Propuestas para garantizar la solvencia fiscal y financiera en el municipio de Envigado

El presente trabajo de investigación pretende generar propuestas para garantizar la solvencia fiscal y financiera en el municipio de Envigado, solvencia que permitirá realizar con eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad la gestión necesaria para el logro de las soluciones a los problemas y necesidades de la comunidad, haciendo que se mejore el desarrollo económico y social con mejor calidad de vida. Igualmente la solvencia financiera propiciará un mejor posicionamiento del municipio en el Rankin del Departamento Nacional de Planeación y Ministerio de Hacienda en los indicadores de desempeño fiscal e integral, según las diferentes categorías del Formato Único Territorial (FUT) que reporta el municipio trimestralmente, como también el cumplimiento de las metas del Plan de Desarrollo Municipal. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el municipio de Envigado requiere mantener patrimonio suficiente para poder pagar la deuda pública, los pasivos exigibles y contingentes, tanto en el corto como en el largo plazo. Igualmente debe buscar siempre mantener condiciones de liquidez inmediata, es decir disponibilidad de dinero en las cuentas financieras bancarias a la vista que le permitan hacer frente a sus obligaciones. La investigación se fundamenta en el análisis y la síntesis, mediante el proceso de investigación aplicada respecto del marco referencial, buscando con relaciones de causa efecto en una matriz de riegos y mediante la evaluación, la acción y la valoración de impacto financiero. El actual trabajo tiene la razón de hacerse, ya que el municipio de Envigado carece de un proceso de planeación financiera adecuado que presupueste los ingresos, apropie los egresos y ejecute los mismos con equidad, eficiencia y efectividad, y le permita tener la solvencia fiscal para que preste eficazmente sus funciones en búsqueda de mejor desarrollo económico y social para la comunidad. El análisis de la investigación se hará obteniendo información de diversas fuentes, tales como: El Sistema local de Planeación Municipal - SLPM, Plan Estratégico Territorial – PET, Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial – POT, Políticas Públicas y Planes Sectoriales, Plan de Desarrollo Municipal, Planes Zonales de Desarrollo, Presupuesto Participativo, Programa de Gobierno, Marco Fiscal de Mediano Plazo, Plan Plurianual de Inversiones, Plan Operativo Anual de Inversiones, Plan Financiero, Presupuesto Anual y Plan Anual de Caja- PAC. La administración central municipal de Envigado debe garantizar a sus acreedores y a su comunidad en general la solvencia fiscal y financiera, así como la de sus nueve entes descentralizados para asegurar el buen desarrollo económico y social, pero también para evitar caer en ley 550 de 1999, ley de insolvencia fiscal, que ha dejado a muchos municipios con un estigma difícil de mejorar en el mediano plazo, lo anterior independientemente de las sanciones disciplinarias, pecuniarias y penales que reciben las administraciones responsables por acción u omisión al no orientar al municipio hacia la solvencia fiscal y financiera. La Ley 550 de 1999 desarrolla los artículos 334 y 335 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, estableciendo y regulando los instrumentos de intervención estatal en la economía, y en el capítulo quinto (V) regula su aplicación a las entidades territoriales y descentralizadas del nivel territorial, tales como los departamentos, municipios o distritos. Tener solvencia fiscal y financiera en el municipio evitará que se incumpla la mencionada Ley, que se tenga que celebrar un convenio interadministrativo entre el municipio y el ministerio de Hacienda y crédito público, con la obligación de corregir las deficiencias que presente en su capacidad de operación y en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones pecuniarias, para que pueda recuperarse dentro del plazo estipulado y en las condiciones que se hayan previsto en el mismo acuerdo. (Art. 5 de la ley 550). Este convenio tiene efecto vinculante, tanto para los municipios como para la totalidad de los acreedores.

