Análisis de la renovación urbana como estrategia de recuperación del centro histórico de bogotá : estudio de caso barrio Santa Bárbara Colonial (Nueva Santa Fé), en el periodo 1976-2000

El presente estudio de caso se propuso analizar la renovación urbana como estrategia de recuperación del centro histórico de Bogotá, utilizando como objeto de investigación, el proceso de renovación urbana que atravesó el Barrio Santa Bárbara Colonial, hoy conocido como Nueva Santa Fe, en el período 1976 (fecha de planteamiento del proyecto) a 2000 (año en el que se implementa el P.O.T), lo que significa nuevas condiciones en términos urbanos para ejecutar proyectos dentro de la ciudad), para lo cual se va a utilizar el concepto de vivienda, dentro de la renovación urbana, como variable que servirá de hilo conductor en el desarrollo del tema. El concepto de renovación que concierne a esta investigación está enmarcado en la década de los 70s y 80s, para lo cual se hace una breve referencia a la década de los 50s y 60s como antecedente de la creciente tendencia que tuvo la renovación urbana en Europa, continente que ha marcado una fuerte influencia en Latinoamérica y a su vez en Colombia. Con base a dicha estructuración, se da cuenta del tipo de investigación a desarrollar, una investigación cualitativa interesada en reflexionar sobre la forma en que se desarrolló la renovación urbana en el sector, haciendo evidente sus falencias y más adelante, los errores que se siguen cometiendo en los planteamientos actuales que tienen que ver con este tratamiento.

¿Impacto del Ecomarketing en los indicadores de productividad de las empresas Colombianas?

El mercadeo verde es un tema del cual se ha venido hablando desde la década de los 60’s en donde se empieza a generar una preocupación por el cambio climático y la necesidad del cuidado del medio ambiente. Son varios los escritores que hablan sobre el tema, entre ellos Pittie, Hailes y Polonsky quienes analizan y explican con ejemplos en la practica del mercadeo verde. En Colombia el tema aun es nuevo, y son varias las empresas, especialmente las PYMES las cuales ha decido apostarle al mercadeo verde hasta el punto de haber logrado diseñar productos ecológicos. esta iniciativa es apoyada por el gobierno dando incentivos y apoyando a las empresas que adopten esta tendencia que va dirigida al cuidado del medio ambiente. Con este trabajo esperamos aclarar algunos conceptos sobre el mercadeo verde, explicarlo a los empresarios e incentivarlos a la implementación de este mercadeo a través de ejemplos de empresas que han logrado aumentar sus utilidades gracias al aumento de productividad en sus empresas.

Efectos de la ayuda internacional para el desarrollo en la consolidación de Somalia (1969-1991)

Esta monografía tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de la transferencia de ayuda internacional para el desarrollo en el proceso de consolidación de Somalia. Dicha ayuda surgió como política pública en el contexto de la Guerra Fría y su instrumentalización dependió de los conflictos e intereses de las potencias de la época. En la década de los 60, Somalia fue receptora de millones de dólares en ayuda, que minaron el proceso de state-building dado que las transferencias no dependieron del desempeño económico, social ni político del Estado. El cual, dirigido por el General Barre, se convirtió en un ente cuyo único fin era la captación de la ayuda y cuyo control era la única forma de asegurar la supervivencia física. Los enfrentamientos entre clanes por el poder llevaron no sólo al colapso del Estado, sino también al surgimiento del período de anarquía más largo conocido por un Estado moderno.

La construcción de un sistema de migración entre México y Estado Unidos. Una aproximación a los chicanos (década de los 60 al 2000)

El interés de esta monografía es la construcción de un Sistema de Migración entre México y Estados Unidos, a través de la creación del grupo identitario Chicano. Se va analizar desde la teoría de Sistemas de Migración de Oliver Bakewell, las razones por las cuales los Chicanos en la década de los 60 hasta el 2000 en el sudeste de Estados Unidos, pueden entenderse como un Sistema de Migración. Los Chicanos pueden ser entendidos como un Sistema de Migración, a partir de la interacción de flujos migratorios como personas, bienes y redes de información; instituciones como tratados, redes de migración ilegal y oportunidades laborales; estrategias, de parte de los Estados o agentes que permiten o restringe la migración, por medio de leyes y políticas migratorias, lo anterior tiene una reacción diferente en los siguientes puntos: origen, tránsito y destino de los migrantes mexicanos.

