Proyecto de Educación para la Salud : higiene escolar.

Este colegio realiza un proyecto de higiene escolar dirigido a los alumnos de 3 a 18 años que amplía el programa de higiene buco-dental desarrollado el curso anterior. Los objetivos son: conseguir una mayor calidad de vida para los alumnos, proporcionando hábitos de higiene; crear costumbres de vida saludable; modificar los hábitos de higiene no saludables; implicar activamente a los padres en el proyecto; y crear una correcta higiene postural. La experiencia se inicia con un análisis de las costumbres del alumnado, que ayuda a determinar el posterior desarrollo del programa. Se señalan dos niveles de consecución de objetivos teniendo en cuenta el distinto grado de discapacidad. El proyecto se temporaliza en tres fases, que coinciden con los tres trimestres: en la primera se trata la higiene personal (autonomía, buco-dental, relajación); en la segunda, la prevención (accidentes, uso de productos tóxicos); y en la tercera, mejora de la salud (higiene ambiental, hábitos saludables, ocio, educación vial). En el desarrollo de los temas se realizan con los alumnos salidas, visualización de vídeos, carteles, etc. Los padres colaboran desde el taller en la ambientación del centro, y también conocen los trabajos realizados por sus hijos. La evaluación del proyecto es positiva puesto que ha fomentado la adquisición de actitudes y hábitos saludables de cara a la integración en la sociedad.

Programa de Promoción de Salud en la Escuela : área 1.

En esta publicación se expone el Programa de Promoción de Salud en la Escuela llevado a cabo en los colegios madrileños del Área Sanitaria 1, con la colaboración del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, el Ayuntamiento y la Comunidad de Madrid, y el Instituto Nacional de la Salud. Los objetivos principales son fomentar la adquisición de conocimientos, actitudes y hábitos saludables en la comunidad escolar; contribuir a la prevención de enfermedades; favorecer la detección y atención de patologías; apoyar a los profesores en el desarrollo de la Educación para la Salud como tema transversal; contribuir a la integración de niños en situación de riesgo social y facilitarles una atención socio-sanitaria adecuada; y apoyar la coordinación entre instituciones en este ámbito. El programa contempla varias actividades: prevención y control de enfermedades transmisibles; salud buco dental; detección de desviaciones en la columna vertebral y de alteraciones de la visión; preparación para la atención de urgencias; eliminación de conductas de riesgo; y detección y prevención de las situaciones de riesgo social en la infancia. Se incluye en anexos documentación para el desarrollo del programa, además de una relación de materiales divulgativos y bibliografía de interés.

Medicina escolar en la provincia de Vizcaya : revisión de 2465 escolares de población masculina.

Descubrir aquellos defectos y desviaciones de la normalidad en la salud del escolar que puedan interferir en su capacidad de aprendizaje o afectar a la calidad de vida futura del niño. Investigar el estado de salud del escolar como promoción de la salud del mismo. 1260 alumnos varones, que representan el 51.12 por ciento de la población escolar correspondiente a 6 centros de Vizcaya, 1 estatal y 5 no estatales. La edad oscila entre 2 y 15 años. Investigación de tipo empírico realizada entre una población escolar de varones, elegida por medio de una muestra sesgada. Se parte de la hipótesis de que la salud incide en la capacidad de aprendizaje y afecta a su calidad de vida futura y para comprobarlo se utiliza análisis descriptivos de las siguientes variables: a) variable dependiente: salud escolar; b) variables independientes: talla y peso, complexión física, estado de nutrición, exploración de piel y faneras, exploración ocular, examen auditivo, exploración buco-faríngea, exploración respiratoria, exploración cardio-circulatoria, exploración genito-urinaria, aparato locomotor, exploración del sistema nervioso, prueba de la tuberculina percutáneo (pertubina). Cuestionario rellenado por los padres sobre datos referidos al niño: vacunaciones, antecedentes familiares, hábitos, anamnesis por órganos y aparatos y de datos personales. Exploración clínica del alumno en su centro de estudios. Porcentajes. Frecuencias. Las alteraciones estato-ponderales son de un 5 con una afectación cuatro veces menor en los bajos pesos. El 39,84 de los escolares posee caries sin corregir. El 15,63 de los niños padece disminución de la agudeza visual debida a defectos de acomodación. El 2,53 presentan disminución de la agudeza auditiva que es un factor importante en el desarrollo psicosocial del niño. El 1,42 son hipertensos. Se han detectado 12 casos de criptorquidia bilateral que ha servido para evitar una esterilidad futura. La frecuencia de pies planos es el doble que las alteraciones vertebrales. Hay grupos de edad especialmente propensos a patología: 3-4 años, 7-8-9 años, 11 años y 14 años. Todo programa de salud escolar, no sólo debe pretender detectar patologías, sino educar sanitariamente a los escolares, lo cual se puede hacer con charlas, demostraciones y exposiciones a padres, profesores y alumnos; los maestros son la pieza clave para esta educación continuada del alumno. Sería importante recoger datos a nivel regional y nacional para poder hacer estudios comparativos fiables.

