The diurnal cycle of convection and atmospheric tides in an aquaplanet

The diurnal cycle of tropical convection and its relationship to the atmospheric tides is investigated using an aquaplanet GCM. The diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics of precipitation are both found to contribute significantly to the total diurnal variability of precipitation in the model, which is broadly consistent with observations of the diurnal cycle of convection over the open ocean. The semidiurnal tide is found to be the dominant forcing for the semidiurnal harmonic of precipitation. In contrast the diurnal tide plays only a small role in forcing the diurnal harmonic of precipitation, which is dominated by the variations in shortwave and longwave heating. In both the diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics, the feedback onto the convection by the humidity tendencies due to the convection is found to be important in determining the phase of the harmonics. Further experiments show that the diurnal cycle of precipitation is sensitive to the choice of closure in the convection scheme. While the surface pressure signal of the simulated atmospheric tides in the model agree well with both theory and observations in their magnitude and phase, sensitivity experiments suggest that the role of the stratospheric ozone in forcing the semidiurnal tide is much reduced compared to theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the influence of the cloud radiative effects seems small. It is suggested that the radiative heating profile in the troposphere, associated primarily with the water vapor distribution, is more important than previously thought for driving the semidiurnal tide. However, this result may be sensitive to the vertical resolution and extent of the model.

The effects of dwarfing genes on seedling root growth of wheat

Most modern wheat cultivars contain major dwarfing genes, but their effects on root growth are unclear. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1c, Rht8c, Rht-D1c, and Rht12 were used to characterize the effects of semi-dwarfing and dwarfing alleles on root growth of 'Mercia' and 'Maris Widgeon' wheat cultivars. Wheat seedlings were grown in gel chambers, soil-filled columns, and in the field. Roots were extracted and length and dry mass measured. No significant differences in root length were found between semi-dwarfing lines and the control lines in any experiment, nor was there a significant difference between the root lengths of the two cultivars grown in the field. Total root length of the dwarf lines (Rht-B1c, Rht-D1c, and Rht12) was significantly different from that of the control although the effect was dependent on the experimental methodology; in gel chambers root length of dwarfing lines was increased by; 40% while in both soil media it was decreased (by 24-33%). Root dry mass was 22-30% of the total dry mass in the soil-filled column and field experiments. Root length increased proportionally with grain mass, which varied between NILs, so grain mass was a covariate for the analysis of variance. Although total root length was altered by dwarf lines, root architecture (average root diameter, lateral root: total root ratio) was not affected by reduced height alleles. A direct effect of dwarfing alleles on root growth during seedling establishment, rather than a secondary partitioning effect, was suggested by the present experiments.

Generalized Bayesian cloud detection for satellite imagery. part 1: technique and validation for night-time imagery over land and sea

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) fields are used to assist the detection of cloud in satellite imagery. Simulated observations based on NWP are used within a framework based on Bayes' theorem to calculate a physically-based probability of each pixel with an imaged scene being clear or cloudy. Different thresholds can be set on the probabilities to create application-specific cloud-masks. Here, this is done over both land and ocean using night-time (infrared) imagery. We use a validation dataset of difficult cloud detection targets for the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) achieving true skill scores of 87% and 48% for ocean and land, respectively using the Bayesian technique, compared to 74% and 39%, respectively for the threshold-based techniques associated with the validation dataset.

Predicting fatty acid profiles in blood based on food intake and the FADS1 rs174546 SNP

SCOPE: A high intake of n-3 PUFA provides health benefits via changes in the n-6/n-3 ratio in blood. In addition to such dietary PUFAs, variants in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene are also associated with altered PUFA profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used mathematical modelling to predict levels of PUFA in whole blood, based on MHT and bolasso selected food items, anthropometric and lifestyle factors, and the rs174546 genotypes in FADS1 from 1,607 participants (Food4Me Study). The models were developed using data from the first reported time point (training set) and their predictive power was evaluated using data from the last reported time point (test set). Amongst other food items, fish, pizza, chicken and cereals were identified as being associated with the PUFA profiles. Using these food items and the rs174546 genotypes as predictors, models explained 26% to 43% of the variability in PUFA concentrations in the training set and 22% to 33% in the test set. CONCLUSIONS: Selecting food items using MHT is a valuable contribution to determine predictors, as our models' predictive power is higher compared to analogue studies. As unique feature, we additionally confirmed our models' power based on a test set.

