葛属(豆科)的分类学修订

本论文对葛属（Pueraria DC.）进行了形态学、解剖学及植物地理学研究，重点分析了小叶、托叶、花序及花的形态变异规律。首次发现葛属生长习性和种皮纹饰特征在组的划分上具有重要的分类学意义，支持前人运用托叶着生方式、花序类型及每节簇生花的数目等特征划分组的观点。首次在光学显微镜下对葛属植物14种1变种叶表皮性状做了较为全面、深入的观察，发现葛属叶表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁的式样以及气孔大小有一定分类学意义，为葛属的分类修订提供了新资料。首次应用电子扫描显微镜观察了葛属10种1变种和2个外类群广西土黄芪Nogra guangxiensis C. F. Wei和琼豆Teyleria koordersii (Backer ex Koord.-Schum.) Backer的种皮纹饰特征，发现葛属的种皮纹饰有网纹型、断棱型、复网纹型和锐棱型等4种类型，他们与托叶的着生方式具有一定的关联性。托叶背着的类群为网纹型，其中采自中国和越南不同居群的山野葛Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.种皮次级纹饰有差别，这显示山野葛分化比较活跃。托叶基着的三裂叶野葛P. phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.、大花三裂叶野葛P. phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. javanica (Benth.) Baker、苦葛P. peduncularis (Graham ex Benth.) Benth.以及云南野葛P. yunnanensis Franch.的种皮纹饰为断棱形，小花野葛P. stricta Kurz种皮纹饰为复网纹型，喜玛拉雅葛藤P. wallichii DC.种皮纹饰为锐棱型。依据种皮纹饰推断，喜玛拉雅葛藤最原始，黄毛葛藤P. calycina Franch.最进化，与形态学特征演化方向相吻合。广西土黄芪种皮纹饰为网纹型，琼豆种皮纹饰为复网纹型，表明它们与葛属亲缘关系较近。这与形态学和分子证据相吻合。本文首次运用广义线形模型（GLM）结合地理信息系统（GIS）对葛属现有地理分布、潜在分布及50年后潜在分布进行了分析。所预测的潜在分布范围与观察到的地理分布范围一致，说明对特化的气候忍耐性是限制葛属物种地理分布的主要因素。温度、降水和海拔高度对葛属地理分布限制作用比较大。未来潜在分布预测显示葛属有向南、北扩散的趋势。 作者在研究了四千余份腊叶标本及野外形态考察的基础上，结合叶表皮及种皮纹饰资料，确认葛属分为3组，共19种3变种。其中，对Sect. Breviramulae Maesen ex Z. F. Le & X. Y. Zhu进行了合格发表，运用形态学、解剖学及种皮纹饰资料恢复了云南野葛种的地位，并为其指定了后选模式，P. pulcherrima (Koord.-Schum.) Merr. ex Koord.-Schum.正确的学名为P. sericans Schum.，对4个名称进行了归并。本文还给出了组和种的检索表、葛属各个种的形态描述、地理分布图及模式标本照片。

Incidental capture of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles by the pelagic longline fishery off southern Brazil

Incidental capture in fishing gear is one of the main sources of injury and mortality of juvenile and adult sea turtles (NRC, 1990; Lutcavage et al., 1997; Oravetz, 1999). Six out of the seven extant species of sea turtles — the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and the Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) — are currently classified as endangered or critically endangered by the World Conservation Union (IUCN, formerly the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), which makes the assessment and reduction of incidental capture and mortality of these species in fisheries priority conservation issues (IUCN/Species Survival Commission, 1995).

Studies on the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperatures, salinities and phytoplankton in Puttalam Lagoon, Dutch Bay and Portugal Bay along the west coast of Ceylon.

