A binderless, bulk modified, renewable surface amperometric sensor for NADH and ethanol

Graphite particles are exfoliated and subsequently functionalized with toluidine blue. The resulting covalently modified graphite particles are restacked without any binder to form a surface-renewable, bulk-modified electrode. Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and its application in the amperometric biosensing of ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme have been demonstrated with this material.

Pd Supported on Titanium Nitride for Efficient Ethanol Oxidation

The excellent metal support interaction between palladium (Pd) and titanium nitride (TiN) is exploited in designing an efficient anode material. Pd-TN, that could be useful for direct ethanol fuel cell in alkaline media. The physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of the Pd-TiN/electrolyte interface reveals an efficient oxidation of ethanol coupled with excellent stability of the catalyst under electrochemical conditions. Characterization of the interface using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (in situ FITR) shows the production CO2 at low overvoltages revealing an efficient cleaving of the C-C bond. The performance comparison of Pd supported on TiN (Pd-TiN) with that supported on carbon (Pd-C) clearly demonstrates the advantages of TiN support over carbon. A positive chemical shift of Pd (3d) binding energy confirms the existence of metal support interaction between pd and TiN, which in turn helps weaken the Pd-CO synergetic bonding interaction. The remarkable ability of TiN to accumulate -OH species on its surface coupled with the strong adhesion of Pd makes TiN an active support material for electrocatalysts.

Ethanol-dependent oxygen consumption and acetaldehyde formation during vanadyl oxidation by H2O2

Sequential addition of vanadyl sulfate to a phosphate-buffered solution of H2O2 released oxygen only after the second batch of vanadyl. Ethanol added to such reaction mixtures progressively decreased oxygen release and increased oxygen consumption during oxidation of vanadyl by H2O2. Inclusion of ethanol after any of the three batches of vanadyl resulted in varying amounts of oxygen consumption, a property also shared by other alcohols (methanol, propanol and octanol). On increasing the concentration of ethanol, vanadyl sulfate or H2O2, both oxygen consumption and acetaldehyde formation increased progressively. Formation of acetaldehyde decreased with increase in the ratio of vanadyl:H2O2 above 2:1 and was undetectable with ethanol at 0.1 mM. The reaction mixture which was acidic in the absence of phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), released oxygen immediately after the first addition of vanadyl and also in presence of ethanol soon after initial rapid consumption of oxygen, with no accompanying acetaldehyde formation. The results underscore the importance of some vanadium complexes formed during vanadyl oxidation in the accompanying oxygen-transfer reactions.

Renewable surface electrodes based on dopamine functionalized exfoliated graphite: NADH oxidation and ethanol biosensing

Exfoliated graphite (EG) was modified by covalently attaching dopamine (DA) (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) through amide linkages, using -COOH groups introduced on the EG surface. The modified material was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Composites of DA modified EG dispersed in organically modified silicates were prepared by a sol-get process. Electrodes were fabricated by casting the composites in glass tubes. The sol-gel based electrodes were found to be active for the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and biosensing of ethanol in presence of NAD(+) and alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. The modified composite electrodes were found to be stable for several months. The surface of the electrode could be renewed just by mechanically polishing the electrode using emery sheets. The modified EG was also pressed and restacked in the form of a pellet and the use of this material as a binderless bulk-modified electrode was also demonstrated. The performance of sol-gel derived composite EG electrodes with binderless bulk-modified EG electrodes was compared. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Ethanol sensing using CuO/MWNT thin film

Copper (II) oxide (CuO)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) thin film based ethanol-sensors were fabricated by dispersing CVD-prepared MWNTs in varying concentration over DC magnetron sputtered-CuO films. The responses of these sensors as a function of MWNT concentrations and temperatures were measured, and compared. The sensing response was the maximum at an operating temperature near 400 degrees C for all the samples irrespective of the MWNTs dispersed over them. At optimum operating temperature (T(opt)) of 407 +/- 1 degrees C, the response is linear for 100-700 ppm range and tends to saturate at higher concentrations. In comparison with bare CuO sample, the response of CuO/MWNT sensing films increased up to 50% in the linear range. The response improvement for 2500 ppm of ethanol was up to 90% compared to bare CuO sample. In addition, the sensing response time also reduced to around 23% for lowest ethanol concentration at T(opt). However, a decrease in the sensor response was observed on films with very high concentrations of MWNTs. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural Transformations, Composition Anomalies and a Dramatic Collapse of Linear Polymer Chains in Dilute Ethanol-Water Mixtures