Medicina escolar en la provincia de Vizcaya : estudio de 2465 escolares de población femenina.

Realizar un estudio en el que se descubran los defectos y las desviaciones de la normalidad en la salud del niño y la Educación Sanitaria. 1205 alumnos, que representan el 48.88 por ciento de la población escolar que corresponden a 6 centros de Vizcaya (1 estatal y 5 no estatales). La edad oscila entre 2 y 15 años. Investigación empírica realizada en una población escolar de chicas, elegida por medio de una muestra sesgada, cuyo objetivo es estudiar su estado de salud físico mediante análisis descriptivos de las siguientes variables: a) variable dependiente: salud escolar; b) variables independientes: estatura y peso, estado de nutrición, complexión física, exploración cutánea, exploración auditiva, exploración buco-faringea, aparato cardio-circulatorio, exploración del aparato respiratorio, exploración del aparato genito-urinario, aparato locomotor, estudio del sistema nervioso, prueba de la tuberculina percutánea (pertubina). Cuestionario rellenado por los padres sobre datos del niño como: datos personales, antecedentes del niño y familiares, vacunaciones, anamnesis por órganos y aparatos. Exploración clínica de la niña en el centro escolar. Frecuencias. Porcentajes. Hay un 5,31 por ciento con talla corta. La caries dental es la patología de mayor incidencia con un 45,89 por ciento. Un 17,01 por ciento padecen disminución de la agudeza visual. Hay un 1,57 por ciento de hipoacusias. En el sistema cardio-pulmonar, la alteración más frecuente son los soplos con un 3,65 por ciento. La hipertensión arterial afecta al 1,74 por ciento. Los pies planos, con un 5,47 por ciento es la alteración más frecuente del aparato locomotor. Hay tres grupos de edad con mayor incidencia de patología: 6 años; 9-10-11 años y 13-14 años. Los programas de salud escolar deben abarcar tanto la detección de patologías como la educación sanitaria de los escolares, en este sentido, es fundamental la colaboración del maestro, debido a su estrecho contacto con el alumno. El reconocimiento médico debe efectuarse a todos los estamentos implicados en el Centro. Es necesario potenciar las medidas preventivas para así promocionar y defender la salud de los escolares.

Llibre de les dents. 'Libro de los dientes'.

Se presentan una serie de fichas dirigidas a niños de 0 a 6 años, cuyo objetivo es mejorar su nivel de higiene buco-dental. Las actividades del programa pueden clasificarse en dos grandes grupos, atendiendo a su contenido : 1- Promoción de hábitos alimentarios saludables : se realiza mediante actividades dirigidas a la supresión de hábitos dietéticos nocivos y la promoción de una dieta sana y equilibrada. 2- Promoción de la higiene oral : se trata de un conjunto de actividades dirigidas a motivar a los niños en la práctica del cepillado dental.

