Projeto e implementação em FPGA de um processador com conjunto de instrução reconfigurável utilizando VHDL

The Reconfigurable Computing is an intermediate solution at the resolution of complex problems, making possible to combine the speed of the hardware with the flexibility of the software. An reconfigurable architecture possess some goals, among these the increase of performance. The use of reconfigurable architectures to increase the performance of systems is a well known technology, specially because of the possibility of implementing certain slow algorithms in the current processors directly in hardware. Amongst the various segments that use reconfigurable architectures the reconfigurable processors deserve a special mention. These processors combine the functions of a microprocessor with a reconfigurable logic and can be adapted after the development process. Reconfigurable Instruction Set Processors (RISP) are a subgroup of the reconfigurable processors, that have as goal the reconfiguration of the instruction set of the processor, involving issues such formats, operands and operations of the instructions. This work possess as main objective the development of a RISP processor, combining the techniques of configuration of the set of executed instructions of the processor during the development, and reconfiguration of itself in execution time. The project and implementation in VHDL of this RISP processor has as intention to prove the applicability and the efficiency of two concepts: to use more than one set of fixed instructions, with only one set active in a given time, and the possibility to create and combine new instructions, in a way that the processor pass to recognize and use them in real time as if these existed in the fixed set of instruction. The creation and combination of instructions is made through a reconfiguration unit, incorporated to the processor. This unit allows the user to send custom instructions to the processor, so that later he can use them as if they were fixed instructions of the processor. In this work can also be found simulations of applications involving fixed and custom instructions and results of the comparisons between these applications in relation to the consumption of power and the time of execution, which confirm the attainment of the goals for which the processor was developed

Análise dos aspectos éticos da pesquisa em seres humanos contidos nas Instruções aos Autores de 139 revistas científicas brasileiras

OBJETIVO: Estudar as normas relativas à ética da pesquisa em seres humanos contidas nas Instruções aos Autores de revistas científicas brasileiras. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: As Instruções aos Autores de 139 revistas científicas brasileiras das áreas de medicina, biomedicina, enfermagem, odontologia e ciências gerais foram analisadas com relação às suas recomendações sobre os aspectos éticos. RESULTADOS: Das 139 revistas estudadas, 110 (79,1%) não fazem referências aos aspectos éticos; 17 (12,2%) exigem aprovação prévia pela Comissão de Ética; três (2,1%) fazem referência à Declaração de Helsinque; uma (0,7%) recomenda adotar o consentimento esclarecido; cinco (3,5%) seguem orientações dos requisitos uniformes para manuscritos submetidos a revistas biomédicas e três (2,1%) seguem princípios, normas e padrões éticos não especificados. Nas 29 revistas que fazem referências à ética, as exigências são solicitadas sob as seguintes formas: 15 (51,7%) exigem a inclusão da informação no texto do artigo; duas (6,8%) pedem carta assinada pelos autores; uma (3,4%) solicita cópia da autorização da Comissão de Ética; uma (3,4%) afirma supor que o autor cumpriu as exigências e dez (34,4%) não fazem qualquer referência específica. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do estudo indicam que na maioria das revistas científicas brasileiras há pouca preocupação em relação aos aspectos éticos da pesquisa em seres humanos, contidas nas Instruções aos Autores. Nas revistas que fazem referência aos aspectos éticos, as exigências são muito variáveis.

Short-term in situ/ex vivo study of the anticariogenic potential of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement associated with adhesive systems

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

TEMPORAL COUPLING BETWEEN EXTERNAL AUDITORY INFORMATION AND THE PHASES OF WALKING

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an imposed external auditory constraint upon the temporal organization of walking. Ten subjects were videotaped walking normally (N) and with instructions to couple naturally, at mid-swing, or at toe-off to a metronome beat. Based upon an analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffe tests most temporal variables were not significantly different among conditions. The duration of swing phase was significantly different between natural coupling and toe-off. The deviation from the metronome beat was significantly different between the natural coupling and both mid-swing and toe-off. Subjects generally were not successful in achieving coupling during the latter conditions. Thigh and shank phase portraits were used to describe the system's organization to the external constraint.

