica. Esses periódicos constituem o principal corpus documental formado por sessenta e seis periódicos que abrangem o período entre novembro de 1944 e dezembro de 1953: Boletim Nova América - Órgão da Associação Atlética Nova América. Acionei como instrumento teórico-metodológico as reflexões do pensador francês Michel Foucault sobre biopolítica, ou a estatização da vida nos liames do biopoder enquanto gestão da vida em sua plenitude ocupando-se de não apenas garantir o corpo dócil e útil pelas técnicas disciplinares, mas, principalmente, assegurar no investimento sobre o corpo e mente desses indivíduos o saber normalizador para melhor manejá-los. Nesse sentido, no campo das políticas sociais, tanto estatais quanto empresariais, utilizei a noção de poder pastoral, atualizada por Foucault, para identificar o modo como em nome e pelo bem dos assistidos se constituiu um eficiente dispositivo de poder operando em intervenções e controle da vida das pessoas: as visitadoras sociais.

Female slave narratives: consistency and permanence: a study of two texts from the XIXth and XXth centuries

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar o papel das slave narratives como poderoso gênero literário na denúncia da escravidão africana e na representação do homem negro e da mulher negra nos séculos dezoito e dezenove. Este trabalho também se propõe a investigar o papel das neo-slave narratives no estudo do passado e a representação da identidade negra no século vinte. Ambos os gêneros desafiam seus tempos presentes ao discutirem questões de etnia e subjugação humana, em uma abordagem crítica. Em Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), Harriet Jacobs narra sua experiência na escravidão, deixando um importante legado não somente para a História mas também para a Literatura Afro-Americana. Em Dessa Rose (1986), Sherley Anne Williams, revisa o passado para resgatar a memória da escravidão e reescrever a história para examinar seu tempo presente. Além disso, as duas autoras apresentam questões de gênero, levantando questões feministas em suas obras

Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos: mapeamento e problematização do conceito de ciência na pesquisa educacional (1944-1971)

Nos primeiros anos em que a pesquisa educacional foi sistematizada, a Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos foi o principal meio de divulgação do campo educacional e um importante instrumento de debate sobre a política em torno da ciência, da pesquisa educacional e da prática educativa. A revista continua sendo um órgão oficial do governo federal e de divulgação das ações de um instituto criado com o objetivo de difundir pesquisas: o Instituto Nacional de Estudos Pedagógicos (Inep). Naquele primeiro momento o Inep esteve a cargo de dois importantes educadores: Manuel Bergström Lourenço Filho e Anísio Spínola Teixeira, que orientaram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em educação. Estes personagens se envolveram numa bandeira política e epistemológica e os artigos da revista ressaltavam suas ideias. O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar qual conceito de ciência estava presente quando a pesquisa educacional brasileira antes da criação dos cursos de pós-graduação. Foram selecionados 37 artigos entre os anos de 1944 e 1971. Estes artigos foram analisados com base nas concepções epistemológicas e diante da linha teórica da história dos conceitos. Como resultado desta pesquisa foi verificado que não houve dominância de nenhuma concepção epistemológica, mas a maior parte foi considerada dentro da perspectiva historicista. Diferentemente do que era esperado, nos artigos que trouxeram um panorama sobre pesquisa e ciência, houve opiniões divergentes a dos diretores da revista, mas o pensamento deles é destacado, inclusive, justificando muitas das ações realizadas pelo instituto. Foram observados diversos aspectos associados ao conceito de ciência, entre eles a eleição de prioridades e a ênfase na pesquisa prática, com alguns autores buscando um caráter mais imediatista e metodológico e outros defendendo a prática com embasamento teórico, sob a perspectiva social. Além do empenho para que a produção de pesquisas fosse realizada nas universidades, com o aporte de condições necessárias e da discussão sobre cientificidade da pesquisa educacional. Após 1964, o periódico publicou artigos que abordavam a educação como investimento, inseridas na tendência tecnicista, onde a função da pesquisa seria detectar de que forma otimizar os custos e qual seria a forma de propaganda mais eficaz para aumentar o número de matrículas. Porém, a revista ainda contava com influência de Anísio Teixeira e mesmo durante a ditadura militar realizou críticas às ações de repressão aos institutos e centros de pesquisa. A publicação do pensamento destes pesquisadores na RBEP permitiu que muitas destas questões fossem ampliadas, alcançando um impacto maior na sociedade. A maior parte dos artigos expôs a opinião de cientistas renomados e dos principais funcionários do Inep sobre quais deveriam ser as prioridades da pesquisa educacional em prol do progresso do país. Muitas das reivindicações publicadas se tornaram conquistas mantidas atualmente

Maryland commercial fisheries statistics, 1944-1945

This report presents a statistical analyses of the "fin" fisheries, as distinguished from the crab and oyster fisheries of Maryland, for 1944 and 1945. Comparative data on the catch by species, by area, and by gear, based principally on daily reports from the fishermen, are available for the first time as a result of a comprehensive statistical survey made by the Department of Research and Eduction to determine the results of the new management plan for the fisheries, referred to as the Maryland Management Plan. With the initiation in 1941 of a new system of fishery management in the State, a conservation plan based on the principle of stabilized fishing effort, it became obvious that a more accurate catch record system was needed for the proper administration of the program. The Management Plan stabilized the number of licensed fishermen at the 1939-1940 level, and provided for controlled expansion of the fishery to take place only when and where the industry warranted it as a result of increased fish populations. The text of the Plan may be found in Article 39, Section 60, Annotated Code of Maryland, 1943 Supplement. Publications 1, 2, 5, and 6 of the Educational Series of the Department of Research and Education explain the operating principles and the application of same to two important Maryland species, the shad and the rock or striped bass. Ocean fishery records only cover monthly gross landings.

Classification of jinjiang oysters Crassostrea rivularis (Gould, 1861) from China, based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis

The jinjiang oyster Crassostrea rivularis [Gould, 1861. Descriptions of Shells collected in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8 (April) 33-40] is one of the most important and best-known oysters in China. Based on the color of its flesh, two forms of C rivularis are recognized and referred to as the "white meat" and 11 red meat" oysters. The classification of white and red forms of this species has been a subject of confusion and debate in China. To clarify the taxonomic status of the two forms of C. rivularis, we collected and analyzed oysters from five locations along China's coast using both morphological characters and DNA sequences from mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase 1, and the nuclear 28S rRNA genes. Oysters were classified as white or red forms according to their morphological characteristics and then subjected to DNA sequencing. Both morphological and DNA sequence data suggest that the red and white oysters are two separate species. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences obtained in this study and existing sequences of reference species show that the red oyster is the same species as C. ariakensis Wakiya [1929. Japanese food oysters. Jpn. J. Zool. 2, 359-367.], albeit the red oysters from north and south China are genetically distinctive. The white oyster is the same species as a newly described species from Hong Kong, C. hongkongensis Lam and Morton [2003. Mitochondrial DNA and identification of a new species of Crassostrea (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) cultured for centuries in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, China. Aqua. 228, 1-13]. Although the name C. rivularis has seniority over C. ariakensis and C. hongkongensis, the original description of Ostrea rivularis by Gould [1861] does not fit shell characteristics of either the red or the white oysters. We propose that the name of C. rivularis Gould [1861] should be suspended, the red oyster should take the name C. ariakensis, and the white oyster should take the name C. hongkongensis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.