The structure of ammonium oxalohydroxamate - a monopropellant

Abstract. NHn+.C2H3NzO4, Mr= 137.1, triclinic, Pi, a=3-952(1), b=6.772(1), c=9.993(1)A, a= 98.06 (1), fl= 89.96 (1), ~= 106.96 (1) °. V=253.06 A 3, z = 2, 2(Cu Ka) = 1.5418 A, g =15.29 cm -~, D m = 1.805, D x = 1.798 g cm -3, F(000)= 144, T= 293 K, R = 0.048 for 795 observed reflections. The unit cell contains two independent centrosymmetric molecules, one centred at (0,0,0) and the other at (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). The presence of experimentally determined~N-H groups and the -C=O bond lengths of 1.248 (4) and 1.247 (4)A indicate that the compound exists in the oxamic rather than the oximic form. Only one hydroxyl hydrogen is associated with each molecule. They are located at centres of inversion (0,0.5,0 and 0,0.5,0.5) and are shared between symmetry-related molecules via short symmetric H bonds with O...O=2.454(4), 2.457(4) and all O-H = 1.23 A

Functional outcome and health-related quality of life after traumatic brain injury in the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects people of all ages and is a cause of long-term disability. In recent years, the epidemiological patterns of TBI have been changing. TBI is a heterogeneous disorder with different forms of presentation and highly individual outcome regarding functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The meaning of disability differs from person to person based on the individual s personality, value system, past experience, and the purpose he or she sees in life. Understanding of all these viewpoints is needed in comprehensive rehabilitation. This study examines the epidemiology of TBI in Finland as well as functioning and HRQoL after TBI, and compares the subjective and objective assessments of outcome. The frame of reference is the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The subjects of Study I represent the population of Finnish TBI patients who experienced their first TBI between 1991 and 2005. The 55 Finnish subjects of Studies II and IV participated in the first wave of the international Quality of life after brain injury (QOLIBRI) validation study. The 795 subjects from six language areas of Study III formed the second wave of the QOLIBRI validation study. The average annual incidence of Finnish hospitalised TBI patients during the years 1991-2005 was 101:100 000 in patients who had TBI as the primary diagnosis and did not have a previous TBI in their medical history. Males (59.2%) were at considerably higher risk of getting a TBI than females. The most common external cause of the injury was falls in all age groups. The number of TBI patients ≥ 70 years of age increased by 59.4% while the number of inhabitants older than 70 years increased by 30.3% in the population of Finland during the same time period. The functioning of a sample of 55 persons with TBI was assessed by extracting information from the patients medical documents using the ICF checklist. The most common problems were found in the ICF components of Body Functions (b) and Activities and Participation (d). HRQoL was assessed with the QOLIBRI which showed the highest level of satisfaction on the Emotions, Physical Problems and Daily Life and Autonomy scales. The highest scores were obtained by the youngest participants and participants living independently without the help of other people, and by people who were working. The relationship between the functional outcome and HRQoL was not straightforward. The procedure of linking the QOLIBRI and the GOSE to the ICF showed that these two outcome measures cover the relevant domains of TBI patients functioning. The QOLIBRI provides the patients subjective view, while the GOSE summarises the objective elements of functioning. Our study indicates that there are certain domains of functioning that are not traditionally sufficiently documented but are important for the HRQoL of persons with TBI. This was the finding especially in the domains of interpersonal relationships, social and leisure activities, self, and the environment. Rehabilitation aims to optimize functioning and to minimize the experience of disability among people with health conditions, and it needs to be based on a comprehensive understanding of human functioning. As an integrative model, the ICF may serve as a frame of reference in achieving such an understanding.

An electron diffraction study of quasicrystals in Ti-37 at% Mn and Ti-24 at% Mn-13 at% Fe alloys

Electron diffraction studies were carried out to establish the icosahedral phase formation in rapidly quenched Ti-37 at% Mn and Ti-24 at% Mn-13 at% Fe alloys. Distortions in the diffraction spots and diffuse intensities in the diffraction patterns were investigated. The existence of a rational approximant structure and a decagonal like phase are also reported.

