A binderless, bulk modified, renewable surface amperometric sensor for NADH and ethanol

Graphite particles are exfoliated and subsequently functionalized with toluidine blue. The resulting covalently modified graphite particles are restacked without any binder to form a surface-renewable, bulk-modified electrode. Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and its application in the amperometric biosensing of ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme have been demonstrated with this material.