Almarab?? : cuaderno de educaci??n para la salud

Contiene : Gu??a did??ctica, Cuaderno de fichas para el alumno, Mural recortable (teatro de gui??ol) y Calendario de evaluaci??n buco-dental. Premios Educaci??n y Sociedad, 1995

Dientes y salud.

Programa emitido el 5 de febrero de 1996

Una experiencia sobre salud bucodental : el diente Vicente y la muela Carmela.

Experiencia realizada por el equipo de profesores del Colegio Rural Agrupado Huerna-Pajares, pertenecientes al grupo de trabajo Educación para la salud y destinados a los alumnos de educación infantil y del primer y segundo ciclo de educación primaria. Su objetivo es fomentar el interés por el cuidado y aseo de la boca, y estimular los hábitos higiénicos de la misma como forma de conseguir un buen estado de salud general; así como conocer los elementos de la boca y el importante papel que desempeñan en las funciones de relación, nutrición y comunicación, apreciar críticamente las informaciones relacionadas con la salud bucodental y valorar la importancia de las revisiones periódicas de la boca. La experiencia consta de la unidad temática La boca y del cuento El diente Vicente y la muela Carmela. La experiencia se desarrolla con la unidad correspondiente al área de Conocimiento del Medio, relativa al cuerpo, higiene y aseo y junto a actividades que van desde la presentación del cuento y confección de carteles hasta la realización de actividades de carácter festivo. Los contenidos estudiados son: la anatomía de la boca, los tipos de dientes y su función, la influencia de dulces y golosinas en la salud buco-dental, las enfermedades de la boca y de los dientes, el odontólogo y sus funciones y los utensilios de limpieza y las técnicas del cepillado. La evaluación se realiza sobre cuatro conceptos: reconocer las partes del cuerpo y el funcionamiento de la misma, distinguir los productos nocivos para la salud de la boca, utilizar correctamente y de manera periódica el material de limpieza de la boca y desarrollar conductas favorables de hábitos de limpieza.

Variation in the ovarian reserve Is linked to alterations in intrafollicular estradiol production and ovarian biomarkers of follicular differentiation and oocyte quality in cattle

The mechanisms whereby the high variation in numbers of morphologically healthy oocytes and follicles in ovaries (ovarian reserve) may have an impact onovarian function, oocyte quality, and fertility are poorly understood. The objective was to determine whether previously validated biomarkers for follicular differentiation and function, as well as oocyte quality differed between cattle with low versus a high antral follicle count (AFC). Ovaries were removed (n = 5 per group) near the beginning of the nonovulatory follicular wave, before follicles could be identified via ultrasonography as being dominant, from heifers with high versus a low AFC. The F1, F2, and F3 follicles were dissected and diameters determined. Follicular fluid and thecal, granulosal, and cumulus cells and the oocyte were isolated and subjected to biomarker analyses. Although the size and numerous biomarkers of differentiation, such as mRNAs for the gonadotropin receptors, were similar, intrafollicular concentrations of estradiol and the abundance of mRNAs for CYP19A1 in granulosal cells and ESR1, ESR2, and CTSB in cumulus cells were greater, whereas mRNAs for AMH in granulosal cells and TBC1D1 in thecal cells were lower for animals with low versus a high AFC during follicle waves. Hence, variation in the ovarian reserve may have an impact on follicular function and oocyte quality via alterations in intrafollicular estradiol production and expression of key genes involved in follicle-stimulating hormone action (AMH) and estradiol (CYP19A1) production by granulosal cells, function and survival of thecal cells (TBC1D1), responsiveness of cumulus cells to estradiol (ESR1, ESR2), and cumulus cell determinants of oocyte quality (CTSB).