La construcción de un sistema de migración entre México y Estado Unidos. Una aproximación a los Chicanos (década de los 60 al 2000)

El interés de esta monografía es la construcción de un Sistema de Migración entre México y Estados Unidos, a través de la creación del grupo identitario Chicano. Se va analizar desde la teoría de Sistemas de Migración de Oliver Bakewell, las razones por las cuales los Chicanos en la década de los 60 hasta el 2000 en el sudeste de Estados Unidos, pueden entenderse como un Sistema de Migración. Los Chicanos pueden ser entendidos como un Sistema de Migración, a partir de la interacción de flujos migratorios como personas, bienes y redes de información; instituciones como tratados, redes de migración ilegal y oportunidades laborales; estrategias, de parte de los Estados o agentes que permiten o restringe la migración, por medio de leyes y políticas migratorias, lo anterior tiene una reacción diferente en los siguientes puntos: origen, tránsito y destino de los migrantes mexicanos.

museology and community development in the XXI Century

Each time more, museology professionals are confronted with terms such as community, social inequality, social inclusion and development in their quotidian. Be it in conferences, publications or museum programmes, these are increasingly recurrent terms which, in great part, translate the dynamics of a relationship between museology and community development that has been constructed since the late 60’s. Although it is not new, such relationship has gone through a major bloom in the early 90’s and arrives today as an emerging priority within the world of museology. A first glance on the subject reveals that very different approaches and forms of action share the efforts in endowing museology with a role in community development today. In addition, despite of its growing popularity, it seems to be some misunderstandings on what the work with community development requires and truly signifies, as can be pointed out in a number of assertions originated from the field of museology. Accompanying such a plural environment, discussions and disagreements about to what extend museology is able to claim a role in social change also mark its affairs with community development. People are faced, indeed, with a rather polemic and intricate scenario. To a great extend, language barriers hinder the exchange of information on current initiatives and previous experiences, as well as on the development of concepts, approaches and proposals. Lack of better interactions among the groups of museology professionals and social actors who carry out different works with community development also contributes to making the potential of museology as a resource for development more difficult to be visualised.

Correlations between microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus and the state of the atmosphere

By making use of TOVS Path-B satellite retrievals and ECMWF reanalyses, correlations between bulk microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus (visible optical thickness between 0.7 and 3.8) and thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the surrounding atmosphere have been studied on a global scale. These clouds constitute about half of all high clouds. The global averages (from 60°N to 60°S) of mean ice crystal diameter, De, and ice water path (IWP) of these clouds are 55 μm and 30 g m−2, respectively. IWP of these cirrus is slightly increasing with cloud-top temperature, whereas De of cold cirrus does not depend on this parameter. Correlations between De and IWp of large-scale cirrus seem to be different in the midlatitudes and in the tropics. However, we observe in general stronger correlations between De and IWP and atmospheric humidity and winds deduced from the ECMWF reanalyses: De and IWP increase both with increasing atmospheric water vapour. There is also a good distinction between different dynamical situations: In humid situations, IWP is on average about 10 gm−2 larger in regions with strong large-scale vertical updraft only that in regions with strong large-scale horizontal winds only, whereas the mean De of cold large-scale cirrus decreases by about 10 μm if both strong large-scale updraft and horizontal winds are present.

The prompt hypothesis: clarification requests as corrective input for grammatical errors

The potential of clarification questions (CQs) to act as a form of corrective input for young children's grammatical errors was examined. Corrective responses were operationalized as those occasions when child speech shifted from erroneous to correct (E -> C) contingent on a clarification question. It was predicted that E -> C sequences would prevail over shifts in the opposite direction (C -> E), as can occur in the case of nonerror-contingent CQs. This prediction was tested via a standard intervention paradigm, whereby every 60s a sequence of two clarification requests (either specific or general) was introduced into conversation with a total of 45 2- and 4-year-old children. For 10 categories of grammatical structure, E -> C sequences predominated over their C -> E counterparts, with levels of E -> C shifts increasing after two clarification questions. Children were also more reluctant to repeat erroneous forms than their correct counterparts, following the intervention of CQs. The findings provide support for Saxton's prompt hypothesis, which predicts that error-contingent CQs bear the potential to cue recall of previously acquired grammatical forms.