Sliding wear of copper against alumina

OFHC copper pins with 10 ppm oxygen were slid against alumina at a load of 50 N and sliding speeds of 0.1 ms(-1) to 4.0 ms(-1) The wear characteristics of copper were related to the strain rate response of copper under uniaxial compression between strain rates of 0.1 s(-1) and 100 s(-1) and temperatures in the range of 298 K to 673 K. It is seen that copper undergoes flow banding at strain rates of 1 s(-1) up to a temperature of 523 K, which is the major instability in the region tested. These flow bands are regions of crack nucleation. The strain rates and temperatures existing in the subsurface of copper slid against alumina are estimated and superimposed on the strain rate response map of copper. The superposition shows that the subsurface of copper slid at low velocities is likely to exhibit flow band instability induced cracking. It is suggested that this is the,reason for the observed high wear rate at low velocities. The subsurface deformation with increasing velocity becomes more homogeneous. This reduces the wear rate. At velocities >2 ms(-1) there is homogenous flow and extrusion of thin (10 mu m) bands of material out of the trailing edge. This results in the gradual increase of wear rate with increasing velocity above 2.0 ms(-1).

Interdiffusion in the Fe-Pt System

Diffusion-couple experiments are conducted in the Fe-Pt system. The phase boundary compositions of the phases measured in this study are found to be different than the compositions published previously. In the gamma-FePt solid solution, the interdiffusion coefficient increases with the Pt content up to 25 at. pct Pt. Fe is the faster diffusing species in this phase. The trend in the interdiffusion coefficient is explained with the help of calculated driving force for diffusion. To reduce errors, the average interdiffusion coefficients are calculated in the FePt and FePt3 compounds.

Particle image velocimetry and infrared thermography in a levitated droplet with nanosilica suspensions

Preferential accumulation and agglomeration kinetics of nanoparticles suspended in an acoustically levitated water droplet under radiative heating has been studied. Particle image velocimetry performed to map the internal flow field shows a single cell recirculation with increasing strength for decreasing viscosities. Infrared thermography and high speed imaging show details of the heating process for various concentrations of nanosilica droplets. Initial stage of heating is marked by fast vaporization of liquid and sharp temperature rise. Following this stage, aggregation of nanoparticles is seen resulting in various structure formations. At low concentrations, a bowl structure of the droplet is dominant, maintained at a constant temperature. At high concentrations, viscosity of the solution increases, leading to rotation about the levitator axis due to the dominance of centrifugal motion. Such complex fluid motion inside the droplet due to acoustic streaming eventually results in the formation of a ring structure. This horizontal ring eventually reorients itself due to an imbalance of acoustic forces on the ring, exposing larger area for laser absorption and subsequent sharp temperature rise.

A numerical study of variable coefficient elliptic Cauchy problem via projection method

In this paper, we investigate a numerical method for the solution of an inverse problem of recovering lacking data on some part of the boundary of a domain from the Cauchy data on other part for a variable coefficient elliptic Cauchy problem. In the process, the Cauchy problem is transformed into the problem of solving a compact linear operator equation. As a remedy to the ill-posedness of the problem, we use a projection method which allows regularization solely by discretization. The discretization level plays the role of regularization parameter in the case of projection method. The balancing principle is used for the choice of an appropriate discretization level. Several numerical examples show that the method produces a stable good approximate solution.

Herbal medicines used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Arunachal Himalaya, northeast, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Medicinal plants have played an important role in treating and preventing a variety of diseases throughout the world. Khampti tribal people living in the far-flung Lohit district of the Eastern Arunachal Himalaya, India still depend on medicinal plants and most of them have a general knowledge of medicinal plants which are used for treating a variety of ailments. This survey was undertaken in Lohit district in order to inventory the medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: Field investigations were conducted in seventeen remote villages of Lohit district starting from April 2002 to May 2004 through interviews among 251 key informants who were selected randomly during our household survey. To elucidate community domains and determine differences in indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants with anti-diabetic efficacy, we repeated our field survey starting from April 2008 to May 2010 with one hundred traditional healers locally called as ``Chau ya'' in Khampti of Lohit district. ``Chau ya'' traditional healers who know and use medicinal plants for treating diabetes mellitus were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: This study reports an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh reputed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Forty-six plant species were identified in the study area to treat diabetes mellitus by the Khamptis ``Chau ya'' traditional healers. Comparative published literature survey analysis of this study with other ethnobotanical surveys of plants used traditionally in treating diabetes mellitus suggests that eleven plant species make claims of new reports on antidiabetic efficacy. These plant species are Begonia roxburghii, Calamus tenuis, Callicarpa arborea, Cuscuta reflexa, Dillenia indica, Diplazium esculentum, Lectuca gracilis, Millingtonia hortensis, Oxalis griffithii, Saccharum spontaneum, and Solanum viarum. Some of the plants reported in this study have an antidiabetic effect on rodent models but none have sufficient clinical evidence of effectiveness. Conclusions: The wide variety of medicinal plants that are used to treat diabetes mellitus in this area supports the importance of plants in the primary healthcare system of the rural people of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh. The finding of new plant uses in the current study reveals the importance of the documentation of such ethnobotanical knowledge. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inclusion of body doping in compact models for fully-depleted common double gate MOSFET adapted to gate-oxide thickness asymmetry