Evidence for an inhibitory role of bone morphogenetic protein(s) in the follicular-luteal transition in cattle

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors are expressed in ovarian theca cells (TC) and granulosa cells (GC) and BMPs have been implicated in the regulation of several aspects of follicle development including thecal androgen production and granulosal oestrogen production. Their potential involvement in luteal function has received less attention. in this study, we first compared relative abundance of mRNA transcripts for BMPs, activin-beta A and BMP/activin receptors in bovine corpus luteum (CL) and follicular theca and granulosa layers before undertaking functional in vitro experiments to test the effect of selected ligands (BMP6 and activin A) on luteinizing bovine TC and GC. Relative to P-actin transcript abundance, CL tissue contained more BMP4 and -6 mRNA than granulosa, more BMP2 mRNA than theca but much less activin-beta A mRNA than both granulosa and theca. Transcripts for all seven BMP/activin receptors were readily detected in each tissue and two transcripts (BMPRII, ActRIIA) were more abundant in CL than either theca or granulosa, consistent with tissue responsiveness. In vitro luteinization of TC and GC from antral follicles (4-6 mm) was achieved by culturing with 5% serum for 6 days. Treatment with BMP6 (0, 2, 10, and 50 ng/ml) and activin A (0, 2, 10 and 50 ng/ml) under these conditions dose-dependently suppressed forskolin-induced progesterone (P-4) secretion from both cell types without affecting cell number. BMP6 reduced forskolin-stimulated upregulation of STAR mRNA and raised 'basal' CYP17A1 mRNA level in theca-lutein cells without affecting expression of CYP11A1 or hydroxy-Delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid Delta-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1). In granulosa-lutein cells, STAR transcript abundance was not affected by BMP6, whereas forskolin-induced expression of CYP11A1, HSD3B1, CYP19A1 and oxytocin transcripts was reduced. In both cell types, follistatin attenuated the suppressive effect of activin A and BMP6 on forskolin-induced P4 secretion but had no effect alone. Granulosa-lutein cells secreted low levels of endogenous activin A (similar to 1 ng/ml); BMP6 reduced this, while raising follistatin secretion thus decreasing activin A:follistatin ratio. Collectively, these findings support inhibitory roles for BMP/activin signalling in luteinization and steroidogenesis in both TC and GC.

TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development

In recent years, exciting progress has been made towards unravelling the complex intraovarian control mechanisms that, in concert with systemic signals, coordinate the recruitment, selection and growth of follicles from the primordial stage through to ovulation and corpus luteum formation. A plethora of growth factors, many belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, are expressed by ovarian somatic cells and oocytes in a developmental, stage-related manner and function as intraovarian regulators of folliculogenesis. Two such factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, RMP-4 and BMP-7, are expressed by ovarian stromal cells and/or theca cells and have recently been implicated as positive regulators of the primordial-to-primary follicle transition. In contrast, evidence indicates a negative role for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH, also known as Mullerian-inhibiting substance) of pre-granulosa/granulosa cell origin in this key event and subsequent progression to the antral stage. Two other TGF-beta superfamily members, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and BMP-15 (also known as GDF-9B) are expressed in an oocyte-specific manner from a very early stage and play key roles in promoting follicle growth beyond the primary stage; mice with null mutations in the gdf-9 gene or ewes with inactivating mutations in gdf-9 or bmp-15 genes are infertile with follicle development arrested at the primary stage. Studies on later stages of follicle development indicate positive roles for granulosa cell-derived activin, BMP-2, -5 and -6, theca cell-derived BMP-2, -4 and -7 and oocyte-derived BMP-6 in promoting granulosa cell proliferation, follicle survival and prevention of premature luteinization and/or atresia. Concomitantly, activin, TGF-beta and several BMPs may exert paracrine actions on theca cells to attenuate LH-dependent androgen production in small to medium-size antral follicles. Dominant follicle selection in monovular species may depend on differential FSH sensitivity amongst a growing cohort of small antral follicles. Changes in intrafollicular activins, GDF-9, AMH and several BMPs may contribute to this selection process by modulating both FSH- and IGF-dependent signalling pathways in granulosa cells. Activin may also play a positive role in oocyte maturation and acquisition of developmental competence. in addition to its endocrine role to suppress FSH secretion, increased output of inhibin by the selected dominant follicle(s) may upregulate LH-induced androgen secretion that is required to sustain a high level of oestradiol secretion during the pre-ovulatory phase. Advances in our understanding of intraovarian regulatory mechanisms should facilitate the development of new approaches for monitoring and manipulating ovarian function and improving fertility in domesticated livestock, endangered species and man.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands and receptors in bovine ovarian follicle cells: actions of BMP-4,-6 and-7 on granulosa cells and differential modulation of Smad-1 phosphorylation by follistatin

