The Supreme Court and civil liberties; how far has the Court protected the Bill of rights?

Mode of access: Internet.

Le régime juridique international de la responsabilité du transporteur maritime de marchandises sous connaissement : un échec?

Les avocats, praticiens et universitaires qui sont engagés dans le droit des transports internationaux de marchandises par mer ont l’habitude de travailler avec un régime complexe de responsabilité du transporteur maritime. La coexistence de plusieurs conventions régissant ce régime et l’imprécision des textes de ces différentes législations rendent leur application difficile d’où l’échec permanent du voeu d’uniformisation de ce droit. En premier lieu, nous retrouvons le régime de base celui de la Convention de Bruxelles sur l’unification de certaines règles en matière de connaissement, ratifiée le 25 août 1924 et ses Protocoles modificatifs annexés en 1968 et 1979. Il s’agit d’un régime fondé sur la présomption de responsabilité comprenant une liste de cas exonératoires appelés « cas exceptés ». En second lieu figurent les Règles de Hambourg, édictées en 1978, qui établissent un régime basé sur la présomption de faute du transporteur à l’exception de deux cas exonératoires : l’incendie et l’assistance ou la tentative de sauvetage. Enfin, apparaît la Convention sur le contrat de transport international de marchandises effectué entièrement ou partiellement par mer, adoptée par les Nations unies en 2009, sous l’appellation « Les Règles de Rotterdam », qui adopte un régime de responsabilité « particulier ». Cette étude a tenté d’analyser ces mécanismes juridiques mis en place. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes concentrées sur les sources du dysfonctionnement de ces régimes, afin de favoriser le développement d’initiatives d’uniformisation des règles de responsabilité du propriétaire du navire. L’analyse des textes positifs, de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence, nous a permis de constater que les différentes approches du régime juridique du transporteur maritime des marchandises sous ces différentes législations ne garantissent pas la prévisibilité et la sécurité juridiques recherchées par les différents acteurs maritimes. Par conséquent, l’absence d’un régime cohérent et unifié a créé des incertitudes au sein de la communauté maritime internationale et au sein des tribunaux en cas de litige. Pour surmonter cette réalité complexe, notre thèse propose une approche qui pourra simplifier ce régime, l’approche objective.

A elaboração de um glossário bilíngue da área de comércio tendo como subsídio a Linguística de Corpus

This article aims at presenting part of the results of a terminological study concerning the sworn translation of enforceable instruments into Portuguese. Our study corpora are comprised of translated documents and texts originally written in English and in Portuguese (bill of lading, invoice and promissory note). The software WordSmith Tools generated the wordlists and we selected the term candidates from these lists. The proposed glossaries presents, apart from simple terms, fixed or semi fixed expressions, the cotext (text around the search word) extracted from the studied corpora. It was observed that most part of the fixed or semi fixed expressions are not shown by the specialty dictionaries.

Interventi normativi, interni ed uniformi, dettati dalle nuove esigenze e dai nuovi quesiti posti dalla modernizzazione dei traffici, con particolare riferimento al trasporto containerizzato e multimodale

Come si evince dal titolo della tesi, la ricerca effettuata dal presente candidato nel corso del dottorato di ricerca ha avuto ad oggetto lo studio della materia relativa ai trasporti nell’ambito di diversi sistemi giuridici europei, con particolare attenzione ai risvolti di carattere pratico che l’interpretazione delle normative uniformi poteva produrre nell’ambito delle diverse giurisdizioni nonché alle diverse impostazioni e alla variegata gamma di soluzioni interpretative che nell’ambito di problemi simili possono essere adottate a seconda che una stessa questione venga discussa in un ordinamento piuttosto che in un altro. Dall’avvento del trasporto marittimo di containers alla necessità di disciplinare l’intera materia attraverso una normativa multimodale il passo è estremamente breve, posto che, proprio in considerazione delle caratteristiche proprie del trasporto containerizzato, gli aventi diritto al carico sono principalmente interessati al completamente del trasferimento door-to-door inteso nella sua globalità, piuttosto che al buon esito del trasporto sulla singola tratta marittima. Il progetto di revisione delle Regole dell’Aja-Visby adottato dall’United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (Uncitral) e il Comité Maritime International (CMI) costituisce per definizione un progetto limitato ad un trasporto multimodale comprendente necessariamente una tratta marittima, ma rappresenta comunque un interessante banco di prova per valutare la funzionalità di strumenti di recente impiego, come ad esempio i cosiddetti e-documents, concetto peraltro già inserito nel progetto UNCITRAL, anche se con scarsi elementi di reale novità rispetto alla tradizionale disciplina relativa ai documenti cartacei. Proprio la parte relativa ai documenti e titoli di viaggio merita particolare attenzione soprattutto in riferimento alle problematiche connesse al traffico containerizzato, con particolare riferimento al concetto di transhipment, e alla conseguente necessità che la polizza garantisca al legittimo portatore una copertura completa sull’intero viaggio della merce, oltre a dargli la possibilità di individuare agevolmente la propria controparte contrattuale, e cioè il vettore.

