Central de combustión interna Guerrero Negro IV

El proyecto tiene por objeto describir un proceso de licitación pública ofrecido por la Comisión Federal de Electricidad de México para satisfacer la demanda de electricidad en Baja California Sur. Para realizar este proyecto, se han estudiado las mejores opciones para poder diseñar y construir en el futuro cercano una planta basada en un motor de combustión interna de 6,54 MW. También se ha realizado un estudio económico de coste de capital y explotación de la central, donde se tendrá en cuenta la totalidad de gastos y costes generados por la misma, estableciendo un valor de coste/unidad eléctrica generada.

Isotopic geochemistry of lavas at DSDP Holes 81-553 and 81-555

It is demonstrated by K-Ar analyses that the age of reversely magnetized basalts, which immediately predate magnetic Anomaly 24B, is 53.5 ± 1.9 m.y. Samples from deep levels appear to be grossly contaminated by an extraneous argon component with a uniform argon-40/argon-36 ratio 440. This component is thought to have been derived from fluids circulating in the lava pile during burial. The age result corroborates the assignment previously made to Anomaly 24B by Hailwood et al. (1979) and Lowrie and Alvarez (1981). It additionally suggests that lava extrusion formed part of a much larger magmatic event, which affected wide areas of the North Atlantic margins around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, and can therefore probably be considered a good estimate of the age of this boundary. Initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios lie in the very restricted range 0.512920 ± 19 to 0.513026 ± 24 and initial 8 7Sr/86Sr ratios from ca. 0.703 to ca. 0.705. Acid leaching reduces the latter range to 0.70264 ± 4 to 0.70384 ± 4, suggesting that the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios resulted from interaction with seawater. The array of data for treated samples is closely conformable on a 143Nd/144Nd-87Sr/86Sr diagram with the main oceanic mantle array and with previously published fields for Atlantic Ocean basalts. No evidence for any continental crustal contamination has been found. This suggests, but does not prove, that continental crust played no part in the genesis of these rocks.

Geochemistry of marine sediments of the world's major subduction zones

This paper presents new major and trace-element data and Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions for representative suites of marine sediment samples from 14 drill sites outboard of the world's major subduction zones. These suites and samples were chosen to represent the global range in lithology, Lu/Hf ratios, and sediment flux in subducting sediments worldwide. The data reported here represent the most comprehensive data set on subducting sediments and define the Hf-Nd isotopic variations that occur in oceanic sediments and constrain the processes that caused them. Using new marine sediment data presented here, in conjunction with published data, we derive a new Terrestrial Array given by the equation, epsilon-Hf = 1.55 * epsiolon-Nd + 1.21. This array was calculated using >3400 present-day Hf and Nd isotope values. The steeper slope and smaller y-intercept of this array, compared to the original expression (epsilon-Hf = 1.36 * epsilonNd + 2.89; Vervoort et al., 1999, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00047-3) reflects the use of present day values and the unradiogenic Hf of old continental samples included in the array. In order to examine the Hf-Nd isotopic variations in marine sediments, we have classified our samples into 5 groups based on lithology and major and trace-element geochemical compositions: turbidites, terrigenous clays, and volcaniclastic, hydrothermal and hydrogenetic sediments. Compositions along the Terrestrial Array are largely controlled by terrigenous material derived from the continents and delivered to the ocean basins via turbidites, volcaniclastic sediments, and volcanic inputs from magmatic arcs. Compositions below the Terrestrial Array derive from unradiogenic Hf in zircon-rich turbidites. The anomalous compositions above the Terrestrial Array largely reflect the decoupled behavior of Hf and Nd during continental weathering and delivery to the ocean. Both terrigenous and hydrogenetic clays possess anomalously radiogenic Hf, reflecting terrestrial sedimentary and weathering processes on the one hand and marine inheritance on the other. This probably occurs during complementary processes involving preferential retention of unradiogenic Hf on the continents in the form of zircon and release of radiogenic Hf from the breakdown of easily weathered, high Lu-Hf phases such as apatite.