Given the paucity of information on the potential roles of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the ruminant ovary we conducted immunolocalization and functional studies on cells isolated from bovine antral follicles. Immunocytochemistry revealed expression of BMP-4 and -7 in isolated theca cells whereas granulosa cells and oocytes selectively expressed RMP-6. All three cell types expressed a range of BMP-responsive type-I (BMPRIB, ActRI) and type-II (BMPRII, ActRII, ActRIIB) receptors supporting autocrine/paracrine roles within the follicle. This was reinforced by functional experiments on granulosa cells which showed that BMP-4, -6 and -7 promoted cellular accumulation of phosphorylated Smad-1 but not Smad-2 and enhanced 'basal' and IGF-stimulated secretion of oestradiol (E2), inhibin-A, activin-A and follistatin (FS). Concomitantly, each BMP suppressed 'basal' and IGF-stimulated progesterone secretion, consistent with an action to prevent or delay atresia and/or luteinization. BMPs also increased viable cell number under 'basal' (BMP-4 and -7) and IGF-stimulated (BMP-4, -6 and -7) conditions. Since FS, a product of bovine granulosa cells, has been shown to bind several BMPs, we used the Biacore technique to compare its binding affinities for activin-A (prototype FS ligand) and BMP-4, -6 and -7. Compared with activin-A (K-d 0.28 +/- 0.02 nM; 100%), the relative affinities of FS for BMP-4, -6 and -7 were 10, 5 and 1% respectively. Moreover, studies on granulosa cells showed that preincubation of ligand with excess FS abolished activin-A-induced phosphorylation of Smad-2 and BMP-4-induced phosphorylation of Smad-1. However, FS only partially reversed BMP-6-induced Smad-1 phosphorylation and had no inhibitory effect on BMP-7-induced Smad-1 phosphorylation. These findings support functional roles for BMP-4, -6 and -7 as paracrine/autocrine modulators of granulosa cell steroidogenesis, peptide secretion and proliferation in bovine antral follicles. The finding that FS can differentially modulate BMP-induced receptor activation and that this correlates with the relative binding affinity of FS for each BMP type implicates FS as a potential modulator of BMP action in the ovary.

Influence of mutations affecting gonadotropin production or responsiveness on expression of inhibin subunit mRNA and protein in the mouse ovary

Measurement of inhibins A and B in the serum of normal cyclic rodents has implicated FSH in the regulation of these peptides within the ovary. To extend these observations we have used a panel of mutant mice carrying mutations which affect either the production of, or the ability to respond to, FSH and LH. As a consequence, the females are infertile and show different degrees of follicular development. The aim of this study was to measure inhibin gene transcription in the ovaries of these mutant females together with inhibin protein levels in ovaries and serum and to relate these to follicular development within the ovary. Comparison was made with a pool of normal/heterozygous females. In hpg females where lack of GnRH production results in the absence of gonadotropin synthesis, in FSHbeta knockout (FSHbetaKO) females where disruption of the gene encoding FSHbeta results in the absence of FSH production, and in FSH receptor knockout (FSHRKO) females which are unable to respond to circulating FSH, follicular development remains at the pre-antral stage in these three mutants. Only in the hpg females were common inhibin alpha subunit mRNA levels significantly lower than normal. In these three mutants, however, mRNA levels for both the betaA and betaB subunits were extremely low compared with normal mice. At the protein level, neither inhibin A nor B was detected in the serum of these three mutants; however inhibin B, albeit at very low levels, was detectable within the ovaries. These observations confirm a major role for FSH in the control of transcription of the RA and betaB genes but suggest that the constitutive transcription of the alpha subunit is less dependent on FSH. In contrast, in LH receptor knockout (LuRKO) female mice inhibin betaA subunit mRNA levels were similar to those measured in normal/heterozygous females but levels of inhibin alpha and betaB subunit mRNAs were significantly higher than in the normal group. This was reflected in significantly higher inhibin B protein levels in ovaries and serum. An inability to respond to LH combined with high circulating levels of FSH leads to a high proportion of antral follicles in LuRKO females, with granulosa cells constituting the major cell type within the ovary. The high percentage of antral granulosa cells is likely to account for the significantly higher levels of inhibin B production in these ovaries.

