Audit committee effectiveness : informal processes and behavioural effects

Purpose This paper seeks to investigate the conditions and processes affecting the operation and potential effectiveness of audit committees (ACs), with particular focus on the interaction between the AC, individuals from financial reporting and internal audit functions and the external auditors. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach is employed, based on direct engagement with participants in AC activities, including the AC chair, external auditors, internal auditors, and senior management. Findings The authors find that informal networks between AC participants condition the impact of the AC and that the most significant effects of the AC on governance outcomes occur outside the formal structures and processes. An AC has pervasive behavioural effects within the organization and may be used as a threat, an ally and an arbiter in bringing solutions to issues and conflicts. ACs are used in organizational politics, communication processes and power plays and also affect interpretations of events and cultural values. Research limitations/implications Further research on AC and governance processes is needed to develop better understanding of effectiveness. Longitudinal studies, focusing on the organizational and institutional context of AC operations, can examine how historical events in an organization and significant changes in the regulatory environment affect current structures and processes. Originality/value The case analysis highlights a number of significant factors which are not fully recognised either in theorizing the governance role of ACs or in the development of policy and regulations concerning ACs but which impinge on their governance contribution. They include the importance of informal processes around the AC; its influence on power relations between organizational participants; the relevance of the historical development of governance in an organization; and the possibility that the AC’s impact on governance may be greatest in non-routine situations.

A study of the informal interactions between audit committees and internal auditors in Australia

This paper finds evidence for the growing importance of informal interactions between the internal audit function and the audit committee (AC) in Australia – a relatively unexplored topic in the literature – using a survey of Chief Audit Executives (CAEs). It also describes the nature of these informal interactions. The most innovative elements of this paper are the findings that certain personal characteristics of CAEs, the specific knowledge and expertise of the AC chair, as well as some of the AC chair’s personal characteristics are associated with the existence (and increase) of informal interactions.

Informal interactions between audit committees and internal audit functions : exploratory evidence and directions for future research

Purpose – This paper aims to recognise the importance of informal processes within corporate governance and complement existing research in this area by investigating factors associated with the existence of informal interactions between audit committees and internal audit functions and in providing directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach – To examine the existence and drivers of informal interactions between audit committees and internal audit functions, this paper relies on a questionnaire survey of chief audit executives (CAEs) in the UK from listed and non-listed, as well as financial and non-financial, companies. While prior qualitative research suggests that informal interactions do take place, most of the evidence is based on particular organisational setting or on a very small range of interviews. The use of a questionnaire enabled the examination of the existence of internal interactions across a relatively larger number of entities. Findings – The paper finds evidence of audit committees and internal audit functions engaging in informal interactions in addition to formal pre-scheduled regular meetings. Informal interactions complement formal meetings with the audit committee and as such represent additional opportunities for the audit committees to monitor internal audit functions. Audit committees’ informal interactions are significantly and positively associated with audit committee independence, audit chair’s knowledge and experience, and internal audit quality. Originality/value – The results demonstrate the importance of the background of the audit committee chair for the effectiveness of the governance process. This is possibly the first paper to examine the relationship between audit committee quality and internal audit, on the existence and driver of informal interactions. Policy makers should recognize that in addition to formal mechanisms, informal processes, such as communication outside of formal pre-scheduled meetings, play a significant role in corporate governance.

Understanding Formal and Informal Governance on Infrastructure Projects - Literature Review [industry report]

In Australia, collaborative contracts have been increasingly used to govern infrastructure projects. These contracts combine formal and informal mechanisms to manage project delivery. Formal mechanisms (e.g. financial risk sharing) are specified in the contract, while informal mechanisms (e.g. integrated team) are not. The paper reports on a literature review to operationalise the concepts of formal and informal governance, as the literature contains a multiplicity of, often un-testable, definitions. This work is the first phase of a study that will examine the optimal balance of formal and informal governance structures. Desk-top review of leading journals in the areas of construction management and business management, as well as recent government documents and industry guidelines, was undertaken to to conceptualise and operatinalise formal and informal governance mechanisms. The study primarily draws on transaction-cost economics (e.g. Williamson 1979; 1991), relational contract theory (Feinman 2000; Macneil 2000) and social psychology theory (e.g. Gulati 1995). Content analysis of the literature was undertaken to identify key governance mechanisms. Content analysis is a commonly used methodology in the social sciences area. It provides rich data through the systematic and objective review of literature (Krippendorff 2004). NVivo 9, a qualitative data analysis software package, was used to assist in this process. Formal governance mechanisms were found to be usefully broken down into four measurable categories: (1) target cost arrangement (2) financial risk and reward sharing regime (3) transparent financials and (4) collaborative multi-party agreement Informal governance mechanisms were found to be usefully broken down into three measurable categories: (1) leadership structure (2) integrated team (3) joint management system We expect these categories to effectively capture the key governance drivers of outcomes on infrastructure projects. These categories will be further refined and broken down into individual governance mechanisms for assessment through a large-scale Australian survey planned for late 2012. These individual mechanisms will feature in the questionnaire that QUT will deliver to AAA in October 2012.