The changing atmospheric water cycle in polar regions in a warmer climate

We have examined the atmospheric water cycle of both Polar Regions, pole wards of 60°N and 60°S, using the ERA-Interim re-analysis and high-resolution simulations with the ECHAM5 model for both the present and future climate based on the IPCC, A1B scenario, representative of the last three decades of the 21st century. The annual precipitation in ERA-Interim amounts to ~17000 km3 and is more or less the same in the Arctic and the Antarctic, but it is composed differently. In the Arctic the annual evaporation is some 8000 km3 but some 3000 km3 less in the Antarctica where the net horizontal transport is correspondingly larger. The net water transport of the model is more intense than in ERA-Interim, in the Arctic the difference is 2.5% and in the Antarctic it is 6.2%. Precipitation and net horizontal transport in the Arctic has a maximum in August and September. Evaporation peaks in June and July. The seasonal cycle is similar in Antarctica with the highest precipitation in the austral autumn. The largest net transport occurs at the end of the major extra-tropical storm tracks in the Northern Hemisphere such as the eastern Pacific and eastern north Atlantic. The variability of the model is virtually identical to that of the re-analysis and there are no changes in variability between the present climate and the climate at the end of the 21st century when normalized with the higher level of moisture. The changes from year to year are substantial with the 20 and 30-year records being generally too short to identify robust trends in the hydrological cycle. In the A1B climate scenario the strength of the water cycle increases by some 25% in the Arctic and by 19% in the Antarctica, as measured by annual precipitation. The increase in the net horizontal transport is 29% and 22% respectively, and the increase in evaporation correspondingly less. The net transport follows closely the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. There is 2 a minor change in the annual cycle of the Arctic atmospheric water cycle with the maximum transport and precipitation occurring later in the year. There is a small imbalance of some 4-6% between the net transport and precipitation minus evaporation. We suggest that this is mainly due to the fact the transport is calculated from instantaneous 6-hourly data while precipitation and evaporation is accumulated over a 6 hour period. The residual difference is proportionally similar for all experiments and hardly varies from year to year.

Dilution of the Antarctic ozone hole into southern midlatitudes, 1998-2000

The reduction in southern midlatitude ozone is quantified by evaluating the trajectories of ozone-depleted air masses, assuming that photochemical recovery of ozone in advected air parcels can be ignored. This procedure is carried out for the 3 months from 15 October to 15 January for each of the years 1998, 1999, and 2000. Two distinct source regions, the vortex core and the vortex edge, are considered, and for each day, diabatic reverse domain filling calculations are performed for an ensemble of parcels between 30°S and 60°S and 400–700 K in altitude. In 1998, 1999, and 2000 the mean calculated ozone reduction is 16, 18, and 19 DU, respectively. Air parcels from the vortex edge region are significant contributors to the reduction, especially during spring. Results for four longitudinal and three latitudinal midlatitude subregions are also presented. A comparison with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer measurements of total column ozone shows that without the dilution, ozone over Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes would be 5–6% higher during spring and summer. This result is probably an overestimate due to the neglect of photochemical recovery.

Adapting Jules Verne for the baby-boom generation: Hachette and the Bibliothèque Verte, c.1956-1966

How do changing notions of children’s reading practices alter or even create classic texts? This article looks at how the nineteenth-century author Jules Verne (1828-1905) was modernised by Hachette for their Bibliothèque Verte children’s collection in the 1950s and 60s. Using the methodology of adaptation studies, the article reads the abridged texts in the context of the concerns that emerged in postwar France about what children were reading. It examines how these concerns shaped editorial policy, and the transformations that Verne’s texts underwent before they were considered suitable for the children of the baby-boom generation. It asks whether these adapted versions damaged Verne’s reputation, as many literary scholars have suggested, or if the process of dividing his readership into children and adults actually helped to reinforce the new idea of his texts as complex and multilayered. In so doing, this article provides new insights into the impact of postwar reforms on children’s publishing and explores the complex interplay between abridgment, censorship, children’s literature and the adult canon.