Local roles of TGF-beta superfamily members in the control of ovarian follicle development

Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily have wide-ranging influences on many tissue and organ systems including the ovary. Two recently discovered TGF-beta superfamily members, growth/differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15; also designated as GDF-9B) are expressed in an oocyte-specific manner from a very early stage and play a key role in promoting follicle growth beyond the primary stage. Follicle growth to the small antral stage does not require gonadotrophins but appears to be driven by local autocrine/paracrine signals from both somatic cell types (granulosa and theca) and from the oocyte. TGF-beta superfamily members expressed by follicular cells and implicated in this phase of follicle development include TGF-beta, activin, GDF-9/9B and several BMPs. Acquisition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responsiveness is a pre-requisite for growth beyond the small antral stage and evidence indicates an autocrine role for granulosa-derived activin in promoting granulosa cell proliferation, FSH receptor expression and aromatase activity. Indeed, some of the effects of FSH on granulosa cells may be mediated by endogenous activin. At the same time, activin may act on theca cells to attenuate luteinizing hormone (LH)-dependent androgen production in small to medium-size antral follicles. Dominant follicle selection appears to depend on differential FSH sensitivity amongst a growing cohort of small antral follicles. Activin may contribute to this selection process by sensitizing those follicles with the highest "activin tone" to FSH. Production of inhibin, like oestradiol, increases in selected dominant follicles, in an FSH- and insulin-like growth factor-dependent manner and may exert a paracrine action on theca cells to upregulate LH-induced secretion of androgen, an essential requirement for further oestradiol secretion by the pre-ovulatory follicle. Like activin, BMP-4 and -7 (mostly from theca), and BMP-6 (mostly from oocyte), can enhance oestradiol and inhibin secretion by bovine granulosa cells while suppressing progesterone secretion; this suggests a functional role in delaying follicle luteinization and/or atresia. Follistatin, on the other hand, may favor luteinization and/or atresia by bio-neutralizing intrafollicular activin and BMPs. Activin receptors are expressed by the oocyte and activin may have a further intrafollicular role in the terminal stages of follicle differentiation to promote oocyte maturation and developmental competence. In a reciprocal manner, oocyte-derived GDF-9/9B may act on the surrounding cumulus granulosa cells to attenuate oestradiol output and promote progesterone and hyaluronic acid production, mucification and cumulus expansion.(C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Intra-ovarian roles of activins and inhibins

Granulosa cells are the main ovarian source of inhibins, activins and activin-binding protein (follistatin) while germ (oogonia, oocytes) and somatic (theca, granulosa, luteal) cells express activin receptors, signaling components and inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan). Activins are implicated in various intra-ovarian roles including germ cell survival and primordial follicle assembly; follicle growth from preantral to mid-antral stages; suppression of thecal androgen production; promotion of granulosa cell proliferation, FSHR and CYP19A1 expression; enhancement of oocyte developmental competence; retardation of follicle luteinization and/or atresia and involvement in luteolysis. Inhibins (primarily inhibin A) are produced in greatest amounts by preovulatory follicles (and corpus luteum in primates) and suppress FSH secretion through endocrine negative feedback. Together with follistatin, inhibins act locally to oppose auto-/paracrine activin (and BMP) signaling thus modulating many of the above processes. The balance between activin-inhibin shifts during follicle development with activin signalling prevailing at earlier stages but declining as inhibin and betaglycan expression rise.