The monthly average temperatures at Puttalam Lagoon, Dutch Bay, Portugal Bay towards Kovilmunai and Portugal Bay towards Pallugaturai showed a distinct annual cycle. The peak was in April and values gradually fell till September. There was a further gradual fall in temperature from October to January. The highest temperatures in all four stations were in April. The highest salinities in all the stations were from May to October i.e., during the south-west monsoon. The salinities at Dutch Bay and Portugal Bay were high in March and April corresponding to the highest temperatures reached during these months. Two maxima have been observed in phytoplankton production. A primary maximum in May-June and a secondary maximum in October. The primary and secondary maxima are due to the influx of nutrient laden waters from the rivers Kal Aru and Pomparippu Aru. The phytoplankton producing blooms were Rhizosolenia alata. Rhizosolenia imbricata, Chaetoceros lascinosus, Chaetoceros pervianus, Ch,aetoceros diversus, Coscinodiscus gigas, Thallasionema nitzschioides, Thalassiosira subtilis, Thallassiothrix frauenfeldii, Asterionella japonica, Sceletonema costatum, Bacteriastrum varians and Biddulphia sinensis. Sudden outbursts of a single species were common. These diatoms were species of Chaetoceros and Rhizosolenia, and Thallassiothrix frauenfeldii. Wide fluctuations have been observed in the distribution of phytoplankton but no definite conclusions can be drawn as the period of observation was only one year.

Nucleotide degradation and production of hypoxanthine in some Indian marine and freshwater fishes

Changes in nucleotides and production of hypoxanthine in rohu (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cihhrina mrigala) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during storage at 2-4°C were examined. Differences were observed between common carp and others. Production of hypoxanthine in pomfret (Stromateus argenteus), cat fish (Arius macronotacanthus), shark (Scoliodon spp.), seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus), ray fish (Dasyatis imbricata) and prawns (Parapenaeopsis stylifera) was examined during storage at 2-4°C and -28°C. At 2-4°C hypoxanthine increased regularly but at -28°C there was no increase during storage over 28 weeks.

Impacts of Choerospondias axillaris growth on acidity of Udic Ferrosols in subtropical China

Changes in acidity of Udic Ferrosols, caused by growth of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, in comparison to wild grass, were investigated for pH distribution in the soil profile, exchangeable acidity, and cation status in the soil leachate of a simulated leaching experiment. Soils were sampled in profiles at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm. In the 1.5-60 cm layer the soils with 10-year old C. axillaris had significantly lower pH (P < 0.05), with the largest difference being 0.41: and in the 25-75 cm soil depths, especially in the 30-55 cm layer, the soils had a significantly higher exchangeable acidity, ranging 1.93 to 3.02 cmol(c) kg(-1). There was also higher aluminum, potassium, and sodium contents in the soil leachate under C. axillaris than with wild grasses. This suggested that the growth of C. axillaris accelerated acidification of Udic Ferrosols and promoted soil clay mineral weathering.

四种药用植物的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究

本学位论文共有5章。第一章报道白芍的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究成果；第二章报道天山雪莲的化学成分研究；第三章报道两面针的化学成分研究；第四章报道通关藤的化学成分研究成果；第五章概述了花椒属植物中最近十年报道的新化合物及药理研究情况。 在第1章的第一部分报道了白芍（Paeonia lactiflora Pall.）的化学成分。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法，从白芍的干燥根中共分离出14个化合物，其中1个为新化合物，其结构通过波谱分析证实为没食子酰白芍苷，另外还有2个为首次从该植物中分离得到。第二部分报道了芍药苷的微生物转化生产芍药苷代谢素-I的研究，从15株厌氧菌中筛选出10株有转化活性的菌株，其中短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis AS1.12的转化活性最好，对其转化条件进行了初步的筛选，确定了相对合理的转化工艺。 在第2章报道了天山雪莲（Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir.）全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析，共分离鉴定了28个化合物，结构类型分属于黄酮、倍半萜和木脂素等，其中2个新倍半萜化合物的结构分别表征为6α-羟基云木香酸6-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和11βH-11,13-二氢去氢云木香内酯8α-O-(6′-乙酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 第3章报道了两面针（Zanthoxylum nitidum （Roxb.）DC.）干燥根的乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射，共分离鉴定了16个生物碱，结构类型分属于苯并啡啶类、喹啉类和阿朴啡类等，其中2个新苯并啡啶类生物碱的结构分别表征为二聚双氢两面针碱和丙酮基双氢崖定椒碱。 第4章报道了通关藤（Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.）水提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射，共分离鉴定了14个化合物，结构类型均属于C21多羟基甾醇，其中4个新化合物tenacigenoside A, tenacigenoside B, tenacigenoside C和tenacigenoside D的结构分别表征为3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β-tenacigenin B (62), 3-O-2,6- dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O- methylbutyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B (63), 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (64)和3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2- methylbutyryl-tenacigenin C (65)。 第5章概述了花椒属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and microbial transformation of paeoniforin. The second, third and four chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. and Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn., respectively. Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Zanthoxylum species. The part one of chapter 1 focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from P. lactiflora. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the roots of P. lactiflora by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Among them, one is a new compound and the structure was suggested as galloyl-albiflorin by spectral evidence. In addition, two compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The part 2 is about microbial transformation of paeoniforin. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from S. involucrate, Z. nitidum and M. tenacissima, respectively. From the aerial parts of S. involucrate, 28 compounds including 7 flavonoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new compounds were characterized as 6α-hydroxycostic acid 6-β-D-glucoside and 11βH-11,13-dihydrodehydro- costuslactone 8α-O-(6'-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside, respectively, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Otherwise, 11 ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of Z. nitidum. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new benzophenanthridine alkaloids were characterized as 8-acetonyldihydrofagaridine and 1,3-bis(8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone by spectroscopic analysis. The fourth chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of M. tenacissima. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 4 new compounds, tenacigenosides A~D, were characterized as 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β- tenacigenin B, 3-O-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O-methyl butyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B, 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl- (1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C, and 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O- methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2-methylbutyryl- tenacigenin C. Chapter 5 is a review on recent progress in bioactive constituents from plants of Zanthoxylum species.