Designing informal learning experiences for early career academics using a knowledge ecosystem model

This article presents a ‘knowledge ecosystem’ model of how early career academics experience using information to learn while building their social networks for developmental purposes. Developed using grounded theory methodology, the model offers a way of conceptualising how to empower early career academics through 1) agency (individual and relational) and 2) facilitation of personalised informal learning (design of physical and virtual systems and environments) in spaces where developmental relationships are formed including programs, courses, events, community, home and social media. It is suggested that the knowledge ecosystem model is suitable for use in designing informal learning experiences for early career academics.

Sharing social space with strangers: Setting, signalling and policing informal rules of driving etiquette

Recent research suggests that aggressive driving may be influenced by driver perceptions of their interactions with other drivers in terms of ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ behaviour. Drivers appear to take a moral standpoint on ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ driving behaviour. However, ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ in the context of road use is not defined solely by legislation, but includes informal rules that are sometimes termed ‘driving etiquette’. Driving etiquette has implications for road safety and public safety since breaches of both formal and informal rules may result in moral judgement of others and subsequent behaviours designed to punish the ‘offender’ or ‘teach them a lesson’. This paper outlines qualitative research that was undertaken with drivers to explore their understanding of driving etiquette and how they reacted to other drivers’ observance or violation of their understanding. The aim was to develop an explanatory framework within which the relationships between driving etiquette and aggressive driving could be understood, specifically moral judgement of other drivers and punishment of their transgression of driving etiquette. Thematic analysis of focus groups (n=10) generated three main themes: (1) courtesy and reciprocity, and the notion of two-way responsibility, with examples of how expectations of courteous behaviour vary according to the traffic interaction; (2) acknowledgement and shared social experience: ‘giving the wave’; and (3) responses to breaches of the expectations/informal rules. The themes are discussed in terms of their roles in an explanatory framework of the informal rules of etiquette and how interactions between drivers can reinforce or weaken a driver’s understanding of driver etiquette and potentially lead to driving aggression.

Human mating in the informal market for sperm donation: Preferences and decision making

Choosing a mate is one of the largest (economic) decisions humans make. This thesis investigates this large scale decision and how the process is changing with the advent of the internet and the growing market for online informal sperm donation. This research identifies individual factors that influence female mating preferences. It explores the roles of behavioural traits and physical appearance, preferences for homogamy and hypergamy, and personality, and how these impact the decision to choose a donor. Overall, this thesis makes contributions to both the literature on human behaviour, and that on decision-making in extreme and highly important situations.

Turnover intentions of employees with informal eldercare responsibilities: The role of core self-evaluations and supervisor support

As longevity increases, so does the need for care of older relatives by working family members. This research examined the interactive effect of core self-evaluations and supervisor support on turnover intentions in two samples of employees with informal caregiving responsibilities. Data were obtained from 57 employees from Australia (Study 1) and 66 employees from the United States and India (Study 2). Results of Study 1 revealed a resource compensation effect, that is, an inverse relationship between core self-evaluations and turnover intentions when supervisor care support was low. Results of Study 2 extended these findings by demonstrating resource boosting effects. Specifically, there was an inverse relationship between core self-evaluations and subsequent turnover intentions for those with high supervisor work and care support. In addition, employees' satisfaction and emotional exhaustion from their work mediated the inverse relationship between core self-evaluations and subsequent turnover intentions when supervisor work support and care support were high. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of employee- and supervisor-focused intervention strategies in organizations to support informal caregivers.

Estudio del efecto del empleo de invernaderos sobre la productividad de cuatro genotipos de espárrago verde : Marte, H668, Giove y UC-157 en su quinta cosecha y el comportamiento en poscosecha de turiones largos

Resumen: Cadena espárrago: Producción de diferentes genotipos en el quinto año y comportamiento en poscosecha. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron evaluar el rendimiento de primicia en invernadero, de los genotipos masculinos italianos: H668, Marte, y Giove, versus el testigo americano tradicionalmente cultivado UC-157, en su quinta temporada de cosecha y estudiar el comportamiento de turiones largos producidos, acondicionados en distintas presentaciones, como estrategia de envasado para la valorización del producto final. Para tal fin se llevó a cabo un ensayo en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, situada en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. El mismo se inició el 15/11/2006 y el período de cosecha del quinto año se extendió desde el día 04/09/2012 hasta el 22/10/2012, durante el cual se realizaron 19 recolecciones, cada 2 días. En este ensayo se efectuó un análisis multifactor ANOVA-LSD test (P>0.05), mediante el cual se estudiaron las variables: diferencias en productividad total y comercial (PFT y PFC), Nº turiones totales y comerciales/ha (NTT y NTC) y distribución porcentual de calibres (DC): Jumbo (J), Extra-Large (XL), Large (L), Medium (M) y Small (S); y defectos encontrados (D): espigados (TE); cortos (TC) y otros defectos (OD). En el mismo lugar, la evaluación de comportamiento en poscosecha se llevó a cabo durante un período de 20 días (17/10/2012–07/11/2012), en el cual se efectuaron 6 determinaciones, con tres repeticiones. Las distintas estrategias de envasado evaluadas fueron: atados (A), bandejas (BA) y bolsas de polietileno (BO) y las variables estudiadas fueron: Evolución del peso fresco (EPF); pérdida de peso fresco diaria (PPFD) y peso fresco promedio del período de poscosecha (PPFP). En cuanto a los resultados, los mismos fueron alentadores, Los tres genotipos italianos superaron las 9 t.ha-1, valor que duplica la media nacional argentina, superando al híbrido tradicionalmente cultivado, UC-157. pudiéndose observar un mejor comportamiento de los híbridos italianos, destacándose Giove en PFT, PFC, NTT, NTC y una DC favorable, con un 70 % de los turiones L y XL. Con respecto al comportamiento en poscosecha, se evidenció que el menor grado de deshidratación se obtiene mediante el empleo de bolsas y bandejas de IV Gama.