Water-ethanol mixtures exhibit many interesting anomalies, such as negative excess partial molar volume of ethanol, excess sound absorption coefficient at low concentrations, and positive deviation from Raoult's law for vapor pressure, to mention a few. These anomalies have been attributed to different, often contradictory origins, but a quantitative understanding is still lacking. We show by computer simulation and theoretical analyses that these anomalies arise from the sudden emergence of a bicontinuous phase that occurs at a relatively low ethanol concentration of x(eth) approximate to 0.06-0.10 (that amounts to a volume fraction of 0.17-0.26, which is a significant range!). The bicontinuous phase is formed by aggregation of ethanol molecules, resulting in a weak phase transition whose nature is elucidated. We find that the microheterogeneous structure of the mixture gives rise to a pronounced nonmonotonic composition dependence of local compressibility and nonmonotonic dependence in the peak value of the radial distribution function of ethyl groups. A multidimensional free energy surface of pair association is shown to provide a molecular explanation of the known negative excess partial volume of ethanol in terms of parallel orientation and hence better packing of the ethyl groups in the mixture due to hydrophobic interactions. The energy distribution of the ethanol molecules indicates additional energy decay channels that explain the excess sound attenuation coefficient in aqueous alcohol mixtures. We studied the dependence of the solvation of a linear polymer chain on the composition of the water-ethanol solvent. We find that there is a sudden collapse of the polymer at x(eth) approximate to 0.05-a phenomenon which we attribute to the formation of the microheterogeneous structures in the binary mixture at low ethanol concentrations. Together with recent single molecule pulling experiments, these results provide new insight into the behavior of polymer chain and foreign solutes, such as enzymes, in aqueous binary mixtures.

Influence of ethanol/water mixture on the undrained shear strength of pure clays

The mechanical properties of clays are highly dependent not only on the stress/strain ratio to which the material is subjected but also on the chemistry of the pore fluids which in turn affects the intergranular or the effective stresses. Atterberg limits and vane shear tests were performed with different pore fluids in order to observe how the fine-grained material mechanically responded. The diffuse double layer theory has been used to interpret the data of vane shear tests in order to explain the variation of geotechnical responses with the different clays. Van der Waals forces and double layer forces were obtained and capillary forces calculated. The results show that while for kaolinite and illite the chemistry of the pore fluids has no influence on the water content and hence on the mechanical behaviour of the material, Na-smectite shows a strong correlation between the dielectric constant of the pore fluids and an increase in undrained shear strength. The data obtained extends an understanding of the influence of the dielectric constant (epsilon) of the pore fluids on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained materials.

Spray characterization of gasoline-ethanol blends from a multi-hole port fuel injector

This work reports the measured spray structure and droplet size distributions of ethanol-gasoline blends for a low-pressure, multi-hole, port fuel injector (PFI). This study presents previously unavailable data for this class of injectors which are widely used in automotive applications. Specifically, gasoline, ethanol, and gasoline-ethanol blends containing 10%, 20% and 50% ethanol were studied using laser backlight imaging, and particle/droplet image analysis (PDIA) techniques. The fuel mass injected, spray structure and tip penetrations, droplet size distributions, and Sauter mean diameter were determined for the blends, at two different injection pressures. Results indicate that the gasoline and ethanol sprays have similar characteristics in terms of spray progression and droplet sizes in spite of the large difference in viscosity. It appears that the complex mode of atomization utilized in these injectors involving interaction of multiple fuel jets is fairly insensitive to the fuel viscosity over a range of values. This result has interesting ramifications for existing gasoline fuel systems which need to handle blends and even pure ethanol, which is one of the renewable fuels of the future. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stability of fluctuating and transient aggregates of amphiphilic solutes in aqueous binary mixtures: Studies of dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, and tert-butyl alcohol

In aqueous binary mixtures, amphiphilic solutes such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, tertbutyl alcohol (TBA), etc., are known to form aggregates (or large clusters) at small to intermediate solute concentrations. These aggregates are transient in nature. Although the system remains homogeneous on macroscopic length and time scales, the microheterogeneous aggregation may profoundly affect the properties of the mixture in several distinct ways, particularly if the survival times of the aggregates are longer than density relaxation times of the binary liquid. Here we propose a theoretical scheme to quantify the lifetime and thus the stability of these microheterogeneous clusters, and apply the scheme to calculate the same for water-ethanol, water-DMSO, and water-TBA mixtures. We show that the lifetime of these clusters can range from less than a picosecond (ps) for ethanol clusters to few tens of ps for DMSO and TBA clusters. This helps explaining the absence of a strong composition dependent anomaly in water-ethanol mixtures but the presence of the same in water-DMSO and water-TBA mixtures. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Solvent Sensitivity of Protein Unfolding: Dynamical Study of Chicken Villin Headpiece Subdomain in Water Ethanol Binary Mixture