Neonatal seizures and post-neonatal epilepsy:a seven-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Seizures are one of the most common symptoms of acute neurological disorders in newborns. This study aims at evaluating predictors of epilepsy in newborns with neonatal seizures. METHODS: we recruited consecutively eighty-five neonates with repeated neonatal video-EEG-confirmed seizures between Jan 1999 and Dec 2004. The relationship between clinical, EEG and ultrasound data in neonatal period and the development of post-neonatal epilepsy was investigated at 7 years of age. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (17.6%) developed post-neonatal epilepsy. Partial or no response to anticonvulsant therapy (OR 16.7, 95% CI: 1.8-155.8, p= .01; OR 47, 95% CI: 5.2-418.1, p<.01 respectively), severely abnormal cerebral ultrasound scan findings (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.1-27.4; p<.04), severely abnormal EEG background activity (OR: 9.5; 95% CI: 1.6-54.2; p= .01) and the presence of status epilepticus (OR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.8-20.3; p<.01) were found to be predictors of epilepsy. However, only the response to therapy seemed to be an independent predictor of post-neonatal epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Neonatal seizures seem to be related to post-neonatal epilepsy. Recurrent and prolonged neonatal seizures may act on an epileptogenic substrate, causing further damage, which is responsible for the subsequent clinical expression of epilepsy.

Major and trace elements and Nd and Sr isotope geochemistry of basalts at DSDP Leg 74 Holes

Basement intersected in Holes 525A, 528, and 527 on the Walvis Ridge consists of submarine basalt flows and pillows with minor intercalated sediments. These holes are situated on the crest and mid- and lower NW flank of a NNW-SSE-trending ridge block which would have closely paralleled the paleo mid-ocean ridge. The basalts were erupted approximately 70 Ma, a date consistent with formation at the paleo mid-ocean ridge. The basalt types vary from aphyric quartz tholeiites on the Ridge crest to highly Plagioclase phyric olivine tholeiites on the flank. These show systematic differences in incompatible trace element and isotopic composition, and many element and isotope ratio pairs form systematic trends with the Ridge crest basalts at one end and the highly phyric Ridge flank basalts at the other. The low 143Nd/144Nd (0.51238) and high 87Sr/86Sr (0.70512) ratios of the Ridge crest basalts suggest derivation from an old Nd/Sm and Rb/Sr enriched mantle source. This isotopic signature is similar to that of alkaline basalts on Tristan da Cunha but offset by somewhat lower 143Nd/144Nd values. The isotopic ratio trends may be extrapolated beyond the Ridge flank basalts (which have 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51270 and 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70417) in the direction of typical MORB compositions. These isotopic correlations are equally consistent with mixing of depleted and enriched end-member melts or partial melting of an inhomogeneous, variably enriched mantle source. However, observed Zr-Ba-Nb-Y interelement relationships are inconsistent with any simple two-component model of magma mixing or partial melting. They also preclude extensive involvement of depleted (N-type) MORB material or its mantle sources in the petrogenesis of Walvis Ridge basalts.

Geochemistry of tetrapyrrole, carotenoid, and perylene pigments in sediments at DSDP Holes 63-467 and 63-471

Twenty-one core samples from DSDP/IPOD Leg 63 were analyzed for products of chlorophyll diagenesis. In addition to the tetrapyrrole pigments, perylene and carotenoid pigments were isolated and identified. The 16 core samples from the San Miguel Gap site (467) and the five from the Baja California borderland location (471) afforded the unique opportunity of examining tetrapyrrole diagenesis in clay-rich marine sediments that are very high in total organic matter. The chelation reaction, whereby free-base porphyrins give rise to metalloporphyrins (viz., nickel), is well documented within the downhole sequence of sediments from the San Miguel Gap (Site 467). Recognition of unique arrays of highly dealkylated copper and nickel ETIO-porphyrins, exhibiting nearly identical carbonnumber homologies (viz., C-23 to C-30; mode = C-26), enabled subtraction of this component (thought to be derived from an allochthonous source) and thus permitted description of the actual in situ diagenesis of autochthonous chlorophyll derivatives.

La exposición temporal temática como lugar de encuentro de la creatividad de los visitantes y del conservador

Descripción del proceso creativo del visitante adulto de tipo gran público y de los principios que guían la creatividad del conservador en el momento en que concibe una exposición temporal temática.

Understanding and validating accelerometry as a measure of physical activity in children with intellectual disabilities