La informalidad es masiva entre los trabajadores independientes por los altos costos y los bajos beneficios que implica la registración laboral

En números anteriores de Empleo y Desarrollo Social se han examinado las características y problemas de la informalidad laboral entre los asalariados, la cual alcanza al 43% de los trabajadores del sector privado. De acuerdo con la información disponible, la informalidad es aún mayor entre los trabajadores independientes, llegando al 70% en el Gran Buenos Aires. Según un relevamiento realizado por el Ministerio del Trabajo, esto se debería fundamentalmente al alto costo y la poca utilidad que se asocia a la registración laboral. Una realidad que refuerza la necesidad por rediseñar las políticas públicas para incentivar la formalidad y reducir la vulnerabilidad social de este segmento, por ejemplo a través de una reforma del sistema jubilatorio actual que permita extender la cobertura a la totalidad de las personas

Un estatuto especial para las microempresas trabajo-trabajo también reduciría la informalidad en el sector de la construcción

El sector de la construcción es un importante generador de oportunidades laborales, en particular para las personas con menor formación y que viven en condiciones de pobreza. A pesar de contar desde mucho tiempo atrás con un régimen laboral especial que pretende atender las particularidades de la actividad, en los hechos la elevada informalidad existente lleva a que el sistema de protección opere como un dispositivo de selección adversa que otorga cobertura a muy pocos trabajadores. La construcción se vería especialmente beneficiada con un Estatuto Especial para microempresas como el que se propusiera en el informe “Empleo y Desarrollo Social” Nro. 25 (abril de 2010)

La pobreza e informalidad laboral continúan siendo altas y se requiere la implementación de reformas estructurales

A pesar del crecimiento económico, la incidencia de la pobreza en Argentina continúa siendo demasiado alta y casi la mitad de la población solo encuentra empleo en ocupaciones informales precarias de baja calidad. Para reducir la pobreza y disminuir los problemas sociales se requiere controlar efectivamente la inflación y encarar reformas estructurales que incentiven la formalización de las microempresas y eleven los niveles de educación y de formación para el trabajo de la fuerza laboral. En este informe se reiteran algunas de las propuestas que se han hecho en éstas áreas y que requieren de una pronta implementación

Con informalidad masiva, las políticas públicas tradicionales pierden eficacia en reducir la pobreza

La evolución del salario formal comparada con la de los precios al consumidor permite monitorear los ingresos reales de los estratos socioeconómicos medios. Sin embargo, refleja de manera muy parcial la situación de los hogares pobres, ya que en este segmento de la población el trabajo informal es clave como fuente de recursos y de supervivencia. En este informe se define un Índice de Ingresos de Hogares Pobres y se enfatiza la importancia de que las políticas públicas contemplen la informalidad laboral masiva que sufre la Argentina

La informalidad laboral produce una desigual reducción de la pobreza entre las provincias

El análisis de los indicadores sociales correspondientes a los principales aglomerados del país muestra que la reducción de la pobreza ha sido más débil en las regiones más pobres, que más necesitan de la recuperación social. En este sentido, la evidencia muestra que la forma en que se distribuyen los beneficios del crecimiento económico depende, de manera decisiva, de cómo funciona el mercado laboral. En este número de Empleo y Desarrollo se propone que la decisión de avanzar en la formalización de las actividades productivas y las relaciones laborales no sólo permitiría alcanzar resultados más rápidos y contundentes en la lucha contra la pobreza, sino que también contribuiría a reducir las disparidades territoriales en la distribución del ingreso

Fortalecer el seguro de desempleo y mejorar las políticas activas de empleo que facilitan la reinserción laboral

La indemnización por despido, el seguro de desempleo y las políticas activas de empleo forman parte de los instrumentos con que se cuenta para proteger a los trabajadores ante el riesgo de pérdida del empleo. Mientras que los países más avanzados tienden a articular armónicamente estos tres instrumentos, en la Argentina, por el contrario, es clara la prioridad y el énfasis que se le asigna a la indemnización por despido. En este número de Empleo y Desarrollo Social se discute la necesidad de contar con un mejor diseño y articulación de los instrumentos disponibles, algo que permitiría mejorar sensiblemente tanto la protección efectiva de los trabajadores, como la capacidad de adaptación de las empresas a los entornos comerciales y tecnológicos cada vez más volátiles en los que éstas deben operar