Since it is difficult to find the analytical solution of the governing Poisson equation for double gate MOSFETs with the body doping term included, the majority of the compact models are developed for undoped-body devices for which the analytical solution is available. Proposed is a simple technique to included a body doping term in such surface potential based common double gate MOSFET models also by taking into account any differences between the gate oxide thickness. The proposed technique is validated against TCAD simulation and found to be accurate as long as the channel is fully depleted.

Investigations on doping induced changes in structural, electronic structure and magnetic behavior of spintronic Cr-ZnS nanoparticles

Dilute magnetic semiconducting Zn1-xCrxS (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation technique using thioglycerol as the capping agent. Powder X-ray diffraction studies showed that Zn1-xCrxS nanoparticles exhibit zinc blende structure with no secondary phase, indicating that Cr ions are substituted at the Zn sites. Photoluminescence and Raman studies show the incorporation of Cr in ZnS nanoparticles. X-ray absorption studies depict that the valence of Zn remains unchanged and maintained in the divalent state, upon doping with Cr. The M-H curves at room temperature indicate the presence of weak ferromagnetism at room temperature due to structural defects. The increase in ferromagnetism with increasing Cr content up to 3%, demonstrates the possibility of tailoring the weak ferromagnetism in ZnS by appropriate Cr doping. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Homing abilities of the tropical primitively eusocial paper wasp Ropalidia marginata

Compared to our extensive knowledge about the navigation and homing abilities of ants and bees, we know rather little about these phenomena in social wasps. Here, we report the homing abilities of the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata and the factors that affect their homing success. To determine from how far these wasps can return to their nests, we transported foragers blindfold and released them at gradually increasing distances from their nests in four cardinal directions. Their homing success was determined by checking their presence on their nests on three consecutive nights. All foragers (56 individuals, 115 releases) returned back from an area of 0.73 +/- A 0.25 km(2) on the day of release (minimal homing area), whereas 83.8 % of the foragers (217 individuals, 420 releases) returned when we enlarged the area of release to 6.22 +/- A 0.66 km(2) around their nests (maximal homing area). Of 66 releases, no wasps returned from beyond the maximal homing area. The minimal homing area might be familiar to the foragers because they probably routinely forage in this area and the maximal homing area represents the maximum distances from which the wasps are capable of returning to their nests, with or without familiarity.

The Interaction Between Shock Waves and Foam in a Shock Tube

An experimental study and a numerical simulation were conducted to investigate the mechanical and thermodynamic processes involved in the interaction between shock waves and low density foam. The experiment was done in a stainless shock tube (80mm in inner diameter, 10mm in wall thickness and 5360mm in length). The velocities of the incident and reflected compression waves in the foam were measured by using piezo-ceramic pressure sensors. The end-wall peak pressure behind the reflected wave in the foam was measured by using a crystal piezoelectric sensor. It is suggested that the high end-wall pressure may be caused by a rapid contact between the foam and the end-wall surface. Both open-cell and closed-cell foams with different length and density were tested. Through comparing the numerical and experimental end-wall pressure, the permeability coefficients a and 0 are quantitatively determined.