Sol-gel prepared AlPO(4) with incorporating Rhodamine 6G

Rhodamine 6G (RH6G) laser dye-doped AlPO(4) xerogel and glass were prepared via a simple sol-gel route by one-step process and two-step process, respectively. The aggregating behavior of dyes in xerogel and glass was studied by excitation and emission spectra. The results indicated the dye aggregates become significantly weak in AlPO(4) glass than in xerogel, which might be attributed to the enhanced interactions between dye and AlPO(4) network as well as the nano-scale separation of dye by the mesoporous structure of AlPO(4) glass. The (27)Al MAS NMR of AlPO(4) glass confirms the interaction of RH6G with AlPO(4) glass network. Incorporation of RH6G into AlPO(4) glass converts Al(4) to Al(6) units, resulting in the increase of Al(6) concentration with the doped RH6G concentration. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Improved testing inference in mixed linear models

Mixed linear models are commonly used in repeated measures studies. They account for the dependence amongst observations obtained from the same experimental unit. Often, the number of observations is small, and it is thus important to use inference strategies that incorporate small sample corrections. In this paper, we develop modified versions of the likelihood ratio test for fixed effects inference in mixed linear models. In particular, we derive a Bartlett correction to such a test, and also to a test obtained from a modified profile likelihood function. Our results generalize those in [Zucker, D.M., Lieberman, O., Manor, O., 2000. Improved small sample inference in the mixed linear model: Bartlett correction and adjusted likelihood. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 62,827-838] by allowing the parameter of interest to be vector-valued. Additionally, our Bartlett corrections allow for random effects nonlinear covariance matrix structure. We report simulation results which show that the proposed tests display superior finite sample behavior relative to the standard likelihood ratio test. An application is also presented and discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Desenvolvimento teórico e análise numérica de uma plataforma de forças extensométrica com aplicação específica na impulsão para o salto em distância

Na realização de atividades físicas o corpo humano exerce forças contra o solo. Em atividades tais como correr e saltar as forças são exercidas através dos pés. Atualmente, sabe-se que estudos da magnitude e direção destas forças, e das maneiras de suas mudanças no tempo, fornecem valiosas informações sobre a performance alcançada no movimento, podendo indicar medidas corretivas que possam aprimorá-la. Na obtenção destas variáveis determinantes no desempenho do movimento utilizam-se instrumentos denominados plataformas de forças, capazes de medir a força de ação realizada sobre sua superfície de contato, e o respectivo momento, permitindo a determinação das três componentes ortogonais de força (Fx, Fy, Fz) e os momentos em torno dos três eixos ortogonais (Mx, My, Mz) simultaneamente. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento teórico de uma plataforma de forças específica para aplicação na decolagem do salto em distância, bem como as alternativas de projeto geradas neste desenvolvimento. Foram buscadas soluções para a realização dos experimentos sob condições naturais de treinamento, visando a construção do instrumento e sua instalação na pista de saltos atléticos. Para isso é proposta a substituição da tábua de impulsão original pela plataforma de forças desenvolvida. Nas alternativas geradas foi utilizado o princípio extensométrico resistivo de medição de forças, que representa uma diminuição substancial no custo de manufatura estimado frente às unidades comercialmente avaliadas. Nestas alternativas, os sensores resistivos “strain gages” são localizados estrategicamente em estruturas metálicas que sustentam uma tampa de material composto com a função de superfície de contato Para a análise estrutural das alternativas estudadas foi utilizado o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Para comparar e escolher a melhor entre as diversas alternativas, foram propostos índices de desempenho. Ao final do trabalho são apresentadas conclusões sobre a metodologia empregada no estudo realizado e sobre o novo modelo de plataforma de forças desenvolvido.

A influência da conectividade no desempenho de uma cadeia de suprimentos característica do setor automobilístico brasileiro utilizando a dinâmica de sistemas

A centenária indústria automobilística, um dos elementos responsáveis pela condução da economia mundial ao longo do século XX, tem liderado e ao mesmo tem sido alvo de intensas mudanças provocadas pelo fortalecimento dos processos de globalização, onde se instala um ambiente de competição extrema, e cujo cenário se estende a todos os níveis de sua cadeia produtiva. Hoje testemunhamos a liderança construída ao longo do século XX, pela gigante americana General Motors, ser ultrapassada pela montadora japonesa Toyota. A competição global não se processa mais entre empresas de forma isolada, e sim entre cadeias de suprimentos, cuja gestão transcende as relações formais entre as empresas, tornando-se cada vez mais complexa e de difícil previsibilidade e estabilidade. Por outro lado, persiste, tanto nos meios acadêmicos como no empresarial, a carência de modelos de análise que auxiliem nos processos de gestão da cadeia de suprimentos e de seus elos, resultando processos baseados na experiência e na intuição, sem que variáveis relevantes, que exercem influência direta ou indireta ao longo do tempo nos resultados, tenham sido levadas em consideração. A principal proposta assim com a contribuição desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento e validação de uma metodologia para identificação de modelos mentais e sua conversão em diagramas causais, utilizando como base uma cadeia de suprimentos característica da indústria automobilística brasileira, pioneira na implantação do conceito de consórcio e condomínio modular. Para complementar este trabalho, foi desenvolvido através dos diagramas causais, em caráter exploratório, um modelo de simulação computadorizado que permite observar as respostas do sistema dado uma variação em uma de suas variáveis.

Immunoprophylactic strategies against enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in goats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of Aspergillus spp. exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro fermentation of tropical forages

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Violência doméstica: análise das lesões em mulheres

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de lesões de cabeça e pescoço em mulheres, frente aos inquéritos policiais registrados como lesão corporal e maus-tratos na Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil, no ano de 2002. Foram totalizados 204 inquéritos policiais no ano de 2002, e destes extraídos 33 laudos periciais referentes aos crimes de lesões corporais e maus-tratos em mulheres. Analisou-se nos laudos médicos da perícia, aspectos relativos à idade das vítimas e local das lesões por elas apresentadas na ocasião do exame. Os resultados encontrados revelam que as agressões ocorrem em faixas etárias diversas, com predominância na infância e adolescência. Além disso, ocorreu a maior prevalência de lesões na região da cabeça e pescoço, área de atuação do cirurgião-dentista que necessita estar preparado para atender, entre outros, o paciente vítima de violência.

La pensión social y la protección de los adultos mayores en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia

Incluye Bibliografía

Virtual instrumentation: A practical approach to control and supervision process

This work describes a control and supervision application takes into account the virtual instrumentation advantages to control and supervision industrial manufacturing stations belonging to the modular production system MPS® by Festo. These stations integrate sensors, actuators, conveyor belt and other industrial elements. The focus in this approach was to replace the use of programmable logic controllers by a computer equipped with a software application based on Labview and, together, performs the functions of traditional instruments and PLCs. The manufacturing stations had their processes modeled and simulated in Petri nets. After the models were implemented in Labview environment. Tests and previous similar works in MPS® installed in Automation Laboratory, at UNESP Sorocaba campus, showed the materials and methods used in this work allow the successful use of virtual instrumentation. The results indicate the technology as an advantageous approach for the automation of industrial processes, with gains in flexibility and reduction in project cost. © 2011 IEEE.