Técnicas de proyecciones de población de áreas menores: aplicación y evaluación

Incluye Bibliografía

El nivel intermedio en el arreglo institucional: diagnóstico y perspectivas en el ámbito latinoamericano

Incluye Bibliografía

Capital flows to Latin America: first quarter 2006

Includes bibliography

Proyecciones latinoamericanas 1999-2000

Incluye Bibliografía

El intercambio electrónico de datos (EDI): actividades relacionadas con su desarrollo en algunos países de América Latina

En esta edición se presentan algunos avances logrados en materia de EDI por Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia y Venezuela hasta septiembre de 1995. Esta información se basa en los informes de progreso preparados por los representantes de cada país, consignados en la documentación del organismo coordinador de las actividades para el desarrollo del EDI en las Américas, el Consejo Panamericano para el EDIFACT, the Pan-American EDIFACT Board (PAEB).

Review of the Genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Caribbean and Atlantic South America, with Description of a New Species

The New World genus Cathorops in the family Ariidae (Sea Catfishes) includes species that inhabit estuarine and coastal waters as well as freshwaters, playing an important role in Neotropical coastal and estuarine fisheries. The relatively conserved external morphology coupled with the marked sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation makes it difficult to recognize and diagnose the species. One of the major problems concerns the nomenclatural and geographical limits, of C. spixii, described from tropical Brazil and often treated as the only coastal marine species in the genus from the Western Atlantic. Examination of types of nominal species as well as comprehensive collections of non-types from Caribbean and Atlantic South America, lead us to conclude that C. spixii is restricted to Brazil and that C. nuchalis is a valid species, ranging from Venezuela to Guyana. The nominal species Arius laticeps, Arius nigricans, and Arius variolosus are synonyms of C. nuchalis, C. spixii, and C. arenatus, respectively. We also describe a new species in the Cathorops mapale species group from Colombia and Venezuela.

Braquiópodes devonianos da Bacia do Amazonas

O objetivo principal do presente trabalho é um estudo de caráter sistemático dos braquiópodes devonianos do Estado do Pará. O material paraense procede das Formações Maecuru, Ereré e Curuá. Aproveitou-se a oportunidade para revisar, também, os braquiópodes do devoniano da Colombia e Venezuela, que são tratados em apêndices neste trabalho. Vinte foram as espécies aqui assinaladas, as quais se distribuem pelos seguintes gêneros: Derbyina, Paranaia, Podolella, Tropidoleptus, Plicoplasia, Platyorthis, Amphigenia, Megastrophia, Protoleptostrophia, Discomyorthis, Acrospirifer, Mucrospirifer, Rhynchonella, Chonetes e Streptorhynchus. Vários destes gêneros são aqui identificados pela primeira vez. A comparação da fauna de braquiópodes do devoniano da Amazônia com a fauna Apalachiana dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte, sugere uma idade possível entre o Emsiano e Eifiliano, pela presença dos gêneros Amphigenia, Discomyorthis, Platyorthis, Plicoplasia. O presente trabalho constitui revisão compreensiva dos braquiópodes do devoniano da Bacia do Amazonas desde as publicações pioneiras de Rathbun, R. (1874; 1878).

Defense Expenditure: Andean and Amazon Regions

The Andean and the amazon, comprised of Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, have recently undertaken significant modernization efforts ranging from equipment, logistics, doctrine, training, deployment and the re-definition of the roles and missions of their forces. In most cases, motivations to modernize have been internal, such as continuing operations against armed groups as in the case of Colombia and Peru, enhance border control and sovereignty enforcement, as in the case of Ecuador and Brazil or regime control in Venezuela. However, they are complemented by perceptions of external threats, including traditional intra-state conventional wars. The increased tensions between Colombia and Venezuela and Ecuador as well as the historic Peru-Chile tensions are the most salient examples. Although diplomacy –especially defence diplomacy- has worked to a good degree in creating and strengthening confidence building measures, the potential for inter-state conflict is higher in this region of the Americas. This region has seen the recent emergence of long-term modernization plans, initially in Colombia followed by Venezuela and Ecuador and probably best embodied in scope and scale by the Brazilian National Defence Plan (for its long term vision). Although it has been speculated that high allocation of funds to retirement pension systems has had an impact on delaying modernization plans, this comparative study on the allocation of pension and social funds in these particular countries concludes that there is no direct linkage between the poor funding of military modernization plans and the diversion of funds to military pension systems.