Aspectos económicos de la retirada de tierra en Aragón

Desde 1988, como parte de las medidas adoptadas por la Política Agraria Común (PAC) de la UE, se ha aplicado la retirada de tierras de la producción, diseñada inicialmente como una medida con carácter estabilizador estructural. El tema de retirada de tierras es de vigente actualidad, pues la UE ha optado por el sistema, como una medida coyuntural y voluntaria, a partir de 1992, para limitar los excedentes de producción agrícola. En los cuatro años de aplicación del régimen plurianual de 1988, de retiradas de tierras de la producción, en España, la Comunidad de Aragall es la que ha presentado mayor número de solicitudes para retirar superficies de la producción (41,7% del total seguida por Castilla­ Leal (21,1 %) y Castilla-Mancha (18,5 %). El principal destino solicitado para las 41 592 ha de tierras retiradas de la producción, por los productores en Aragón, fue el barbecho, es decir el sistema tradicional de producción (cereal-barbecho), dada la carencia de acciones que vincularán el programa de retirada de tierras con otras alternativas. tales como los programas de reforestación o siembra de cultivos no alimenticios. La superficie retirada de la producción representó el 4,93 % de la superficie de cereales en Aragón, y está muy por debajo de la media de los países con mayor superficie retirada, como son Holanda, Italia y Alemania con un 16,79 %, 12,75% y 7,85% respectivamente, con respecto a la superficie de cereales, sin embargo es semejante a la media comunitaria (4,39 %) y superior a la media española (0,86 %). Las provincias de Huesca (21 966 ha) y Zaragoza (11 491 ha), presentaron mayor número de solicitudes de hectáreas acogidas, 53 % y 42 % respectivamente. Hay que tener en cuenta que, en ambas provincias, se siembra el 81 %de los cereales de Aragón y que en la provincia de Truel solo se aplicó la medida en dos de sus seis comarcas . La superficie retirada correspondió a la vez al 23 % del total de la superficie de las 795 explotaciones acogidas a la medida. A pesar de ser la Comunidad Autónoma con el mayor porcentaje de solicitudes para retirar tierras, no se acogieron las tierras en regadío más productivas (solo el 18% del área total retirada, 3.389 ha), mientras que las tierras menos productivas o de secano, y por lo tanto con mayor riesgo de pérdidas económicas durante la cosecha, representaron el 92% de la superficie retirada (38 203 ha), de las cuales el 38 % (14 362 ha) correspondió a zonas desfavorecidas y el 62 % (23 841 ha) a zonas de secano no desfavorecidas. Una de las causas de esta situación fue la baja cuantía de las ayudas destinadas a la retirada de tierras, de tal manera que solo resultó atractivo para los productores con explotaciones situadas en zonas marginales. En 1992 a través de las declaraciones efectuadas por los agricultores aragoneses, para la petición de pagos compensatorios, en la aplicación de las nuevas medidas establecidas por la PAC, se ha visto reflejada la información referente al total del superficie retirada en el programa quinquenal de 1988, hasta la campaña agrícola 1992/93. Para el caso de Aragón los agricultores declararon un total de 30 579 ha de barbecho (28 016 ha en cultivos de secano y 2 562 ha en cultivo de regadío) pertenecientes al programa de retirada de tierras de 1988, muy por debajo de las superficies correspondientes a las solicitudes aprobadas (41 592 ha). Con la reforma de la PAC de 1992, se prevé una disminución progresiva y •severa de los precios de intervención de los cultivos herbáceos, con el fin de aproximarlos a los precios mundiales, para compensar las pérdidas de renta por parte de los agricultores se ha establecido un conjunto de ayudas. Estas ayudas tienen diferentes modalidades dependiendo de la consideración de pequeño o mediano y gran agricultor (con un límite entre ambos grupos de 92 t de producción). Los agricultores cuyas explotaciones ‘superan las 92 t de producción están sujetos a la condición de retirar como mínimo un 15% o un 20% de la superficie de cultivos, según escojan el sistema rotacional o no, respectivamente, y hasta un máximo voluntario del 50% de la superficie de cultivos herbáceos a partir de 1994. La superficie basa regional para los cultivos herbáceos de secano, exceptuando el maíz, aprobada por la UE para Aragón, ha sido de 724 000 hectáreas. Esta superficie ha sido superada en un 0,8% en Aragón, para la campaña 1992/93. A la vez el Estado español ha legislado sobre los barbechos tradicionales que se practican en los cultivos de secano, estableciendo índices comarcales, para así evitar que los productores abandonen esta práctica para incrementar las superficies subvenciónales. Hay que destacar el alto porcentaje (57 % sobre la superficie de cereales) que representan los tres tipos de barbechos existentes (barbecho tradicional y barbechos por retirada de tierras, de 1988 y 1992) en los secanos aragoneses, determinando primordialmente por el barbecho tradicional. El 15% de la superficie de tierras retiradas en el sistema rotacional en Aragon, establecida por la Reforma de la PAC en 1992, ha sido de 73 732 ha, por lo que el 78% de la superficie de cereales de secano corresponde a explotaciones con una producción superior a 92 t por lo que con ambos sistemas de retiradas de tierras, se obtendrá prácticamente resultados iguales en Jo referente a la disminución de la producción. Se realiza también un análisis económico de la variación de los ingresos del agricultor, según se acoja o no a la condición de pequeño agricultor, tal como define el programa de retirada de tierras, en el contexto de la PAC de 1992, mediante el cálculo de la superficie umbral. Es decir, la superficie bajo la cual se obtiene el mismo margen bruto por unidad de superficie para los dos sistemas (simplificado y general) de declaración de ayudas y pagos y pagos compensatorios. A efectos de cálculo se utiliza el margen bruto resultante de la diferencia, entre los ingresos obtenidos por el valor de la producción y las ayudas y pagos compensatorios, menos los costos directos pagados en los cultivos de secano en Aragón, considerando que este margen bruto es el que determina la posición competitiva del productor frente al mercado. Para las explotaciones cuyas superficies sean inferiores a la superficie umbral, se obtienen un mayor margen bruto por unidad de superficie realizando la declaración de ayudas en el sistema simplificado que en el sistema general. Una explotación con las características definidas como la una explotación tipo de la comunidad de Aragón (rendimiento medio 1 953 kg/ha), rendimiento regional de referencia 1,8 t/ha y costos medios directos pagados por hectárea de cultivo, con un 75% de cebada y un 25 % de teigo, de 33 275 pts/ha), que siembre cereales de secano, no es rentable retirar tierras de la producción -acogerse al sistema general- para recibir a cambio los pagos y ayudas compensatorios a la producción, cuando la superficie de cultivo no excede las 52,95 ha,49,84 ha y 50,33 ha en las campañas de siembra 1992/93 a 1994/95, respectivamente. Una explotación en la que supera las 92 t de producción, cuando se incrementa el margen bruto por unidad de superficie y disminuyen los rendimientos de referencia regionales, es menos rentable retirar tierras de la producción para recibir las ayudas establecidas por la PAC, a medida que se incrementa la superficie de cultivo de la explotación.