Workers with elderly dependants: employment law’s response to the latest care-giving conundrum

This paper considers how employment laws are being used in response to what we have termed ‘the eldercare/workplace conundrum’. It is well known that people are now living longer but health is still failing in a significant percentage of older people, meaning that many adults require care for longer, albeit to varying degrees and for varying amounts of time. Many of these individuals will receive care from relatives or close friends who are participating in the labour market: this is increasingly likely as adults are expected / wanting to remain in paid work for longer, often into their 60s and 70s. The requirements of elderly dependants can cause these workers huge difficulties and dilemmas as they attempt, across time, to accommodate the particular needs of the person for whom they wish to provide care, often a loved one, and meet the particular demands of their employment relationship. In this paper we consider why this is an area of social policy that warrants effective legal engagement and consider, drawing on various examples of legal responses in other countries that face similar conundrums, what might improve legal engagement in this area.

Observational evidence for a negative shortwave cloud feedback in middle to high latitudes

Exploiting the observed robust relationships between temperature and optical depth in extratropical clouds, we calculate the shortwave cloud feedback from historical data, by regressing observed and modeled cloud property histograms onto local temperature in middle to high southern latitudes. In this region, all CMIP5 models and observational data sets predict a negative cloud feedback, mainly driven by optical thickening. Between 45° and 60°S, the mean observed shortwave feedback (−0.91 ± 0.82 W m−2 K−1, relative to local rather than global mean warming) is very close to the multimodel mean feedback in RCP8.5 (−0.98 W m−2 K−1), despite differences in the meridional structure. In models, historical temperature-cloud property relationships reliably predict the forced RCP8.5 response. Because simple theory predicts this optical thickening with warming, and cloud amount changes are relatively small, we conclude that the shortwave cloud feedback is very likely negative in the real world at middle to high latitudes.

Nop53p interacts with 5.8S rRNA co-transcriptionally, and regulates processing of pre-rRNA by the exosome

In eukaryotes, pre-rRNA processing depends on a large number of nonribosomal trans-acting factors that form intriguingly organized complexes. One of the early stages of pre-rRNA processing includes formation of the two intermediate complexes pre-40S and pre-60S, which then form the mature ribosome subunits. Each of these complexes contains specific pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and processing factors. The yeast nucleolar protein Nop53p has previously been identified in the pre-60S complex and shown to affect pre-rRNA processing by directly binding to 5.8S rRNA, and to interact with Nop17p and Nip7p, which are also involved in this process. Here we show that Nop53p binds 5.8S rRNA co-transcriptionally through its N-terminal region, and that this protein portion can also partially complement growth of the conditional mutant strain Delta nop53/GAL:NOP53. Nop53p interacts with Rrp6p and activates the exosome in vitro. These results indicate that Nop53p may recruit the exosome to 7S pre-rRNA for processing. Consistent with this observation and similar to the observed in exosome mutants, depletion of Nop53p leads to accumulation of polyadenylated pre-rRNAs.

Utp25p, a nucleolar Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein, interacts with U3 snoRNP subunits and affects processing of the 35S pre-rRNA

In eukaryotes, pre-rRNA processing depends on a large number of nonribosomal trans-acting factors that form intriguingly organized complexes. Two intermediate complexes, pre-40S and pre-60S, are formed at the early stages of 35S pre-rRNA processing and give rise to the mature ribosome subunits. Each of these complexes contains specific pre-rRNAs, some ribosomal proteins and processing factors. The novel yeast protein Utp25p has previously been identified in the nucleolus, an indication that this protein could be involved in ribosome biogenesis. Here we show that Utp25p interacts with the SSU processome proteins Sas10p and Mpp10p, and affects 18S rRNA maturation. Depletion of Utp25p leads to accumulation of the pre-rRNA 35S and the aberrant rRNA 23S, and to a severe reduction in 40S ribosomal subunit levels. Our results indicate that Utp25p is a novel SSU processome subunit involved in pre-40S maturation.