Avaliação das condutas de biossegurança em laboratórios de prótese dentária de João Pessoa, PB, Brasil

Objective: To evaluate the biosecurity measures adopted in dental prosthesis laboratories of the city of João Pessoa, PB, Brazil with respect to prosthetic works sent by dentists. Method: Twenty-five dental prosthesis technicians (DPT) of the city of João Pessoa, PB, filled out a questionnaire referring to their knowledge of the biosecurity principles, disinfection of impressions and other prosthetic items, and the use of individual protection equipment (IPE). Results: Although 92% of the interviewees believed in the possible occurrence of cross-infection between dental prosthesis laboratories and dental offices, 64% declared that the prosthetic works received in their laboratories do not undergo any disinfection procedure. It was also observed that, for disinfection of impressions and stone casts, the chemical substances are not used as recommended by the manufacturers or are innocuous to microorganisms. Regarding the use of IPE, 60% of the DPT used mask, but only 4% used gowns. With respect to the measures taken regarding the impressions received from dental offices, 56% of the interviewees only wash them in running tap water, and 56% of the stone casts that arrive at the laboratory are not disinfected in any way. Conclusion: There is a need for more motivation and instructions to DPT regarding the prevention of cross-contamination during sending and receiving of prosthetic works between dental prosthesis laboratories and dental offices because the DPT evaluated in this study were found negligent with respect to disinfection procedures.

Context-sensitive analysis of obfuscated x86 executables

A method for context-sensitive analysis of binaries that may have obfuscated procedure call and return operations is presented. Such binaries may use operators to directly manipulate stack instead of using native call and ret instructions to achieve equivalent behavior. Since definition of context-sensitivity and algorithms for context-sensitive analysis have thus far been based on the specific semantics associated to procedure call and return operations, classic interprocedural analyses cannot be used reliably for analyzing programs in which these operations cannot be discerned. A new notion of context-sensitivity is introduced that is based on the state of the stack at any instruction. While changes in 'calling'-context are associated with transfer of control, and hence can be reasoned in terms of paths in an interprocedural control flow graph (ICFG), the same is not true of changes in 'stack'-context. An abstract interpretation based framework is developed to reason about stack-contexts and to derive analogues of call-strings based methods for the context-sensitive analysis using stack-context. The method presented is used to create a context-sensitive version of Venable et al.'s algorithm for detecting obfuscated calls. Experimental results show that the context-sensitive version of the algorithm generates more precise results and is also computationally more efficient than its context-insensitive counterpart. Copyright © 2010 ACM.

Análise comparativa das metodologias de hibridização reversa e sequenciamento direto para a genotipagem do vírus da hepatite C

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Context-sensitive analysis of x86 obfuscated executables

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito da fumaça de cigarro nas propriedades de resinas compostas e substratos dentais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estratégias de aprendizagem e autonomia na produção oral dos alunos de licenciatura intensiva em inglês

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo averiguar de que forma os acadêmicos do curso de licenciatura em língua inglesa, em caráter intensivo do Campus de Altamira da Universidade Federal do Pará, apreendem práticas autônomas, utilizando as estratégias de aprendizagem para melhoria da prática oral. No retorno à academia, depois dos períodos sem aulas, os alunos relatam sentirem-se incapazes de participar efetivamente das aulas expondo suas ideias oralmente. Deste modo, a proposta desta pesquisa é atuar em prol de mudanças que levem a um aprimoramento das práticas de produção oral por meio da instrução das estratégias de aprendizagem. A metodologia utilizada é a pesquisa ação de abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de narrativas, questionários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Participaram desta pesquisa oito de 24 alunos. Eles cursavam o segundo ano da graduação. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos períodos de julho e agosto de 2011 e janeiro e fevereiro de 2012. Os resultados mostraram que a instrução das estratégias foi relevante para que os alunos se tornassem mais conscientes e mais proficientes na prática da oralidade durante e após o período sem aulas. Além disso, alguns alunos passaram a utilizar outras estratégias de maneira autônoma. Alguns deles também passaram a ensiná-las a outros aprendentes. Outros alunos continuaram utilizando as mesmas estratégias anteriores à instrução.

