Raiffeisenism abroad: why did German cooperative banking fail in Ireland but prosper in the Netherlands?

Why did imitations of Raiffeisen’s rural cooperative savings and loans associations work well in some European countries, but fail in others? This article considers the example of Raiffeisenism in Ireland and in the Netherlands. Raiffeisen banks arrived in both places at the same time, but had drastically different fates. In Ireland they were almost wiped out by the early 1920s, while in the Netherlands they proved to be a long-lasting institutional transplant. Raiffeisen banks were successful in the Netherlands because they operated in niche markets with few competitors, while rural financial markets in Ireland were unsegmented and populated by long- established incumbents, leaving little room for new players, whatever their institu- tional advantages. Dutch Raiffeisen banks were largely self-financing, closely integrated into the wider rural economy, and able to take advantage of economic and religious divisions in rural society. Their Irish counterparts were not.

Avoiding Negligence and Profusion: The failure of the Joint-Stock form in the Anglo-Indian Tea Trade, 1840-1870

In the 19th century, firms operating in the Anglo-Indian tea trade were organised using a variety ownership forms including the partnership, joint-stock and a combination of the two known as the Managing agency. Faced with both an increasing need for fixed capital and high agency costs caused by the distance between owners and managers, the firms adapted and increasingly adopted the hybrid managing agency model to overcome these problems. Using new data from Calcutta and Bengal Commercial Registers and detailed case studies of the Assam Company and Gillanders, Arbuthnot and Co, this paper demonstrates that British entrepreneurs did not see the choice of ownership as a dichotomy or firm boundaries as fixed, but instead innovatively drew on the strengths of different forms of ownership to compete and grow successfully.

Ecology of the early life-history stages of shad Alosa fallax fallax (Lacépède, 1803) in the River Mira, with a note on Alosa spp. larvae in the River Guadiana

Tese dout., Ecologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2006

Virtuosismo para instrumentário de sopro em Lisboa (1821-1870)

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Musicais

Suomenmaan kartta koulujen tarpeeksi toimittanut vuonna 1870 /

1 kartta :, vär. ;, 42,2 x 29,3 cm, lehti 48,2 x 34 cm

7-6-20, mission française aux Etats-Unis [3e à partir de la droite l'] amiral [Prosper Jules] Charbonnier (CN New York) : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59602

La Rue (1870)

Variante(s) de titre : La Rue

Le Vétéran. Bulletin de la Société nationale de retraites Les vétérans des armées de terre et de mer, 1870-1871. Fondée à Paris le 1er janvier 1893

1902/02/15 (A5,N4).

Le Vétéran. Bulletin de la Société nationale de retraites Les vétérans des armées de terre et de mer, 1870-1871. Fondée à Paris le 1er janvier 1893

1902/12/01 (A5,N23).