Altered Landscape or Arms Race? Making Sense of Military Spending in South America

In 2009, South American military spending reached a total of $51.8 billion, a fifty percent increased from 2000 expenditures. The five-year moving average of arms transfers to South America was 150 percent higher from 2005 to 2009 than figures for 2000 to 2004.[1] These figures and others have led some observers to conclude that Latin America is engaged in an arms race. Other reasons, however, account for Latin America’s large military expenditure. Among them: Several countries have undertaken long-prolonged modernization efforts, recently made possible by six years of consistent regional growth.[2] A generational shift is at hand. Armed Forces are beginning to shed the stigma and association with past dictatorial regimes.[3] Countries are pursuing specific individual strategies, rather than reacting to purchases made by neighbors. For example, Brazil wants to attain greater control of its Amazon rainforests and offshore territories, Colombia’s spending demonstrates a response to internal threats, and Chile is continuing a modernization process begun in the 1990s.[4] Concerns remain, however: Venezuela continues to demonstrate poor democratic governance and a lack of transparency; neighbor-state relations between Colombia and Venezuela, Peru and Chile, and Bolivia and Paraguay, must all continue to be monitored; and Brazil’s military purchases, although legitimate, will likely result in a large accumulation of equipment.[5] These concerns can be best addressed by strengthening and garnering greater participation in transparent procurement mechanism.[6] The United States can do its part by supporting Latin American efforts to embrace the transparency process. _________________ [1] Bromley, Mark, “An Arms Race in Our Hemisphere? Discussing the Trends and Implications of Military Expenditures in South America,” Brookings Institution Conference, Washington, D.C., June 3rd, 2010, Transcript Pgs. 12,13, and 16 [2] Robledo, Marcos, “The Rearmament Debate: A Chilean Perspective,” Power Point presentation, slide 18, 2010 Western Hemisphere Security Colloquium, Miami, Florida, May 25th-26th, 2010 [3] Yopo, Boris, “¿Carrera Armamentista en la Regiόn?” La Tercera, November 2nd, 2009, http://www.latercera.com/contenido/895_197084_9.shtml, accessed October 8th, 2010 [4] Walser, Ray, “An Arms Race in Our Hemisphere? Discussing the Trends and Implications of Military Expenditures in South America,” Brookings Institution Conference, Washington, D.C., June 3rd, 2010, Transcript Pgs. 49,50,53 and 54 [5] Ibid., Guevara, Iñigo, Pg. 22 [6] Ibid., Bromley, Mark, Pgs. 18 and 19

Análisis de la relación bilateral colombo – estadounidense en materia de seguridad y defensa durante el periodo 2002 – 2014, y su incidencia en la diversificación de la política exterior colombiana.

El interés de esta monografía es analizar la transformación de relación bilateral colombo – estadounidense en materia de seguridad y defensa durante el periodo 2002 – 2014, y cómo dicha transformación puede incidir en la formulación de la política exterior colombiana. Se analizará la política exterior de Álvaro Uribe Vélez y la del actual presidente Juan Manuel Santos. Esto se llevará a cabo bajo dos de las teorías de Relaciones Internacionales, el realismo subalterno y neoclásico, las cuales ayudarán a entender el porqué del cambio de la política exterior de colombiana.

Análisis de las Tensiones Diplomáticas entre Venezuela y Colombia y su incidencia para el comercio binacional entre Tachira y Norte de Santander durante el periodo 2007 a 2010

La presente monografía revisa algunos de los conceptos que, desde la antiguedad y aún en la época moderna, se tienen acerca de la frontera. Se parte del concepto regular, es decir, entendida como un instrumento de delimitación del espacio de las personas que viven en sociedad, pero, principalmente de los Estados-Nación para demarcar su soberania, hasta ampliarlo a una concepción que tiene vida, características y dinámicas propias. Puntualmente, se realizará el estudio sobre una de las zonas de frontera más dinámicas de America Latina, comprendida entre el departamento de Norte de Santander en Colombia y Tachira en Venezuela durante el periodo de 2007 a 2010.