Mujeres en situaci?n de desplazamiento forzado por la violencia frente al ejercicio de sus derechos sector Charco Azul Comuna 13 Santiago de Cali

En este trabajo se evidencia que comenzando el siglo XXI, el desplazamiento forzado por la violencia a ra?z del conflicto armado interno sigue siendo el fen?meno que evidencia una tragedia humanitaria y que se manifiesta en ?xodo continuo de poblaciones enteras desarraigadas de sus lugares de origen, familias enteras se ven forzadas a establecerse en nuevos lugares de refugio para salvar sus vidas. Tratan de construir sus vidas lejos de los enfrentamientos, masacres y amenazas propias del conflicto armado interno. Los motivos principales que causan el desplazamiento masivo en el pa?s son lo econ?mico y la violencia, lo cual tiene como antecedente los a?os cincuenta del siglo XX, sin embargo entre los a?os ochenta y noventa esta tragedia social alcanza proporciones inocultables a ra?z de las violaciones de los derechos humanos. Para las v?ctimas del conflicto armado la violaci?n de sus derechos por parte de algunas instituciones del Estado, o las infracciones de estos por otros actores, es un evento que altera la cotidianidad diaria y el hecho de no poder hacer valer sus derechos por desconocimiento o por su mecanismo de protecci?n lo cual constituye la poblaci?n m?s vulnerable. A ra?z de la magnitud de este fen?meno dentro del territorio nacional el Estado crea la ley 387 de 1987 mediante la que establece medidas para la prevenci?n de desplazamiento forzado. Sin embargo, el problema de vulneraci?n de derechos a la poblaci?n desplazada en Colombia no tiene que ver con la falta de mecanismo de protecci?n en el ordenamiento jur?dico, sino porque este, no ha sido aplicado efectivamente. En este trabajo se escogi? como grupo poblacional a mujeres cabeza de hogar del sector Charco Azul comuna 13 de Santiago de Cali. Porque evidencia la feminizaci?n de la pobreza en cabeza de las jefas de hogar de conformidad con el art?culo 2do de la Ley 82 de 1993 que luego fue modificada por la ley 1232 de 2008, tema que ha generado debate y pol?mica, ya que son ellas las...

Derecho de petición 15602056 ¿Qué es la firma virtual y quién es el responsable de su manejo, administración y custodia?

Comerciante solicita la devolución de dinero entregado como contrapartida a la renovación de su matrícula mercantil, que se llevó a cabo por vía electrónica.

Seguridad del monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo versus mínimamente invasivo en pacientes con choque cardiogénico en cuidado intensivo adultos. Revisión sistemática

Introducción: El monitoreo hemodinámico es una herramienta para diagnosticar el choque cardiogénico y monitorear la respuesta al tratamiento; puede ser invasivo, mínimamente invasivo o no invasivo. Se realiza rutinariamente con catéter de arteria pulmonar (CAP) o catéter de Swan Ganz; nuevas técnicas de monitoreo hemodinámico mínimamente invasivo tienen menor tasa de complicaciones. Actualmente se desconoce cuál técnica de monitoreo cuenta con mayor seguridad en el paciente con choque cardiogénico. Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad del monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo comparado con el mínimamente invasivo en pacientes con choque cardiogénico en cuidado intensivo adultos. Diseño: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Búsqueda en Pubmed, EMBASE, OVID - Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Scielo, registros de ensayos clínicos, actas de conferencias, repositorios, búsqueda de literatura gris en Google Scholar, Teseo y Open Grey hasta agosto de 2016, publicados en inglés y español. Resultados: Se identificó un único estudio con 331 pacientes críticamente enfermos que comparó el monitoreo hemodinámico con CAP versus PiCCO que concluyó que después de la corrección de los factores de confusión, la elección del tipo de monitoreo no influyó en los resultados clínicos más importantes en términos de complicaciones y mortalidad. Dado que se incluyeron otros diagnósticos, no es posible extrapolar los resultados sólo a choque cardiogénico. Conclusión: En la literatura disponible no hay evidencia de que el monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo comparado con el mínimamente invasivo, en pacientes adultos críticamente enfermos con choque cardiogénico, tenga diferencias en cuanto a complicaciones y mortalidad.