两种红树林植物黄槿和长梗肖槿化学成分研究

由于红树林植物的重要药用价值及其特殊的生长环境，越来越多的学者关注于红树林植物的活性成分及其作用机理的研究。本论文对两种药用红树林植物黄槿（Hibiscus tiliaceus L.）和长梗肖槿（Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.) Kostel）的化学成分进行了系统研究。对从其中分离得到的部分化合物进行了初步的抗菌活性筛选。 黄槿和长梗肖槿均采自海南岛，干燥粉碎的样品用90％的乙醇水以及1：1氯仿-甲醇混合溶液室温浸泡提取得总浸膏，将总浸膏悬浮于水中，分别用石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取，获得石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物。 采用常规的硅胶柱层析、制备薄层层析、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析、以及重结晶等手段，从黄槿和长梗肖槿的乙酸乙酯相中共分离得到43个化合物。利用各种现代波谱技术（IR、UV、MS、HR-MS、1D-NMR、2D-NMR等）确定了38个化合物的结构。其中，从黄槿的乙酸乙酯相中分离得到22个化合物，鉴定了其中19个化合物的结构，包括3个新的三萜类化合物(H1*-H3*)以及15个首次从该种中报道的化合物。从长梗肖槿的乙酸乙酯相中分离得到21个化合物，鉴定了其中19个化合物的结构，这些化合物皆为首次从该种中报道，其中1个为新的倍半萜类化合物T1*。本文为首次报道长梗肖槿的化学成分。 对分离得到的部分样品进行了抗菌活性测试，仅T1*表现微弱的抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性，抑菌圈直径为8mm（阳性对照氯霉素的抑菌圈直径为20mm），其余各样品在测试浓度下对测试菌株均未表现出活性。