Formas identitarias en la región fronteriza de Táchira (Venezuela) ‒ Norte de Santander (Colombia)

El presente artículo busca describir las formas identitarias en la región fronteriza de Táchira (Venezuela) ― Norte de Santander (Colombia). El diseño de la investigación se corresponde con la metodología cualitativa, y adopta como método la Teoría Fundamentada; se aplicó el muestreo teórico en combinación con la saturación teórica para analizar las entrevistas de un conjunto de informantes clave ubicados a ambos lados del límite internacional. Así mismo, se hizo una revisión de la literatura especializada sobre identidad y formas de identidad contemplando los aportes de diversas disciplinas científicas. Los datos son analizados siguiendo la línea de codificación teórica (abierta, axial y selectiva) y la inducción analítica para revelar conceptos emergentes y desvelar sus vinculaciones. Los resultados evidencian elementos comunes y divergentes en las formas identitarias: la “identidad personal” (elementos de autopercepción, parentescos, doble identidad y diferenciación identitaria), la “identidad fronteriza” (la región se percibe como diferente del resto), la “identidad nacional” (historia, conciencia del límite y símbolos), los cuales coexisten en los habitantes de frontera. Los “aspectos actitudinales” muestran aceptación y rechazo frente al desempeño de las principales instituciones presentes en la dinámica fronteriza. Las formas identitarias encontradas en la región confirman los estudios sobre identidad y fronteras, aunque es de destacar que la experiencia del límite internacional no alcanza a desdibujar las percepciones nacionales estereotipadas del otro.

History of the Atlantic Pearl-Oyster, Pinctata imbricata, Industry in Venezuela and Colombia, with Biological and Ecological Observations

In the 1500’s, the waters of Venezuela and to a lesser extent Colombia produced more natural pearls than any place ever produced in the world in any succeeding century. Atlantic pearl-oysters, Pinctata imbricata Röding 1798, were harvested almost entirely by divers. The pearls from them were exported to Spain and other European countries. By the end of the 1500’s, the pearl oysters had become much scarcer, and little harvesting took place during the 1600’s and 1700’s. Harvesting began to accelerate slowly in the mid 1800’s and has since continued but at a much lower rate than in the 1500’s. The harvesting methods have been hand collecting by divers until the early 1960’s, dredging from the 1500’s to the present, and hardhat diving from 1912 to the early 1960’s. Since the mid 1900’s, Japan and other countries of the western Pacific rim have inundated world markets with cultured pearls that are of better quality and are cheaper than natural pearls, and the marketing of natural pearls has nearly ended. The pearl oyster fishery in Colombia ended in the 1940’s, but it has continued in Venezuela with the fishermen selling the meats to support themselves; previously most meats had been discarded. A small quantity of pearls is now taken, and the fishery, which comprised about 3,000 fishermen in 1947, comprised about 300 in 2002.

Posibles políticas de cooperación bilateral con Venezuela para internacionalizar el comercio de energía eléctrica de Colombia

La presente Monografía, trata específicamente de las posibles políticas de cooperación que puede haber entre el Estado colombiano y venezolano para internacionalizar el mercado de la energía eléctrica de Colombia, con el propósito de brindar una integración efectiva en la Región Latinoamericana. Además, se demuestra que desde el año 1989 hasta la actualidad, la cooperación se ha mantenido constante a pesar de las dificultades que se han presentado a lo largo de sus relaciones binacionales. Por otra parte, se resalta la capacidad energética de estos dos países, los cuales representan para Latinoamérica una fuente rica en recursos hídricos para desarrollar proyectos de generación de energía eléctrica, que a su vez servirán de despensa energética para la región, convirtiendo a Colombia, por medio de la cooperación con Venezuela en un cluster energético y estratégico para la comercialización de la energía eléctrica no solo de Colombia, sino también la de otros países de dicha región.