We carry out a series of long atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the unfolding of a small protein, chicken villin headpiece (HP-36), in water-ethanol (EtOH) binary mixture. The prime objective of this work is to explore the sensitivity of protein unfolding dynamics toward increasing concentration of the cosolvent and unravel essential features of intermediates formed in search of a dynamical pathway toward unfolding. In water ethanol binary mixtures, HP-36 is found to unfold partially, under ambient conditions, that otherwise requires temperature as high as similar to 600 K to denature in pure aqueous solvent. However, an interesting course of pathway is observed to be followed in the process, guided by the formation of unique intermediates. The first step of unfolding is essentially the separation of the cluster formed by three hydrophobic (phenylalanine) residues, namely, Phe-7, Phe-11, and Phe-18, which constitute the hydrophobic core, thereby initiating melting of helix-2 of the protein. The initial steps are similar to temperature-induced unfolding as well as chemical unfolding using DMSO as cosolvent. Subsequent unfolding steps follow a unique path. As water-ethanol shows composition-dependent anomalies, so do the details of unfolding dynamics. With an increase in cosolvent concentration, different partially unfolded intermediates are found to be formed. This is reflected in a remarkable nonmonotonic composition dependence of several order parameters, including fraction of native contacts and protein-solvent interaction energy. The emergence of such partially unfolded states can be attributed to the preferential solvation of the hydrophobic residues by the ethyl groups of ethanol. We further quantify the local dynamics of unfolding by using a Marcus-type theory.

Platinum surface additive based nanostructured CuO films for ethanol sensing

In the present work, Platinum (Pt)/Copper (II) oxide (CuO) thin film based ethanol sensors were fabricated by sputtering of Pt in varying concentrations over pre-sputtered nanostructured CuO films. The responses of these sensors as a function of Pt concentrations were studied using operating temperature modulation (200-450 °C) and ethanol concentration modulation (100-2500 ppm). During these modulations, it was found that the sensing response was maximum at operating temperature near 400 °C for all the samples irrespective of the Pt concentration dispersed over them. Moreover, the sensing behavior improves for lower Pt concentration (Pt/CuO-60s) and deteriorates for higher Pt concentration (Pt/CuO-120s). In comparison with bare CuO sample, the sensitivity of Pt/CuO-60s increased up to 22% in the linear range and 33% for maximum ethanol concentration. Hence, the well dispersed optimum Pt additive concentration improves the overall sensing behavior including sensitivity, linear working range and response as well as recovery time.

Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus leaf in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages

Background: Dictamnus dasycarpus is widely used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of eczema, rheumatism, and other inflammatory diseases in Asia. The current study investigates the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of the ethanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus leaf (DE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: Nitric oxide (NO) production was assessed by Griess reaction and the mRNA and protein expressions of pro inflammatory cytokines, transcription factor, and enzymes were determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. Results: DE (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) suppressed the NO production by 10 and 33%, respectively, compared to the untreated group in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. DE (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) reduced the mRNA expression of key transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B by 7 and 24%, respectively compared to the untreated group in LPS activated macrophage. The pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin 1 beta were also decreased by DE treatment. Moreover, the protein expression of pro inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 were also dramatically attenuated by DE in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that Dictamnus dasycarpus leaf has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and can be used for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

New Insights into Electronic and Geometric Effects in the Enhanced Photoelectrooxidation of Ethanol Using ZnO Nanorod/Ultrathin Au Nanowire Hybrids

Oxidation of small organic molecules in a fuel cell is a viable method for energy production. However, the key issue is the development of suitable catalysts that exhibit high efficiencies and remain stable during operation. Here, we demonstrate that amine-modified ZnO nanorods on which ultrathin Au nanowires are grown act as an excellent catalyst for the oxidation of ethanol. We show that the modification of the ZnO nanorods with oleylamine not only modifies the electronic structure favorably but also serves to anchor the Au nanowires on the nanorods. The adsorption of OH- species on the Au nanowires that is essential for ethanol oxidation is facilitated at much lower potentials as compared to bare Au nanowires leading to high activity. While ZnO shows negligible electrocatalytic activity under normal conditions, there is significant enhancement in the activity under light irradiation. We demonstrate a synergistic enhancement in the photoelectrocatalytic activity of the ZnO/Au nanowire hybrid and provide mechanistic explanation for this enhancement based on both electronic as well as geometric effects. The principles developed are applicable for tuning the properties of other metal/semiconductor hybrids with potentially interesting applications beyond the fuel cell application demonstrated here.

Rapid reduction of GO by hydrogen spill-over mechanism by in situ generated nanoparticles at room temperature and their catalytic performance towards 4-nitrophenol reduction and ethanol oxidation

Here, we report the clean and facile synthesis of Pt and Pd nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by the simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the metal ions in Mg/acid medium. As-generated Pt and Pd nanoparticles serve as a heterogeneous catalyst for the further reduction of the rGO by the hydrogen spill-over process. The C/O ratio is much higher as compared to the rGO obtained by the reduction of GO by only Mg/acid. Overall, the process is rapid, facile and green that does not require any toxic chemical agent or any rigorous chemical reactions. We perform the catalytic reduction of 4-nitophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) at room temperature by Pd@rGO and Pt@rGO. The reduction is complete within 35 s for Pd@rGO and 60 s for Pt@rGO when 50 mu g of hybrid catalyst is used for 0.5 ml of 1 mM of 4-NP. In case of ethanol oxidation, the current density for Pd@rGO is comparable to commercial Pt/C but is doubled for Pt@rGO. Overall, both structures show highly stable catalytic activity compared to commercial Pt/C. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.