Neoliberalismo y Políticas Sociales Focalizadas : El caso de San Luis

La reestructuración neoliberal de las funciones del estado argentino a partir de la década del noventa hasta la actualidad, ha puesto en evidencia que el discurso que presentaba a la "crisis" como una cuestión coyuntural fruto de los desequilibrios macroeconómicos, ha sido superado por la realidad que muestra descarnadamente una "crisis de desigualdad" inherente a la estructura misma del sistema económico que necesita como supuestos básicos la siguiente polarización: concentración de la riqueza y expansión de la pobreza extrema. Las respuestas neoliberales a esta crisis se han centrado en dos tipos de políticas sociales focalizadas: una para los "pobres" y otra para los "extremadamente pobres". Estas últimas han sido implementadas, entre otras, a través de programas de mejoramiento del medio ambiente en los barrios más desfavorecidos o también, por programas urgentes de empleo para el mantenimiento de la infraestructura pública y en el mejor de los casos programas de micro emprendimientos productivos. Una combinación de estas tres estrategias es la actual propuesta elaborada en San Luis que se denomina "Plan de Inclusión Social". Este Plan ha incorporado cerca de 40.000 desocupados de la provincia y ha "redefinido" algunos conceptos tales como trabajo, pobreza , inclusión social, que le dan un marco particular acorde a la política del gobierno provincial. Ahora bien: ¿Es posible hablar de la categoría trabajo para describir el beneficio que otorga un plan social? Este sería el interrogante clave que permitiría analizar sus múltiples dimensiones

Caracterización del trabajador Docente Universitario en la Universidad Nacional de San Luis

El texto intenta mostrar en un primer momento los diferentes abordajes del concepto de trabajo desde reconocidos autores como Braverman, Dejours, Offe, entre otros, ubicando este concepto en el marco de un sistema de producción capitalista. Luego, se trata de vincular estos abordajes a las características propias del trabajo Docente Universitario con sus particulares cualidades. A partir del supuesto que el Docente Universitario es un trabajador con las implicancias que ello involucra, cabe entonces plantearse algunas cuestiones tendientes a identificar la trayectoria de este trabajador, sus condiciones de producción y su producto, su permanencia en el puesto y las formas de ascenso laboral, sus deberes y derechos inscriptos en la normativa universitaria, los sistemas de evaluación a los cuales se ve expuesto, su vínculo con la "patronal", sus formas organizativas sindicales, su actividad prescripta y la que no lo está, su sistema organizativo laboral, etc. Todo ello sin perder de vista las políticas neoliberales actuales que van configurando determinados modos de proceder. Por último, a partir del estudio de estas características se procura dar los primeros pasos en la conceptualización del trabajo Docente Universitario y del trabajador Docente Universitario para, de este modo, repensar nuestras prácticas y revisar el posicionamiento que nos cabe en la sociedad actual

Neoliberalismo y Políticas Sociales Focalizadas : El caso de San Luis

La reestructuración neoliberal de las funciones del estado argentino a partir de la década del noventa hasta la actualidad, ha puesto en evidencia que el discurso que presentaba a la "crisis" como una cuestión coyuntural fruto de los desequilibrios macroeconómicos, ha sido superado por la realidad que muestra descarnadamente una "crisis de desigualdad" inherente a la estructura misma del sistema económico que necesita como supuestos básicos la siguiente polarización: concentración de la riqueza y expansión de la pobreza extrema. Las respuestas neoliberales a esta crisis se han centrado en dos tipos de políticas sociales focalizadas: una para los "pobres" y otra para los "extremadamente pobres". Estas últimas han sido implementadas, entre otras, a través de programas de mejoramiento del medio ambiente en los barrios más desfavorecidos o también, por programas urgentes de empleo para el mantenimiento de la infraestructura pública y en el mejor de los casos programas de micro emprendimientos productivos. Una combinación de estas tres estrategias es la actual propuesta elaborada en San Luis que se denomina "Plan de Inclusión Social". Este Plan ha incorporado cerca de 40.000 desocupados de la provincia y ha "redefinido" algunos conceptos tales como trabajo, pobreza , inclusión social, que le dan un marco particular acorde a la política del gobierno provincial. Ahora bien: ¿Es posible hablar de la categoría trabajo para describir el beneficio que otorga un plan social? Este sería el interrogante clave que permitiría analizar sus múltiples dimensiones

