La enseñanza en Bulgaria.

Breve repaso a la institución de la educación secundaria en Bulgaria, que no existió hasta su consolidación en 1865 y que finalmente se expresó por medio de una ley de reforma educativa en 1891, extendiéndose así por todo el territorio búlgaro ya unificado. Las escuelas donde se impartía la enseñanza se las llamaba Gimnasios y comprendían dos ciclos, el inferior: primera, segunda y tercera clase y el superior cuarta, quinta, sexta y séptima clase. Los docentes eran profesores titulares y aspirantes. En 1909 se votó una nueva Ley de Instrucción Pública que comprendía todos los grados de enseñanza. Cada grupo podía acoger hasta 42 alumnos. La carga idiomática como materias de enseñanza de los Gimnasios es muy importante, aprendiendo: ruso, francés o alemán, griego y latín, así como materias básicas como las matemáticas, geometría, geografía, historia natural, higiene, dibujo, caligrafía, canto y gimnasia. Desde su creación hasta 1941, Bulgaria contaba con cien Gimnasios, de los que la mayoría eran masculinos.

Retos y perspectivas del sistema de formación profesional de adultos en Bulgaria.

El artículo pertenece a un dossier de la revista dedicado a Bulgaria y Rumania. - Resumen tomado parcialmente de la revista

Situación actual de la enseñanza reglada de español en Bulgaria.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

El 1300 aniversario de Bulgaria.

Título anterior de la publicación : Boletín de la Comisión Española de la UNESCO

Los libros para la enseñanza musical en España y Bulgaria

Resumen en inglés. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Building the foundations for a market-oriented planning system in Bulgaria

Planning is highly conditioned by the relationships between the market, state and politics. This becomes particularly clear in looking at the changes taking place in the countries of the former Communist block as they attempt to establish a new set of relationships. The old power structures have been dislodged and old laws discarded. This paper examines the situation in Bulgaria and explores the preconditions for setting up a new planning system there. The first section outlines the political changes since 1989 and shows how political instability has effected the pace of change. The establishment of a market in land and property is a second precondition for the planning system there and moves in this direction are presented, including restitution policies. Finally the issues raised by the early attempts towards a new planning system are discussed. This paper is the first of a series looking at the countries of Eastern Europe and the author would welcome comments from others working in this field.

Effects of propolis from Brazil and Bulgaria on fungicidal activity of macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Its etiological agent, Paracoccidoides brasiliensis, affects individuals living in endemic areas through inhalation of airborne conidia or mycelial fragments. The disease may affect different organs and systems, with multiple clinical features, with cell-mediated immunity playing a significant role in host defence. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were stimulated with Brazilian or Bulgarian propolis and subsequently challenged with P, brasiliensis. Data suggest an increase in the fungicidal activity of macrophages by propolis stimulation, independently from its geographic origin, (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of propolis from Brazil and Bulgaria on Salmonella serovars

Propolis shows biological properties such as antibacterial action. This bee product has a complex chemical composition, which depends on the local flora where it is produced. Salmonella serovars are responsible for human diseases that range from localized gastroenteritis to systemic infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of Salmonella strains, isolated from food and infectious processes, to the antibacterial action of Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis, as well as to determine the behavior of these bacteria, according to the incubation period, in medium plus propolis. Dilution of ethanolic extract of propolis in agar was the used method. Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis showed an antibacterial action against all Salmonella serovars. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of propolis were similar, although they were collected in different geographic regions. Salmonella typhimurium, isolated from human infection, was more resistant to propolis than Salmonella enteritidis.

Relaciones económicas de Bulgaria con países de América Latina

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