Nancy Budwig

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,(1) and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.(2,3) There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.

Jüdische dramatische Dichter in Spanien : Daniel Israel Lopez Laguna

Meir Kayserling

VIII. Kongress der Société française des Rosiéristes zu Nancy, 7. Juli 1904

Hugo Clauberg

Angelina Luger als Nancy, Rollenbild, in: Friedrich von Flotow: Martha

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F09143

O subtexto do Chanceler Pero Lopez de Ayala na Crônica de D. João I de Fernão Lopes referente ao biênio de 1383-1384 : autoridade e desafio

El intento del artículo es percibir cómo el cronista portugués Fernão Lopes (1385-1460) se apropia, en el último texto suyo, del discurso del castellano Pero Lopez de Ayala (1332-1407) en la Crónica de D. Juan I. La parte elegida para el examen fue el bienio de 1383-1384, antes, por lo tanto, de la Batalla de Aljubarrota (1385). La comparación de las crónicas citadas todavía ya fue realizada por investigadores renombrados, sin embargo mi trabajo sigue el camino por la reducción de escala, o sea, por un análisis interpretativo de un bienio especifico, con la finalidad de iniciar un análisis más abarcador del rasgo de la crónica medieval ibérica medieval, objeto de mi presente pesquisa.

Oliver Marchart, El pensamiento político postfundacional. La diferencia política en Nancy, Lefort, Badiou y Laclau, Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2009, 257 p.

Fil: Retamozo, Martín. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Oliver Marchart, El pensamiento político postfundacional. La diferencia política en Nancy, Lefort, Badiou y Laclau, Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2009, 257 p.

Fil: Retamozo, Martín. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.