Caracterización del trabajador Docente Universitario en la Universidad Nacional de San Luis

El texto intenta mostrar en un primer momento los diferentes abordajes del concepto de trabajo desde reconocidos autores como Braverman, Dejours, Offe, entre otros, ubicando este concepto en el marco de un sistema de producción capitalista. Luego, se trata de vincular estos abordajes a las características propias del trabajo Docente Universitario con sus particulares cualidades. A partir del supuesto que el Docente Universitario es un trabajador con las implicancias que ello involucra, cabe entonces plantearse algunas cuestiones tendientes a identificar la trayectoria de este trabajador, sus condiciones de producción y su producto, su permanencia en el puesto y las formas de ascenso laboral, sus deberes y derechos inscriptos en la normativa universitaria, los sistemas de evaluación a los cuales se ve expuesto, su vínculo con la "patronal", sus formas organizativas sindicales, su actividad prescripta y la que no lo está, su sistema organizativo laboral, etc. Todo ello sin perder de vista las políticas neoliberales actuales que van configurando determinados modos de proceder. Por último, a partir del estudio de estas características se procura dar los primeros pasos en la conceptualización del trabajo Docente Universitario y del trabajador Docente Universitario para, de este modo, repensar nuestras prácticas y revisar el posicionamiento que nos cabe en la sociedad actual

Neoliberalismo y Políticas Sociales Focalizadas : El caso de San Luis

La reestructuración neoliberal de las funciones del estado argentino a partir de la década del noventa hasta la actualidad, ha puesto en evidencia que el discurso que presentaba a la "crisis" como una cuestión coyuntural fruto de los desequilibrios macroeconómicos, ha sido superado por la realidad que muestra descarnadamente una "crisis de desigualdad" inherente a la estructura misma del sistema económico que necesita como supuestos básicos la siguiente polarización: concentración de la riqueza y expansión de la pobreza extrema. Las respuestas neoliberales a esta crisis se han centrado en dos tipos de políticas sociales focalizadas: una para los "pobres" y otra para los "extremadamente pobres". Estas últimas han sido implementadas, entre otras, a través de programas de mejoramiento del medio ambiente en los barrios más desfavorecidos o también, por programas urgentes de empleo para el mantenimiento de la infraestructura pública y en el mejor de los casos programas de micro emprendimientos productivos. Una combinación de estas tres estrategias es la actual propuesta elaborada en San Luis que se denomina "Plan de Inclusión Social". Este Plan ha incorporado cerca de 40.000 desocupados de la provincia y ha "redefinido" algunos conceptos tales como trabajo, pobreza , inclusión social, que le dan un marco particular acorde a la política del gobierno provincial. Ahora bien: ¿Es posible hablar de la categoría trabajo para describir el beneficio que otorga un plan social? Este sería el interrogante clave que permitiría analizar sus múltiples dimensiones

Análise bioclimática do bairro do Renascença II São Luis-MA: realidade e perspectiva do conforto térmico em espaços externos

The present research concerns about outdoor s thermal comfort conditions in hot-humid climate cities, understanding that life quality is a result of the urban object s type built for the human being in an environment with specific climate and morphological characteristics. It is presented as object of study the correlation between the neighborhood Renascença II s microclimate in São Luis /MA-Brazil, hot-humid climate city, and its urban morphological changes. As well as the thermal comfort s satisfaction level of its outdoor users. The research has as general goal to diagnosis the way these transformations caused by the urbanization influence the Renascença II s microclimate, identifying critical spots of the studied area, in order to contribute with land use recommendations based on bioclimatic architecture concepts and supply bases to urban design decisions adequate to the São Luis climate. It is presented as theoretical bases the urban climate, its concepts and elements. After that, the thermal comfort conditioners and its prediction models of thermal comfort sensation in outdoor are presented. The predictive models are presented along with bioclimatic assessment methods. Finally the use of bioclimatic assessment as an effective tool to identify places that need changes or preservation in order to seek environment quality. The applied methodology was based on the studies of Katzschner (1997), complemented by Oliveira s (1988) and Bustos Romero s (2001) studies that suggest an analysis and evaluation of maps of topography, buildings floors, land use, green areas and land covering, in order to overlap their characteristics and identify climate variable s measurements points; then a quantitative analysis of the climate variables (air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction) of the chosen points takes place. It was perceived that Renaissance II has no permanence areas as squares or parks, its outdoor has little vegetation and presets high land impermeability and built density levels. The majority of the people interviewed said that was comfortable in a range of air temperature between 27,28ºC and 30,71ºC. The elaboration of a neighborhood master plan is important, which defines strategies for improvement of the life quality of its inhabitants