Determinación de la acción residual en diferentes dosis de chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) con énfasis en la dosis mínima, para control de cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith; Lepidotera: Noctuidae) en maíz

Este ensayo fue realizado con el objetivo de conocer cuál es el efecto de diferente dosis de chlorpyripos sobre el tiempo de protección, buscando la dosis más adecuada para control del gusano cogollero, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e Smith) , en maíz. De manera que este estudio nos permitiera decidir cuál es el momento indicado de un recuento para una posterior aplicación del pesticida y 6 fundamentalmente bajar los costos de protección. Al evaluar la acción residual se encontró diferencia significativa entre las dosis de 1,0.5, 0.25, 0.125,0.0625 1t/mz de chlorpyrifos. La dosis de 0.25 1t/mz no es diferente de la dosis de 1 1t/mz cuanto a la acción residual de chlorpyrifos y sus promedio de rendimiento tienen también mucha similiridad pero su costo determinan la diferencia. Los resultado conducen a decidir la recomendación de la dosis de 0.25 1t/mz por ser la más económica con una acción residual de 23.3 días y un costo de control de $ 242.55 con 2.2 aplicaciones promedio en todo el periodo del cultivo, a diferencia de la dosis más alta usada de 1 1t/mz con una acción residual de 21.9 días, un promedio de 2.6 aplicaciones y un costo de $ 795.6 y el rendimiento final no es diferente entre ellas. Por otro lado de asegura que con una sola aplicación de chlorpyrifos se garantiza la mortalidad de larvas de spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. Smith) durante a los 5 a 10 días después de aplicación. Todo los anteriores permite dar un lapso estable en el tiempo que se sabe tomar para recuento, decidir la dosis mínima más económica, por su acción residual y bajar así los costó de producción.