Physical activity among children attending preschools

Objectives Obesity rates are increasing among children of all ages, and reduced physical activity is a likely contributor to this trend. Little is known about the physical activity behavior of preschool-aged children or about the influence of preschool attendance on physical activity. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity levels of children while they attend preschools, to identify the demographic factors that might be associated with physical activity among those children, and to determine the extent to which children's physical activity varies among preschools. Methods A total of 281 children from 9 preschools wore an Actigraph (Fort Walton Beach, FL) accelerometer for an average of 4.4 hours per day for an average of 6.6 days. Each child's height and weight were measured, and parents of participating children provided demographic and education data. Results The preschool that a child attended was a significant predictor of vigorous physical activity (VPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Boys participated in significantly more MVPA and VPA than did girls, and black children participated in more VPA than did white children. Age was not a significant predictor of MVPA or VPA. Conclusions Children's physical activity levels were highly variable among preschools, which suggests that preschool policies and practices have an important influence on the overall activity levels of the children the preschools serve.

Determinants and treatment of hypertension in South Africans: The first demographic and health survey

Objectives: To identify the groups of patients with high prevalence and poor control of hypertension in South Africa. Methods: In the first national Demographic and Health Survey, 12 952 randomly selected South Africans, aged 15 years and older were surveyed. Trained interviewers completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and the management of hypertension. This cross-sectional survey also included blood pressure, height and weight measurements. Logistic regression analyses identified the determinants of hypertension and the treatment status in this dataset. Results: A high risk of hypertension was associated with less than tertiary education, older age groups, overweight and obese people, using alcohol in excess, and a family history of stroke and hypertension. Rural Africans had the lowest risk of hypertension, which was significantly higher in obese African women than in women with normal body mass index. Improved hypertension control was found in the wealthy, women, older persons, being Asian, and having medical insurance. Conclusions: Rural African people had lower hypertension prevalence rates than the other groups. The poorer, younger men, without health insurance had the worst level of hypertension control.

Equivariant Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture for the Base Change of Elliptic Curves: An Example

Let E be an elliptic curve defined over Q and let K/Q be a finite Galois extension with Galois group G. The equivariant Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for h(1)(E x(Q) K)(1) viewed as amotive over Q with coefficients in Q[G] relates the twisted L-values associated with E with the arithmetic invariants of the same. In this paper I prescribe an approach to verify this conjecture for a given data. Using this approach, we verify the conjecture for an elliptic curve of conductor 11 and an S-3-extension of Q.

Olen maa johon tahdot : Timo K. Mukan maailmankuvan poetiikkaa

The dissertation deals with the prose texts of the Finnish writer Timo K. Mukka, renowned for his depictions of his native Lapland. This research concerns the creation of world view in Mukka s prose, which is approached by studying what Mikhail Bakhtin calls generic change. Such genre change is the most characteristic feature of Mukka s prose. His prose is permeated with two genres in particular and changes between them: the ballad-like, archaistic and romantic prose-poem style and naturalistic, even grotesque expressions. In addition, these genres are associated with sublime and grotesque styles so that generic change tends to involve also stylistic changes in Mukka s prose. This study probes the tension-filled interrelationships between the ballad and naturalistic prose by examining the discourse of Mukka s characters. It is shown that these characters invariably find themselves in what Bakhtin calls the chronotope of the threshold; that is, the plots of Mukka s novels and short stories depict situations in which the characters are faced with decisions and deeds that will profoundly impact their lives. The discourse of the threshold affects the characters speech by filling it with dialogical dimensions. This makes their communication ethically loaded and polyphonic. This study is based on Mikhail Bakhtin s theory of the novel and international Bakhtin s studies. I also take into consideration the theoretical developments of Bakhtin s work; for example, the concept of ressentiment, adapted from the Bakhtin scholar Michel André Bernstein, plays an important role. In order to explicate on the psychology of Mukka s characters such as melancholy, abjection, sadism, and taboo I use the concepts familiar from Freudian psychoanalysis. The corpus of my research consists of the following texts: the long prose texts Maa on syntinen laulu. Balladi (1964), Tabu (1965), Täältä jostakin. Romaani (1965), Laulu Sipirjan lapsista. Romaani (1966), Ja kesän heinä kuolee. Kertomus sairaudesta (1968) ja Kyyhky ja unikko (1970) and the short story collections Koiran kuolema (1967) ja Lumen pelko (1970), and with Tabu published short story Sankarihymni , the short story Katkelma laajemmasta laulelmasta from the collection Rakastaa: Kaksitoista novellia rakkaudesta (1965) and also the short stories which were published in various Finnish journals: Yöt (1965), Liisa (1967), Tyttö (1967) ja Näin hetki sitten ketun (1970). I pay particular attention to the novel Maa on syntinen laulu, because it expresses the generic change characteristic of Mukka s world view in a specifically clear and lively way. The dissertation is in Finnish. Key words: Timo K. Mukka, world view, genre change, ballad, naturalism, grotesque realism, Mikhail Bakhtin, dialogism, polyphony, chronotope, sublime, grotesque, ressentiment, Sigmund Freud, melancholy, taboo, abject, sadism, reduced laughter, modern parody.