La programación neurolingüística como método para mejorar la acentuación en los estudiantes de tercero del colegio Juan Luis Londoño de la Salle sede Usme

Bogotá (Colombia) : Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias de La Educación. Licenciatura en Lengua Castellana, Inglés y Francés

Análise bioclimática do bairro do Renascença II São Luis-MA: realidade e perspectiva do conforto térmico em espaços externos

The present research concerns about outdoor s thermal comfort conditions in hot-humid climate cities, understanding that life quality is a result of the urban object s type built for the human being in an environment with specific climate and morphological characteristics. It is presented as object of study the correlation between the neighborhood Renascença II s microclimate in São Luis /MA-Brazil, hot-humid climate city, and its urban morphological changes. As well as the thermal comfort s satisfaction level of its outdoor users. The research has as general goal to diagnosis the way these transformations caused by the urbanization influence the Renascença II s microclimate, identifying critical spots of the studied area, in order to contribute with land use recommendations based on bioclimatic architecture concepts and supply bases to urban design decisions adequate to the São Luis climate. It is presented as theoretical bases the urban climate, its concepts and elements. After that, the thermal comfort conditioners and its prediction models of thermal comfort sensation in outdoor are presented. The predictive models are presented along with bioclimatic assessment methods. Finally the use of bioclimatic assessment as an effective tool to identify places that need changes or preservation in order to seek environment quality. The applied methodology was based on the studies of Katzschner (1997), complemented by Oliveira s (1988) and Bustos Romero s (2001) studies that suggest an analysis and evaluation of maps of topography, buildings floors, land use, green areas and land covering, in order to overlap their characteristics and identify climate variable s measurements points; then a quantitative analysis of the climate variables (air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction) of the chosen points takes place. It was perceived that Renaissance II has no permanence areas as squares or parks, its outdoor has little vegetation and presets high land impermeability and built density levels. The majority of the people interviewed said that was comfortable in a range of air temperature between 27,28ºC and 30,71ºC. The elaboration of a neighborhood master plan is important, which defines strategies for improvement of the life quality of its inhabitants

La asociatividad de los pescadores artesanales de la comunidad guadalupe la zorra, del municipio de San Luis la herradura, del departamento de La Paz, como estrategia de competitividad. Diseño de una propuesta administrativa.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo orientar a los pescadores artesanales de la comunidad Guadalupe La Zorra, para que conformen una Asociación cooperativa como una Estrategia de Competitividad. La actividad económica principal de la comunidad Guadalupe La Zorra, es la pesca artesanal, convirtiéndose está en el medio de subsistencia para los habitantes de esta comunidad. En la investigación realizada se utilizó la observación directa, la entrevista y la encuesta dirigida a los jefes de familia de la comunidad en estudio. Una vez efectuada la investigación se procedió al análisis de los resultados, los cuales revelaron que existe un desconocimiento de los beneficios de la Asociatividad, que les serviría como medio de competitividad para la venta de sus productos a mejores precios. También se determinó que los pescadores no tienen acceso a crédito, por carecer de garantías exigidas por los organismos financieros y esto les impide adquirir instrumentos y equipos adecuados para la producción y comercialización de sus productos. Se pudo observar que el índice de analfabetismo con respecto a los padres de familia es alto; este factor obstaculiza el desarrollo económico, social y cultural de los habitantes de la comunidad de manera individual y colectiva. Asimismo, se comprobó que existe un deterioro en el aguaje, causado por los fenómenos naturales, por tales motivos se propone que la comunidad conforme una Asociación, para obtener los beneficios que dicha actividad ofrece. También se considera que estando asociados pueden solicitar alternativas crediticias que les permita acceder a líneas de créditos amplias y favorables, así como también solicitar a los organismos correspondientes la construcción de escuelas para recibir educación nocturna o instituciones que proporciones la educación a distancia; para disminuir el analfabetismo. Además ya formada la Asociación Cooperativa, pueden gestionar ante el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente o bien a ONG’S especializadas en medio ambiente, que se implemente proyectos tendientes a conservar y recuperar el aguaje y también para el desarrollo de proyectos de acuicultura, donde cultiven sus preces y camarones.

EGFR expression as a predictor of survival for first-line chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer : analysis of data from the phase 3 FLEX study

Background: Findings from the phase 3 First-Line ErbituX in lung cancer (FLEX) study showed that the addition of cetuximab to first-line chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio [HR] 0·871, 95% CI 0·762-0·996; p=0·044) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To define patients benefiting most from cetuximab, we studied the association of tumour EGFR expression level with clinical outcome in FLEX study patients. Methods: We used prospectively collected tumour EGFR expression data to generate an immunohistochemistry score for FLEX study patients on a continuous scale of 0-300. We used response data to select an outcome-based discriminatory threshold immunohistochemistry score for EGFR expression of 200. Treatment outcome was analysed in patients with low (immunohistochemistry score <200) and high (≥200) tumour EGFR expression. The primary endpoint in the FLEX study was overall survival. We analysed patients from the FLEX intention-to-treat (ITT) population. The FLEX study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00148798. Findings: Tumour EGFR immunohistochemistry data were available for 1121 of 1125 (99·6%) patients from the FLEX study ITT population. High EGFR expression was scored for 345 (31%) evaluable patients and low for 776 (69%) patients. For patients in the high EGFR expression group, overall survival was longer in the chemotherapy plus cetuximab group than in the chemotherapy alone group (median 12·0 months [95% CI 10·2-15·2] vs 9·6 months [7·6-10·6]; HR 0·73, 0·58-0·93; p=0·011), with no meaningful increase in side-effects. We recorded no corresponding survival benefit for patients in the low EGFR expression group (median 9·8 months [8·9-12·2] vs 10·3 months [9·2-11·5]; HR 0·99, 0·84-1·16; p=0·88). A treatment interaction test assessing the difference in the HRs for overall survival between the EGFR expression groups suggested a predictive value for EGFR expression (p=0·044). Interpretation: High EGFR expression is a tumour biomarker that can predict survival benefit from the addition of cetuximab to first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. Assessment of EGFR expression could offer a personalised treatment approach in this setting. Funding: Merck KGaA. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Dispositional resistance to change : measurement equivalence and the link to personal values across 17 nations

The concept of dispositional resistance to change has been introduced in a series of exploratory and confirmatory analyses through which the validity of the Resistance to Change (RTC) Scale has been established (S. Oreg, 2003). However, the vast majority of participants with whom the scale was validated were from the United States. The purpose of the present work was to examine the meaningfulness of the construct and the validity of the scale across nations. Measurement equivalence analyses of data from 17 countries, representing 13 languages and 4 continents, confirmed the cross-national validity of the scale. Equivalent patterns of relationships between personal values and RTC across samples extend the nomological net of the construct and provide further evidence that dispositional resistance to change holds equivalent meanings across nations.

Measurement equivalence of the dispositional resistance to change scale

Intended to bridge the gap between the latest methodological developments and cross-cultural research, this interdisciplinary resource presents the latest strategies for analyzing cross-cultural data. Techniques are demonstrated through the use of applications that employ cross national data sets such as the latest European Social Survey. With an emphasis on the generalized latent variable approach, internationally?prominent researchers from a variety of fields explain how the methods work, how to apply them, and how they relate to other methods presented in the book. Syntax and graphical and verbal explanations of the techniques are included. [from publisher's website]

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.