Efeitos de instruções preliminares sobre o seguimento de regras

Estudos sobre regras têm mostrado que manipulações formais em trechos das instruções podem produzir efeitos diferentes no desempenho dos participantes. Entretanto a maior parte desses estudos tem dado mais atenção à investigação dos efeitos de manipulações em trechos de instruções que descrevem precisamente uma resposta a ser emitida pelos participantes (instruções específicas) do que à investigação dos efeitos das manipulações que são feitas em instruções que contêm orientações básicas sobre o estudo (instruções preliminares). Considerando que trechos de instruções que não descrevem precisamente uma resposta a ser emitida também podem afetar o desempenho de participantes, o presente estudo teve como objetivo manipular diferentes situações em que instruções preliminares são apresentadas com o fim de avaliar se essas manipulações podem afetar o comportamento de seguir outras instruções apresentadas subseqüentemente. Para isso, três experimentos foram realizados com um total de 48 participantes, que foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo. A tarefa consistia em apontar para objetos em uma mesa, sendo os participantes divididos em duas condições experimentais - correspondente ou discrepante, de acordo com o tipo de instrução específica que era recebida. No Experimento 1, se avaliou, através de um delineamento de sujeito como seu próprio controle, o efeito isolado de instruções preliminares e mínimas na realização da tarefa experimental e seguimento de instruções específicas; no Experimento 2, se avaliou separadamente o efeito da manipulação de trechos sobre os materiais e conseqüências das instruções preliminares na realização da tarefa experimental e seguimento de instruções específicas; no Experimento 3, se replicou o Experimento 2 isolando ainda mais as informações fornecidas aos participantes nas instruções preliminares para verificar se alguma delas foi mais importante para os efeitos observados. Os principais resultados mostraram que: 1) a apresentação de instruções preliminares favoreceu a realização da tarefa experimental e seguimento de instruções específicas, principalmente quando os participantes receberam instruções correspondentes; 2) a apresentação do trecho sobre materiais das instruções preliminares favoreceu a realização da tarefa e o seguimento de instruções, enquanto a apresentação do trecho sobre as conseqüências favoreceu um desempenho variado entre os participantes; 3) a apresentação tanto da frase sobre contador quanto da frase sobre ganhos em dinheiro do trecho sobre as conseqüências favoreceram um desempenho variado entre os participantes; 4) a apresentação da frase sobre o pareamento entre o modelo e comparações do trecho sobre os materiais favoreceu mais a realização da tarefa e seguimento de instruções quando associada a instruções específicas do que a frase sobre as dimensões dos objetos. Concluiu-se que trechos das instruções preliminares são tão importantes de serem investigados quanto trechos de instruções específicas. Novas manipulações formais em trechos de outras instruções poderiam contribuir para o refinamento metodológico e conceitual da área de controle por regras.