Ruumiinkuvia! : Suomalainen performanssi- ja kehotaide 1980- ja1990-luvulla psykoanalyysin valossa

My PhD-thesis Body Images! Psychoanalytical Analysis of Finnish Performance and Body Art in the 1980s and 1990s considers Finnish performance and body art performed mainly by visual artists. In Part I, I chart the historical construction of performance art and its extension since the beginning of the 21st century. There are several wievs of the historical background of performance art. I introduce three different genealogies of performance art. One is Rose-Lee Goldberg s view. She connects performance art with the European avant-garde already at the beginning of the 20th century from futurists and dadaists to Russian avant-garde and the Bauhaus. I prefer to present performance art as contemporary art, which began to take shape in connection with visual arts in the 1950s and 1960s. The focus on the body is apparent in nearly all performance art. Nevertheless, throug the concept of body art I want to empasize the artist s body as the place of art. Body art (as part of performance art) functions as thematic and interpretive concept, which allows me to focus on performances where the questions of body image, narcissism, desire, language and pleasure are incorporated in particular intensive ways. In Part II, I explore the arrival of performance art in Finnish visual arts in the 1980s. I study the new generation s relation to earlier Finnish happenings (1960s) and performative actions in 1970 s. I briefly introduce performance groups of the 1980s art scene and consider their reception in media. The main focus is on the group Jack Helen Brut, in which I see many similarities to the so- called Theatre of Images. The goal of this part II is to provide historical context for the performance analysis that follows. In Part III, I develop the concept of body image which is my main theoretical term. The concept of body image is used according to Lacanian psychoanalytical theory, especially his considerations of mirror stages. My first mapping of body image, which I call imaginary body image, is based on Lacan s famous mirror stage article (1949). According to my reading, body image is narcistic and aggressive. The important concepts here are ego, imaginary, méconnaisance and alienation. In 1953 Lacan began to develop different version on mirror stage, in which he emphasized the primacy of symbolic dimension. It is not image, but language which constructs the foundations of body image. Central concepts in this chater are Other as language, ego-ideal, demand and desire. In the last chapter I connect the third version of the mirror stage to concepts of gaze, phantasy, real, jouissance and object a. In previous chapters I had considered body image in relation to ego. Now I explore it in relation to subject. In my reading the body image is fragile phenomen, which oscillates between yearning for coherence and phantasies of fragmented images. Part IV of the thesis begins with an introduction to the central concepts and debates in performace studies over the last few decades. Important concepts are presence, performativity and theatricality. The main substance of my thesis, however, is the performance analysis, which focuses on works by three Finnish artists and one Finnish group. The first analysis concerns the performance (1992) of Kimmo Schroderus. I discuss the relationship between narcissism and body art and the changes in demands projected on body images of men in recent decades in a Euro-American context. I also explore this performance in relation to the myth of Narcissus, which I reinterpret through Narcissus s aggression against his own body. The group Homo S is the main subject of the next analysis. I discuss the relationship between feminist art and performance art, especially in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. Homo S is different from this early performance art because of its anarchism, humor and rejection of all ideals. Homo S characterizes its performance Body Body (1983) as liberating vulgar feminism . Sociality and performance of erotic relations between women are central in Body Body. Pia Lindman s performances are the subjects of my third analysis. I study three of her performances: Olen muoto (1993), 17 and in love (1994) and Arranged views (1995). I interpret these performances as efforts to disperse the imaginary and symbolic structures of the body image. She constructs the peculiar object a and phantasy space of her own. In the last analysis I move from questions of image and gaze to a study of language, sound and jouissance. I discuss at a general level the performance of orality and helplesness (Hilflosigkeit) in body art. The central elements in Pentti Otto Koskinen s performances are the ear, listening and receptive gestures and postions. Perseveraatio (1998) can be understood representing as submission to the super-ego s power, which compels one to enjoy. I examine particularly closely the performance Maissi on hyvää ei missään nimessä maissia (1995), which I interpret as the return of a baby s body image to the liminal site of choice: language or jouissance?

Inflammation and tissue destruction in arthritides and periodontal disease

The principal aim of this study was to examine diseases characterized by inflammatory injury, especially human arthritides and periodontitis, with specific interest to final effector enzymes of tissue destruction and address the possible future tools to prevent permanent tissue loss. We used biochemical and immunological methods applied to synovial tissue samples, samples of synovial fluid, and samples of peripheral blood. In Study IV, we used established clinical inflammatory injury indicator probing pocket depth and used it to derive a new clinical measure of systemic burden, periodontal inflammatory burden index. In study I, we showed a difference in the effector enzymes of peripheral blood leukocytes and leukocytes from inflamed synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis patients. The effector enzyme activities were higher in synovial fluid than in peripheral blood. In study II, we showed the presence of collagenase-3 in rheumatoid synovial tissue samples, relative resistance of the enzyme to inhibition in vitro and developed an electrophoretic method for detection of collagenase-3 in presence of collagenase-1. In study III, we carried out an open label study of doxycycline treatment of 12 RA patients. During the treatment period, we observed an improvement in several of the biochemical and psychosocial variables used to assess the status of the patients. In study IV, we showed a clearly lower level of periodontal inflammatory injury in chronic periodontitis patients referred for periodontal treatment. In this cross-sectional pilot study, we showed lower levels of inflammatory injury in periodontitis patients using statin than in those not receiving statin treatment. The difference was of same magnitude in patients using simvastatin or atorvastatin. The weighted index of inflammatory burden, PIBI, which emphasizes the burden imposed by the deepest pathological pockets on the system showed values consistent with a wider scale to ease future studies on the inflammatory burden associated with periodontitis.

Soil carbon modelling as a tool for carbon balance studies in forestry

Soils represent a remarkable stock of carbon, and forest soils are estimated to hold half of the global stock of soil carbon. Topical concern about the effects of climate change and forest management on soil carbon as well as practical reporting requirements set by climate conventions have created a need to assess soil carbon stock changes reliably and transparently. The large spatial variability of soil carbon commensurate with relatively slow changes in stocks hinders the assessment of soil carbon stocks and their changes by direct measurements. Models therefore widely serve to estimate carbon stocks and stock changes in soils. This dissertation aimed to develop the soil carbon model YASSO for upland forest soils. The model was aimed to take into account the most important processes controlling the decomposition in soils, yet remain simple enough to ensure its practical applicability in different applications. The model structure and assumptions were presented and the model parameters were defined with empirical measurements. The model was evaluated by studying the sensitivities of the model results to parameter values, by estimating the precision of the results with an uncertainty analysis, and by assessing the accuracy of the model by comparing the predictions against measured data and to the results of an alternative model. The model was applied to study the effects of intensified biomass extraction on the forest carbon balance and to estimate the effects of soil carbon deficit on net greenhouse gas emissions of energy use of forest residues. The model was also applied in an inventory based method to assess the national scale forest carbon balance for Finland’s forests from 1922 to 2004. YASSO managed to describe sufficiently the effects of both the variable litter and climatic conditions on decomposition. When combined with the stand models or other systems providing litter information, the dynamic approach of the model proved to be powerful for estimating changes in soil carbon stocks on different scales. The climate dependency of the model, the effects of nitrogen on decomposition and forest growth as well as the effects of soil texture on soil carbon stock dynamics are areas for development when considering the applicability of the model to different research questions, different land use types and wider geographic regions. Intensified biomass extraction affects soil carbon stocks, and these changes in stocks should be taken into account when considering the net effects of forest residue utilisation as energy. On a national scale, soil carbon stocks play an important role in forest carbon balances.