Letter from Jasper Mauduit to Andrew Oliver, Oct. 10, 1764

In this letter, Mauduit informs Oliver that he is preparing to ship several cases of books to Harvard, and that they will contain books from the estate of Dr. Avery and from Mauduit himself. He enclosed lists of the books being shipped, and those lists (along with a bill of lading) are in the following folders.

Descripción práctica del proceso de importación de la materia prima y exportación relacionados con el atún, sus obligaciones aduanales, tributarias y su tratamiento contable

El presente trabajo de investigación está enfocado en las actividades de importación y exportación de la industria atunera y el objetivo que se pretende lograr es dar a conocer las obligaciones formales y sustantivas en materia aduanal y tributaria, así como el tratamiento contable relacionado con la importación del atún e insumos para procesarlo y su posterior exportación. Como resultado de la investigación se proporcionará una fuente bibliográfica que integre y facilite la comprensión de los procesos de importación, exportación y sus implicaciones aduanales, tributarias y contables de la industria atunera con la cual, se contribuirá a reforzar los conocimientos, fortalecer la calidad y desarrollo de su competencia al profesional y estudiante de Contaduría Pública y de las carreras relacionadas. Para la consecución de los objetivos se utilizó la investigación de tipo descriptiva, debido a que se describen los procesos y tramites que se deben cumplir para efectuar las actividades de importación y exportación del atún tanto en la Dirección General de Aduanas, y demás instituciones relacionadas con el comercio exterior como el Centro de Trámites de Exportación (CENTREX), MAG, MINEC y otras. Además se analiza la normativa en materia aduanera tanto nacional como regional con el fin de identificar las funciones y facultades que le competen a la Dirección General de Aduana; los documentos o formularios que amparan las operaciones de importación y exportación tales como Declaración de Mercancías o Formulario Aduanero Único Centroamericano (FAUCA), documentos de transporte (Conocimiento de Embarque o BL por sus siglas en ingles de Bill of Lading, Guía Aérea o Carta de Porte), autorizaciones, registros, certificados y otros documentos según corresponda en el caso de mercancías restringidas; los Derechos Arancelarios e impuestos que se causan en estas operaciones como es el caso del Impuesto a la Transferencia de Bienes Muebles y a la Prestación de Servicios y el Impuesto sobre la Renta. Igualmente se presenta una descripción práctica del proceso de importación de la materia prima y exportación, relacionados con el atún aplicando la legislación aduanera y tributaria, así como registros contables con base a las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera para Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas.

Procedural aspects concerning maritime law

Along this work we wish to highlight the main influence of Procedural Law in some as-pects in our Maritime Law. Our point of view has been supported by new Maritime Naviga-tion Act of 2014, when including the Title X ruling "Procedures Specialities in Maritime Navigation". We are focusing on the Bill of Lading as an essential document in maritime shipping from a procedural point of view. It is particulary relevant the express recognition of its enforce-able nature through the Spanish Maritime Navigation Act, giving to the bill of lading the consideration as an true extrajudicial enforceable title. We will point out the main error of the spanish regulator in the new Maritime Navigation Act, when repeating the provided posibility in the Spanish Civil Procedure Act, of a direct procedure of execution grounded on a extrajuditial enforcement such as the bill of lading. Finally, we would like to conclude the work studying the possible uses of Small Claim Procedure of the 812 article and followings of Spanish Civil Procedure Law, for the pur-pose of safeguarding credit, so as a short mention to other procedural figures expressly in-cluded in the Title IX of Maritime Navigation Law.

Reform of Spain's profesional services market: Implementation of the EU Services Directive

The implementation of the European Commission Services Directive initiated the modernization process of services markets within the European Union. The objective was to guarantee the creation of a single market by ensuring the freedom of establishment and circulation. The transposition of the Directive in Spain triggered an initial wave of reforms in the Spanish legal system. A second package of reforms is currently underway, following recommendations by the EC, IMF and OECD, which highlight the relative lack of competition in Spain’s services as one of the major imbalances in its economy, alongside the public deficit and unemployment. Both the implemented and planned reforms represent a major step forward. Nevertheless, the government has recently announced modifications to the draft bill of the Professional Services and Associations Law, which is expected to soon be submitted for parliamentary debate and approval. Taking into consideration modifications already introduced, together with anticipated further changes, it will be important to maintain the main points of the draft bill and to introduce a deeper review of the legal framework for professional services, of the professional associations themselves, and for the activities that are subject to compulsory membership within a professional association. Spain’s territorial map of professional associations must too be redrawn.

Bills of Rights:A Comparative Perspective

Bills of rights are currently a much debated topic in various jurisdictions throughout the world. Almost all democratic nations, with the exception of Australia, now have a bill of rights. These take a variety of forms, ranging from constitutionally entrenched bills of rights, such as those of the United States and South Africa, to non-binding statements of rights. Falling between these approaches are non-entrenched, statutory bills of rights. As regards the latter, a model which has become increasingly popular is that of bills of rights based on interpretative obligations, whereby duties are placed upon courts to interpret national legislation in accordance with human rights standards. The aim of this book is to provide a comparative analysis of the bills of rights of a number of jurisdictions which have chosen to adopt such an approach. The jurisdictions considered are New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the Australian Capital Territory and the Australian state of Victoria.

There have been very few books published to date which contain a detailed comparative analysis of the bills of rights which this book addresses. The book adopts a unique thematic approach, whereby six aspects of the bills of rights in question have been selected for comparative analysis and a chapter is allocated to each aspect. This approach serves to facilitate the comparative discussion and emphasise the centrality of the comparative methodology.

Limiting rights, Canadian style : the Supreme Court of Canada, American jurisprudence and section 1 of the Charter /

The addition of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms represented a fundamental shift in Canadian governance. Many saw the tabling of such a document as a further, even fmal, step towards the Americanization of the Canadian polity. While the Charter's presence has significantly altered the relationship between citizens, government and the courts, it has done so by maintaining the traditional values and experiences that has been the hallmarks of Canadian constitutionalism. This is in contrast to the fears harboured by critics suggesting that the Charter was a further Americanization of the Canadian Polity, notwithstanding the very different natures of the American Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter. Analyzing American Supreme Court precedent use by the Canadian Supreme Court has demonstrated that such an Americanization has not, in fact, occurred. In the present analysis of American precedent use in section 1 limitation of rights cases, the citation of these precedents are at best episodic, at least on the quantitative level. Qualitatively, the Canadian Supreme Court generally uses American jurisprudence to further support broad definitions of 'great rights' . As for the more intricate details of rights limitations and the process involved in detennining how Charter rights are limited, one would be hard pressed to find even cursory references to American case law.

Of Eureka Moments and Magic Barometers: Freedom of Religion as the “First” Freedom in the Canadian Constitutional Context

"La liberté de religion, souvent reconnue comme étant la « première liberté » dans de nombreuses traditions juridiques, reflète également les différentes conceptions de la place de l'individu et de la communauté dans la société. Cet article examinera la liberté de religion dans le contexte constitutionnel canadien. Nous avons choisi d'étudier la liberté de religion dans trois vagues successives : avant l'entrée en vigueur de la Déclaration canadienne des droits, sous la Déclaration canadienne des droits; et enfin, après l'entrée en vigueur de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. De plus, l'accommodement ainsi que de la proportionnalité de la liberté de religion d'un individu sera également traité. Ainsi que nous le démontrerons, la liberté de religion a engendré un repositionnement de l'individu face aux intérêts de la communauté ainsi qu'une réinterprétation des justifications menant à la sauvegarde de ces croyances."