Gliding Mentoplasty: A New Technique

The goal of mentoplasty is to improve chin projection. Traditionally, this is accomplished by either mandibular osteotomy or alloplastic implants. However, these procedures are not free of complications. This report describes gliding mentoplasty, a novel, simple technique for chin projection.The 12 patients in this study underwent gliding mentoplasty. By means of a 2-cm intraoral incision, a subcutaneous dissection was made in the caudal direction. The dissection then proceeded in the subperiosteal plane, leaving a 1-cm cuff of muscle attached to the bone, and advanced toward the lower border of the chin. Subsequently, the dissection was extended laterally, and the whole mental area was dissected from the surrounding tissue. Three 2-0 monofilament nylon sutures were placed in the submandibular periosteum and connected through the remaining muscle cuff to the periosteum. These key sutures allowed the submandibular region to slide forward, project the subcutaneous tissue and mentalis muscle, define the labiomental fold, and improve the pogonion projection.Gliding mentoplasty resulted in a symmetric projection of the chin in all cases. In two patients, a submandibular dimple developed, which spontaneously resolved in 1 month. No revision surgery was performed, and no tissue relapse was noted. The mean follow-up period was 24.7 +/- A 5.17 months (range 19-33 months). All the patients were satisfied with the result.Gliding mentoplasty is a simple, easy-to-perform, rapid surgical technique of chin projection that produces low pain, rapid recovery, and excellent cosmetic results.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Early postoperative pelvic-floor biofeedback improves erectile function in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and urinary incontinence are common complications following radical prostatectomy (RP). Although pelvic-floor biofeedback training (PFBT) may improve urinary continence following RP, its effects on the recovery of potency are unknown. Fifty-two patients selected for RP were prospectively randomized for a treatment group (n=26) receiving PFBT once a week for 3 months and home exercises or a control group (n=26), in which patients received verbal instructions to contract the pelvic floor. Erectile function (EF) was evaluated with the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) before surgery and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patients were considered potent when they had a total IIEF-5 score >20. Continence status was assessed and defined as the use of no pads. Groups were comparable in terms of age, body mass index, diabetes, pathological tumor stage and neurovascular bundle preservation. A significant reduction in IIEF-5 scores was observed after surgery in both groups. In the treatment group, 8 (47.1%) patients recovered potency 12 months postoperatively, as opposed to 2 (12.5%) in the control group (P=0.032). The absolute risk reduction was 34.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8-64%) and the number needed to treat was 3 (95% CI: 1.5-17.2). A strong association between recovery of potency and urinary continence was observed, with continent patients having a 5.4 higher chance of being potent (P=0.04). Early PFBT appears to have a significant impact on the recovery of EF after RP. Urinary continence status was a good indicator of EF recovery, with continent patients having a higher chance of being potent.

How reliable are Hounsfield-unit measurements in forensic radiology?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) numbers, also known as Hounsfield-units (HU) in the differentiation and identification of forensically relevant materials and to provide instructions to improve the reproducibility of HU measurements in daily forensic practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We scanned a phantom containing non-organic materials (glass, rocks and metals) on three different CT scanners with standardized parameters. The t-test was used to assess the influence of the scanner, the size and shape of different types of regions-of-interest (ROI), the composition and shape of the object, and the reader performance on HU measurements. Intra-class correlation coefficient was used to assess intra- and inter-reader reliability. RESULTS: HU values did not change significantly as a function of ROI-shape or -size (p>0.05). Intra-reader reliability reached ICC values >0.929 (p<0.001). Inter-reader reliability was also excellent with an ICC of 0.994 (p<0.001). Four of seven objects yielded significantly different CT numbers at different levels within the object (p<0.05). In 6/7 objects the HU changed significantly from CT scanner to CT scanner (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Reproducible CT number measurements can be achieved through correct ROI-placement and repeat measurements within the object of interest. However, HU may differ from CT-scanner to CT-scanner. In order to obtain comparable CT numbers we suggest that a dedicated Forensic Reference Phantom be developed.

Nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid for tissue augmentation of the dorsal hands: a prospective study on 38 patients

BACKGROUND Often ignored, hands are one of the most telltale signs of aging. This prospective study was initiated to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous hyaluronic acid (HA) injections in aging hands, with special attention to complications and long-term outcomes. METHODS Between January 2010 and December 2010, a total of 38 patients with skin phototypes II-IV and between 58 and 76 years old were treated with HA injection for aging hands. The quantity of injection never exceeded 1.0-1.5 ml HA per hand. A clinical follow-up was performed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after injection. Complications were reviewed for the whole series. At the first follow-up, 2 weeks after the procedure, ultrasound was carried out to determine if additional filling material was required. At each follow-up, patients were asked to fill out a satisfaction questionnaire. RESULTS Nine patients developed slight ecchymosis that disappeared after 1 week. No other complications were seen in the series. Pain during the injection and discomfort after the procedure were minimal. At the 2-week follow-up, after ultrasound control, nine patients received a complementary injection. At each follow-up, overall patient satisfaction was high and was validated by clearance of rhytids, veins, bony prominences, and dermal and subcutaneous atrophy. CONCLUSION Skin revitalization with injectable HA can improve the clinical appearance of the back of the hands. However, this therapy requires knowledge of the possible complications and their remediation as well as knowledge and respect of injected doses. Moreover, despite excellent results at each follow-up, the results of our series are not as good after 6 months, and a longer follow-up would be needed to determine if this procedure provides long-lasting benefit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .