Pyroptosis: Caspase-11 Unlocks the Gates of Death.

How inflammatory caspases trigger pyroptotic cell death is mostly unexplained. In this issue of Immunity, Núñez and colleagues report that caspase-11 cleaves the transmembrane channel pannexin-1, causing an efflux of cellular ATP that promotes a P2X7 receptor-dependent pyroptosis.

Acceptance and Use of Information Technology among Nurses in Psychiatric Hospitals

Hoitajien informaatioteknologian hyväksyntä ja käyttö psykiatrisissa sairaaloissa Informaatioteknologian (IT) käyttö ei ole ollut kovin merkittävässä roolissa psykiatrisessa hoitotyössä, vaikka IT sovellusten on todettu vaikuttaneen radikaalisti terveydenhuollon palveluihin ja hoitohenkilökunnan työprosesseihin viime vuosina. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kuvata psykiatrisessa hoitotyössä toimivan hoitohenkilökunnan informaatioteknologian hyväksyntää ja käyttöä ja luoda suositus, jonka avulla on mahdollista tukea näitä asioita psykiatrisissa sairaaloissa. Tutkimus koostuu viidestä osatutkimuksesta, joissa on hyödynnetty sekä tilastollisia että laadullisia tutkimusmetodeja. Tutkimusaineistot on kerätty yhdeksän akuuttipsykiatrian osaston hoitohenkilökunnan keskuudessa vuosien 2003-2006 aikana. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) –teoriaa on hyödynnetty jäsentämään tutkimusprosessia sekä syventämään ymmärrystä saaduista tutkimustuloksista. Tutkimus osoitti kahdeksan keskeistä tekijää, jotka saattavat tukea psykiatrisessa sairaalassa toimivien hoitajien tietoteknologiasovellusten hyväksyntää ja hyödyntämistä, kun nämä tekijät otetaan huomioon uusia sovelluksia käyttöönotettaessa. Tekijät jakautuivat kahteen ryhmään; ulkoiset tekijät (resurssien suuntaaminen, yhteistyö, tietokonetaidot, IT koulutus, sovelluksen käyttöön liittyvä harjoittelu, potilas-hoitaja suhde), sekä käytön helppous ja sovelluksen käytettävyys (käytön ohjeistus, käytettävyyden varmistaminen). TAM teoria todettiin käyttökelpoiseksi tulosten tulkinnassa. Kehitetty suositus sisältää ne toimenpiteet, joiden avulla on mahdollista tukea sekä organisaation johdon että hoitohenkilökunnan sitoutumista ja tätä kautta varmistaa uuden sovelluksen hyväksyntä ja käyttö hoitotyössä. Suositusta on mahdollista hyödyntää käytännössä kun uusia tietojärjestelmiä implementoidaan käyttöön psykiatrisissa sairaaloissa.

A Practical Micro Mechanical Model Based Local Approach Methodology for the Analysis of Ductile Fracture of Welded T-Joints

This thesis concentrates on developing a practical local approach methodology based on micro mechanical models for the analysis of ductile fracture of welded joints. Two major problems involved in the local approach, namely the dilational constitutive relation reflecting the softening behaviour of material, and the failure criterion associated with the constitutive equation, have been studied in detail. Firstly, considerable efforts were made on the numerical integration and computer implementation for the non trivial dilational Gurson Tvergaard model. Considering the weaknesses of the widely used Euler forward integration algorithms, a family of generalized mid point algorithms is proposed for the Gurson Tvergaard model. Correspondingly, based on the decomposition of stresses into hydrostatic and deviatoric parts, an explicit seven parameter expression for the consistent tangent moduli of the algorithms is presented. This explicit formula avoids any matrix inversion during numerical iteration and thus greatly facilitates the computer implementation of the algorithms and increase the efficiency of the code. The accuracy of the proposed algorithms and other conventional algorithms has been assessed in a systematic manner in order to highlight the best algorithm for this study. The accurate and efficient performance of present finite element implementation of the proposed algorithms has been demonstrated by various numerical examples. It has been found that the true mid point algorithm (a = 0.5) is the most accurate one when the deviatoric strain increment is radial to the yield surface and it is very important to use the consistent tangent moduli in the Newton iteration procedure. Secondly, an assessment of the consistency of current local failure criteria for ductile fracture, the critical void growth criterion, the constant critical void volume fraction criterion and Thomason's plastic limit load failure criterion, has been made. Significant differences in the predictions of ductility by the three criteria were found. By assuming the void grows spherically and using the void volume fraction from the Gurson Tvergaard model to calculate the current void matrix geometry, Thomason's failure criterion has been modified and a new failure criterion for the Gurson Tvergaard model is presented. Comparison with Koplik and Needleman's finite element results shows that the new failure criterion is fairly accurate indeed. A novel feature of the new failure criterion is that a mechanism for void coalescence is incorporated into the constitutive model. Hence the material failure is a natural result of the development of macroscopic plastic flow and the microscopic internal necking mechanism. By the new failure criterion, the critical void volume fraction is not a material constant and the initial void volume fraction and/or void nucleation parameters essentially control the material failure. This feature is very desirable and makes the numerical calibration of void nucleation parameters(s) possible and physically sound. Thirdly, a local approach methodology based on the above two major contributions has been built up in ABAQUS via the user material subroutine UMAT and applied to welded T joints. By using the void nucleation parameters calibrated from simple smooth and notched specimens, it was found that the fracture behaviour of the welded T joints can be well predicted using present methodology. This application has shown how the damage parameters of both base material and heat affected zone (HAZ) material can be obtained in a step by step manner and how useful and capable the local approach methodology is in the analysis of fracture behaviour and crack development as well as structural integrity assessment of practical problems where non homogeneous materials are involved. Finally, a procedure for the possible engineering application of the present methodology is suggested and discussed.

Factors affecting the usability of aspen (Populus tremula) wood dried at different temperature levels

In this dissertation the main aim was to study the usability of aspen wood in the mechanical wood processes, especially the factors that affect the usability of aspen wood, which is dried at different temperature levels. The problematic of varying temperatures from level to another seem to have significant effects on distortions. According to the studies conducted, many practical solutions for drying of aspen timber can be made. European aspen sawn timber should be dried in relatively narrow widths, short lengths, edged and sawn pith free. The results achieved give an interesting view for the distortions of aspen wood between HT drying and heat treatment. The most significant result is that cupping seems to decrease when increasing temperature level from HT drying to heat treatment phase. The difference is significant. Other very obvious result is that bow and crook are increasing between these two temperature levels, bow significantly. Also the modelling gives a good background for this result since cupping is reduced by higher temperatures. It can also be assumed that these distortions can be affected for example by sorting out the timber used to different moisture levels before drying. This could be a very simple solution for practical purposes. From practical point of view, it was also noted during the drying tests performed that the discoloration seem to be no problem for aspen boards dried in temperatures under 150 °C. Altogether, this dissertation covers many interesting points of view of factors affecting distortions of wood in different temperature stages. Aspen as species in use of mechanical wood industries seems to be a species suitable for component production. According to the results, the best yield from aspen timber can be achieved in industry that can utilize relatively short components of sawn wood. Results achieved give a significant indication about the factors affecting distortions of wood at different temperature stages of drying, especially considering European aspen.

De moralitate dicti Salvatoris Matth. V:comm. 22. sectio philologica

Invocatio: [hepreaa].

Ralstonia solanacearum em viveiros clonais de eucalipto no Brasil

A incidência da murcha bacteriana, causada por Ralstonia solanacearum, em viveiros clonais de eucalipto, no período de abril a setembro de 2005, resultou no descarte de cerca de 553.991 minicepas, 6.837.691 propágulos na fase de enraizamento e 11.266.819 mudas, nos Estados da Bahia, do Espírito Santo, do Maranhão, de Minas Gerais e do Pará, totalizando um prejuízo estimado em, no mínimo, seis milhões de reais (US$ 2,7 milhões). Em minijardim clonal, a doença caracteriza-se por necrose foliar, escurecimento anelar ou completo do lenho, murcha e morte de minicepas. Os sintomas na parte aérea são similares à morte gradual de minicepas submetidas a podas drásticas ou com sistema radicular malformado. Na fase de enraizamento, miniestacas infectadas podem apresentar arroxeamento das nervuras do limbo foliar e podridão. No campo, a doença caracteriza-se por bronzeamento e necrose foliar, desfolha basal, ascendente escurecimento interno do lenho e morte da planta, geralmente a partir do quarto mês após o transplantio. Os sintomas geralmente se agravam em árvores com enovelamento de raízes e afogamento de coleto. A etiologia da doença foi confirmada por meio de testes de exsudação, microscopia de varredura, isolamento da bactéria, análises de PCR/RFLP, reação de hipersensibilidade (HR) em mudas de fumo, testes de patogenicidade em plântulas de eucalipto e tomate e re-isolamento da bactéria. Como o sistema de produção de mudas clonais de eucalipto é altamente favorável à multiplicação bacteriana e na falta de conhecimento sobre a resistência genética e de outras estratégias de controle da doença, é essencial evitar a introdução da bactéria em viveiros.

Sua kiitän

Soitinnus: piano.

L'Univers

1869/08/15 (Numéro 837).

Fatores de Risco para Natimortalidade em um Hospital Universitário da Região Sul do Brasil

Objetivo: estudar a influência da assistência pré-natal e de fatores materno-fetais nas taxas de natimortalidade de um hospital universitário da região sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo caso-controle de 61 casos de natimortos ocorridos antes do início do trabalho de parto no Hospital Geral da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, RS, entre março de 1998 e junho de 2001. Os controles (n=224) foram selecionados aleatoriamente entre os fetos nascidos vivos no mesmo período. A análise da qualidade da atenção pré-natal baseou-se nos critérios estabelecidos pelo Programa de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento do Ministério da Saúde (PNHPN, 2000). Para avaliar possíveis fatores de risco de natimortalidade foi utilizado o odds ratio (OR). Eventuais fatores de confusão foram avaliados por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: observou-se maior prevalência de prematuridade entre os casos de natimortos (idade gestacional média de 31,7+4,7 vs 38,6+0,9 semanas). O peso médio entre os natimortos foi de 1.705 g (+837 g) e de 3.080 g (+576 g) entre os controles. Acompanhamento pré-natal foi referido por 81,5% das mães dos natimortos e 91,6% do grupo controle. A análise inicial revelou associação de três fatores com o evento da natimortalidade: a atenção pré-natal inadequada quanto ao número de consultas médicas e solicitação de exames complementares básicos (43,6 vs 23,4%), a história prévia de natimortalidade (6,6 vs 0,9%) e a idade materna (27+7,9 anos vs 24+6,4 anos). Todavia, após o ajustamento desses resultados pela regressão logística, apenas a idade materna manteve associação significativa com o óbito fetal. Conclusões: no presente estudo, a idade materna foi o fator mais fortemente associado com a natimortalidade.

Multibody Simulation Model of the Roller Test Rig

Multibody simulation model of the roller test rig is presented in this work. The roller test rig consists of a paper machine’s tube roll supported with a hard bearing type balancing machine. The simulation model includes non-idealities that are measured from the physical structure. These non-idealities are the shell thickness variation of the roll and roundness errors of the shafts of the roll. These kinds of non-idealities are harmful since they can cause subharmonic resonances of the rotor system. In this case, the natural vibration mode of the rotor is excited when the rotation speed is a fraction of the natural frequency of the system. With the simulation model, the half critical resonance is studied in detail and a sensitivity analysis is performed by simulating several analyses with slightly different input parameters. The model is verified by comparing the simulation results with those obtained by measuring the real structure. Comparison shows that good accuracy is achieved, since equivalent responses are achieved within the error limit of the input parameters.

Kuopion seudun liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma : Kuopion maaseutualueet

Pohjois-Savon ELY-keskus, Kuopion, Juankosken ja Suonenjoen kaupungit sekä Kaavin ja Rautalammin kunnat ovat laatineet yhdessä Kuopion seudun liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelman. Kuntakohtaiset suunnitelmaraportit sisältävät sekä liikenneympäristön parantamissuunnitelmat että liikenneturvallisuustyön kehittämissuunnitelmat. Liikenneympäristön parantamistoimenpiteiden suunnittelua ohjasivat työn aikana määritetyt kunnille yhteiset liikenneturvallisuuden ja esteettömyyden parantamista koskevat periaatteet sekä tarkemmin kuntakohtaiset erityispiirteet. Myös liikenneturvallisuustyön toimintasuunnitelmat laadittiin kunnille yhteisten periaatteiden ohjaamina. Suunnitelman laadinnassa otettiin huomioon Itä-Suomen liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma ja kuntien omat liikkumiseen ja turvallisuuteen kytkeytyvät strategiat ja tavoitteet. Kuopion maaseutualueelle on esitetty liikenneympäristön parantamistoimenpiteitä yhteensä 65 kohteeseen sekä vuoden 2013 alussa Kuopioon liitetyn Nilsiän alueelle 31 kohteeseen. Toimenpiteet painottuvat Karttulan, Syvänniemen, Vehmersalmen ja Melalahden taajamiin ongelmakohteisiin. Toimenpiteiden suunnittelussa on otettu huomioon edellä mainitut yleiset periaatteet sekä tiedossa olevien kaava-/maankäyttöhankkeiden lähivuosina edellyttämät toimenpiteet. Toimenpiteiden toteuttaminen on vaiheistettu kolmeen ohjeelliseen kiireellisyysluokkaan; vuosina 2013-2016 ja 2017-2020 sekä vuoden 2021 jälkeen toteutettaviin toimenpiteisiin. Lisäksi erikseen on esitetty myös pienemmät ns. pikatoimenpiteet. Parantamistoimenpiteiden kustannuksiksi on arvioitu yhteensä 1,9 milj.€, josta puuttuvat suuret ns. erillishankkeet. Liikenneturvallisuustyön toimintasuunnitelmassa on esitetty kaupungin liikenneturvallisuusryhmän kokoonpano, toimintamalli ja tehtävät sekä hallintokuntakohtaiset liikenneturvallisuustyön toimintasuunnitelmat. Liikenneturvallisuuden edistämisen ohella suunnitelman laadinnassa painopisteenä oli viisaiden ja kestävien liikkumistapojen edistäminen, mikä on ehdotettu kytkettäväksi osaksi kaupungin liikenneturvallisuustyötä. Lisäksi raportissa on käsitelty liikenneturvallisuustyön markkinointia ja tiedottamista. Liikenneturvallisuustoimenpiteiden ja -tavoitteiden toteutumisen seurantaa varten suunniteltiin erilaisia mittareita.

A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study with tranexamic acid of bleeding and fibrinolytic activity after primary coronary artery bypass grafting

Cardiopulmonary bypass is frequently associated with excessive blood loss. Platelet dysfunction is the main cause of non-surgical bleeding after open-heart surgery. We randomized 65 patients in a double-blind fashion to receive tranexamic acid or placebo in order to determine whether antifibrinolytic therapy reduces chest tube drainage. The tranexamic acid group received an intravenous loading dose of 10 mg/kg, before the skin incision, followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg kg-1 h-1 for 5 h. The placebo group received a bolus of normal saline solution and continuous infusion of normal saline for 5 h. Postoperative bleeding and fibrinolytic activity were assessed. Hematologic data, convulsive seizures, allogeneic transfusion, occurrence of myocardial infarction, mortality, allergic reactions, postoperative renal insufficiency, and reopening rate were also evaluated. The placebo group had a greater postoperative blood loss (median (25th to 75th percentile) 12 h after surgery (540 (350-750) vs 300 (250-455) mL, P = 0.001). The placebo group also had greater blood loss 24 h after surgery (800 (520-1050) vs 500 (415-725) mL, P = 0.008). There was a significant increase in plasma D-dimer levels after coronary artery bypass grafting only in patients of the placebo group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the group treated with tranexamic acid. The D-dimer levels were 1057 (1025-1100) µg/L in the placebo group and 520 (435-837) µg/L in the tranexamic acid group (P = 0.01). We conclude that tranexamic acid effectively reduces postoperative bleeding and fibrinolysis in patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting compared to placebo.

Exercise improved lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in rats fed a high-fat diet by regulating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and musclin expression

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise training on triglyceride deposition and the expression of musclin and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in a rat model of insulin resistance. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old, weight 160±10 g) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calories from fat) and randomly divided into high-fat control group and swimming intervention group. Rats fed with standard food served as normal control. We found that 8-week swimming intervention significantly decreased body weight (from 516.23±46.27 to 455.43±32.55 g) and visceral fat content (from 39.36±2.50 to 33.02±2.24 g) but increased insulin sensitivity index of the rats fed with a high-fat diet. Moreover, swimming intervention improved serum levels of TG (from 1.40±0.83 to 0.58±0.26 mmol/L) and free fatty acids (from 837.80±164.25 to 556.38±144.77 μEq/L) as well as muscle triglycerides deposition (from 0.55±0.06 to 0.45±0.02 mmol/g) in rats fed a high-fat diet. Compared with rats fed a standard food, musclin expression was significantly elevated, while GLUT4 expression was decreased in the muscles of rats fed a high-fat diet. In sharp contrast, swimming intervention significantly reduced the expression of musclin and increased the expression of GLUT4 in the muscles of rats fed a high-fat diet. In conclusion, increased musclin expression may be associated with insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, and exercise training improves lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity probably by upregulating GLUT4 and downregulating musclin.

Feasibility of industrial implementation of laser cutting into paper making machine

Laser cutting implementation possibilities into paper making machine was studied as the main objective of the work. Laser cutting technology application was considered as a replacement tool for conventional cutting methods used in paper making machines for longitudinal cutting such as edge trimming at different paper making process and tambour roll slitting. Laser cutting of paper was tested in 70’s for the first time. Since then, laser cutting and processing has been applied for paper materials with different level of success in industry. Laser cutting can be employed for longitudinal cutting of paper web in machine direction. The most common conventional cutting methods include water jet cutting and rotating slitting blades applied in paper making machines. Cutting with CO2 laser fulfils basic requirements for cutting quality, applicability to material and cutting speeds in all locations where longitudinal cutting is needed. Literature review provided description of advantages, disadvantages and challenges of laser technology when it was applied for cutting of paper material with particular attention to cutting of moving paper web. Based on studied laser cutting capabilities and problem definition of conventional cutting technologies, preliminary selection of the most promising application area was carried out. Laser cutting (trimming) of paper web edges in wet end was estimated to be the most promising area where it can be implemented. This assumption was made on the basis of rate of web breaks occurrence. It was found that up to 64 % of total number of web breaks occurred in wet end, particularly in location of so called open draws where paper web was transferred unsupported by wire or felt. Distribution of web breaks in machine cross direction revealed that defects of paper web edge was the main reason of tearing initiation and consequent web break. The assumption was made that laser cutting was capable of improvement of laser cut edge tensile strength due to high cutting quality and sealing effect of the edge after laser cutting. Studies of laser ablation of cellulose supported this claim. Linear energy needed for cutting was calculated with regard to paper web properties in intended laser cutting location. Calculated linear cutting energy was verified with series of laser cutting. Practically obtained laser energy needed for cutting deviated from calculated values. This could be explained by difference in heat transfer via radiation in laser cutting and different absorption characteristics of dry and moist paper material. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist (dry matter content about 25-40%)) were tested for strength properties. It was shown that tensile strength and strain break of laser cut samples are similar to corresponding values of non-laser cut samples. Chosen method, however, did not address tensile strength of laser cut edge in particular. Thus, the assumption of improving strength properties with laser cutting was not fully proved. Laser cutting effect on possible pollution of mill broke (recycling of trimmed edge) was carried out. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist) were tested on the content of dirt particles. The tests revealed that accumulation of dust particles on the surface of moist samples can take place. This has to be taken into account to prevent contamination of pulp suspension when trim waste is recycled. Material loss due to evaporation during laser cutting and amount of solid residues after cutting were evaluated. Edge trimming with laser would result in 0.25 kg/h of solid residues and 2.5 kg/h of lost material due to evaporation. Schemes of laser cutting implementation and needed laser equipment were discussed. Generally, laser cutting system would require two laser sources (one laser source for each cutting zone), set of beam transfer and focusing optics and cutting heads. In order to increase reliability of system, it was suggested that each laser source would have double capacity. That would allow to perform cutting employing one laser source working at full capacity for both cutting zones. Laser technology is in required level at the moment and do not require additional development. Moreover, capacity of speed increase is high due to availability high power laser sources what can support the tendency of speed increase of paper making machines. Laser cutting system would require special roll to maintain cutting. The scheme of such roll was proposed as well as roll integration into paper making machine. Laser cutting can be done in location of central roll in press section, before so-called open draw where many web breaks occur, where it has potential to improve runability of a paper making machine. Economic performance of laser cutting was done as comparison of laser cutting system and water jet cutting working in the same conditions. It was revealed that laser cutting would still be about two times more expensive compared to water jet cutting. This is mainly due to high investment cost of laser equipment and poor energy efficiency of CO2 lasers. Another factor is that laser cutting causes material loss due to evaporation whereas water jet cutting almost does not cause material loss. Despite difficulties of laser cutting implementation in paper making machine, its implementation can be beneficial. The crucial role in that is possibility to improve cut edge strength properties and consequently reduce number of web breaks. Capacity of laser cutting to maintain cutting speeds which exceed current speeds of paper making machines what is another argument to consider laser cutting technology in design of new high speed paper making machines.

Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1906/12/02 (Numéro 837).