牡蛎的比较解剖学及系统分类和演化的研究

本文对我国己发表的牡蛎作了详细的比较解剖学研究。在强蛎亚科（Pycnodonteinae）发现了第三个心耳－－右上心耳和与其相连的第三条回心静脉－－后静脉，这在双壳类中实属首次报道。第一次提出了牡蛎循环系统的两种类型，附心脏型和无附心脏型。两者之间的主要区别是：前者无肌套血管，其外套血液主要来自环外套动脉和附心脏，而后者由于无附心脏和环外套动脉，其外套血液主要来自肌套血管；前者是通过出鳃静脉和外套静脉分别将鳃前部和后部的血液送回心耳，而后者的外套静脉与外入鳃血管不通，鳃中的血液只能通过出鳃静脉回到心耳。根据外套腔的形态特点，本文将中国的牡蛎分为三种类型六个组。第一种类型，左右侧都具侧水腔，包括一个组；第二种类型，仅右侧具有侧水腔，包括四个组；第三种类型；不具侧水腔，包括一个组。在比较解剖学研究的基础上，文章还讨论了消化系统，神经系统，循环系统等一些主要系统的演化过程，并推测了现生牡蛎各属间的演化关系。提出了一些新的分类依据，发现了一个具有重要演化意义的单行属种，爪蛎属（Talonostrea），猫爪牡蛎（T. talonata）。澄清了目前世界上在舌骨蛎属（Hyotissa）、拟舌骨蛎属（Parahyotissa）、小蛎属（Saccostrea）和巨蛎属（Crassostrea）分类中的混乱。解决了我国牡蛎分类中存在己久的疑难问题，将己发表的20种牡蛎重新鉴定为15种，即舌骨牡蛎（Hyotissa hyotis），复瓦牡蛎（Parahyotissa imbricata）。中华牡蛎（P. sinensis），鸡冠牡蛎（Lopha cristagalli）。薄片牡蛎（Dendostren folium），缘齿牡蛎（D. cre-nulifera），褶牡蛎（Alectryonella plicatula），猫爪牡蛎（T. talonata），长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas），近江牡（C. rivularis），拟近江牡蛎（Crassostrea sp.），僧帽牡蛎（Saccostrea cucullata），棘刺牡蛎（S. echinata），鹅掌牡蛎（Planostrea pestigris）和密鳞牡蛎（Ostrea denselamellosa）。它们分别隶属于二个科，曲蛎科（Grypheidae）和牡蛎科（Ostreidae）；四个亚科，强蛎亚科（Pycnodonteinae）。冠蛎亚科（Pycnodonteinae），巨蛎亚科（Lopheinae）和牡蛎亚科（Crassostreinae）。

两面针中的化学成分

研究两面针Zanthoxylum nitidum.(Roxb.)DC根部乙醇提取物中的化学成分.采用硅胶柱层析方法进行分离和纯化,通过波谱分析鉴定分离得到的化合物的结构.共鉴定7种香豆素成分及2种其它类型成分,其中6种香豆素前文已作过报道.本文主要介绍三种化学成分即β-谷甾醇(1),5-methoxymarmesin(2),β-香树素(3).其中5-methoxymarmesin为首次从该植物中分离得到的化合物.

两面针中的香豆素成分

两面针Zanthoxxylum nitidum(Roxb.)DC.为芸香科花椒属植物,别名野花椒,在浙江、台湾、福建、广东、广西、云南等地均有分布,为我国南方省区的常用中药,其根、根皮及茎皮入药,主治风湿性关节病、牙痛、胃痛、咽喉肿痛、毒蛇咬伤等症.目前对两面针化学成分的研究主要集中在生物碱类,而对非生物碱类化学成分则报道较少[1].

新疆引种蕨状满江红的生态适应性及生物学功能初探

结合新疆的环境特点，对蕨状满江红（Azolla filiculoides Lam.）进行了一系列引种适应性试验和生物学功能测定。结果表明：蕨状满江红在新疆有很强的适应性，在5-40℃均能生长，其生长最适温度为℃，且耐低温；在2-8g/L的盐溶液及pH4-10范围内也能生长，并且可降低水体的矿化度及pH值；具有净化养殖水体和很强的富钾能力，植株钾含量最高可达干重的9.66％；水利用率高，并能有效减少养殖水体表面的蒸发，有保水作用。在新疆的河、湖和水库适量养殖蕨状满江红，可实现其生态与经济价值。

须花藤的化学成分

采用乙醇提取，硅胶柱层析分离和波谱方法鉴定结构，从须花藤Genianthus laurifolius (Roxb.) Hook. f.地上部分共分离鉴定出8个化合物：羽扇豆醇乙酯（I）、大黄素甲醚（II）、β－谷甾醇（III）、6，23－二烯－5，8－过氧麦角甾－3－醇（IV）、7，8β－epoxysinogenin-α-D-oleandropyranoside(V)、常春藤配基（VI）、3β，23－二羟基乌索－12－烯－28－酸（VII）和胡萝卜甙（VIII）。这些化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

Mit Ofelii we francuskojęzycznej literaturze belgijskiej doby symbolizmu.

Wydział Neofilologia: Instytut Filologii Romańskiej