Background Physical activity in children with intellectual disabilities is a neglected area of study, which is most apparent in relation to physical activity measurement research. Although objective measures, specifically accelerometers, are widely used in research involving children with intellectual disabilities, existing research is based on measurement methods and data interpretation techniques generalised from typically developing children. However, due to physiological and biomechanical differences between these populations, questions have been raised in the existing literature on the validity of generalising data interpretation techniques from typically developing children to children with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, there is a need to conduct population-specific measurement research for children with intellectual disabilities and develop valid methods to interpret accelerometer data, which will increase our understanding of physical activity in this population. Methods Study 1: A systematic review was initially conducted to increase the knowledge base on how accelerometers were used within existing physical activity research involving children with intellectual disabilities and to identify important areas for future research. A systematic search strategy was used to identify relevant articles which used accelerometry-based monitors to quantify activity levels in ambulatory children with intellectual disabilities. Based on best practice guidelines, a novel form was developed to extract data based on 17 research components of accelerometer use. Accelerometer use in relation to best practice guidelines was calculated using percentage scores on a study-by-study and component-by-component basis. Study 2: To investigate the effect of data interpretation methods on the estimation of physical activity intensity in children with intellectual disabilities, a secondary data analysis was conducted. Nine existing sets of child-specific ActiGraph intensity cut points were applied to accelerometer data collected from 10 children with intellectual disabilities during an activity session. Four one-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine differences in estimated time spent in sedentary, moderate, vigorous, and moderate to vigorous intensity activity. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments were additionally used to identify where significant differences occurred. Study 3: The feasibility on a laboratory-based calibration protocol developed for typically developing children was investigated in children with intellectual disabilities. Specifically, the feasibility of activities, measurements, and recruitment was investigated. Five children with intellectual disabilities and five typically developing children participated in 14 treadmill-based and free-living activities. In addition, resting energy expenditure was measured and a treadmill-based graded exercise test was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Breath-by-breath respiratory gas exchange and accelerometry were continually measured during all activities. Feasibility was assessed using observations, activity completion rates, and respiratory data. Study 4: Thirty-six children with intellectual disabilities participated in a semi-structured school-based physical activity session to calibrate accelerometry for the estimation of physical activity intensity. Participants wore a hip-mounted ActiGraph wGT3X+ accelerometer, with direct observation (SOFIT) used as the criterion measure. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to determine the optimal accelerometer cut points for sedentary, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity. Study 5: To cross-validate the calibrated cut points and compare classification accuracy with existing cut points developed in typically developing children, a sub-sample of 14 children with intellectual disabilities who participated in the school-based sessions, as described in Study 4, were included in this study. To examine the validity, classification agreement was investigated between the criterion measure of SOFIT and each set of cut points using sensitivity, specificity, total agreement, and Cohen’s kappa scores. Results Study 1: Ten full text articles were included in this review. The percentage of review criteria met ranged from 12%−47%. Various methods of accelerometer use were reported, with most use decisions not based on population-specific research. A lack of measurement research, specifically the calibration/validation of accelerometers for children with intellectual disabilities, is limiting the ability of researchers to make appropriate and valid accelerometer use decisions. Study 2: The choice of cut points had significant and clinically meaningful effects on the estimation of physical activity intensity and sedentary behaviour. For the 71-minute session, estimations for time spent in each intensity between cut points ranged from: sedentary = 9.50 (± 4.97) to 31.90 (± 6.77) minutes; moderate = 8.10 (± 4.07) to 40.40 (± 5.74) minutes; vigorous = 0.00 (± .00) to 17.40 (± 6.54) minutes; and moderate to vigorous = 8.80 (± 4.64) to 46.50 (± 6.02) minutes. Study 3: All typically developing participants and one participant with intellectual disabilities completed the protocol. No participant met the maximal criteria for the graded exercise test or attained a steady state during the resting measurements. Limitations were identified with the usability of respiratory gas exchange equipment and the validity of measurements. The school-based recruitment strategy was not effective, with a participation rate of 6%. Therefore, a laboratory-based calibration protocol was not feasible for children with intellectual disabilities. Study 4: The optimal vertical axis cut points (cpm) were ≤ 507 (sedentary), 1008−2300 (moderate), and ≥ 2301 (vigorous). Sensitivity scores ranged from 81−88%, specificity 81−85%, and AUC .87−.94. The optimal vector magnitude cut points (cpm) were ≤ 1863 (sedentary), ≥ 2610 (moderate) and ≥ 4215 (vigorous). Sensitivity scores ranged from 80−86%, specificity 77−82%, and AUC .86−.92. Therefore, the vertical axis cut points provide a higher level of accuracy in comparison to the vector magnitude cut points. Study 5: Substantial to excellent classification agreement was found for the calibrated cut points. The calibrated sedentary cut point (ĸ =.66) provided comparable classification agreement with existing cut points (ĸ =.55−.67). However, the existing moderate and vigorous cut points demonstrated low sensitivity (0.33−33.33% and 1.33−53.00%, respectively) and disproportionately high specificity (75.44−.98.12% and 94.61−100.00%, respectively), indicating that cut points developed in typically developing children are too high to accurately classify physical activity intensity in children with intellectual disabilities. Conclusions The studies reported in this thesis are the first to calibrate and validate accelerometry for the estimation of physical activity intensity in children with intellectual disabilities. In comparison with typically developing children, children with intellectual disabilities require lower cut points for the classification of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Therefore, generalising existing cut points to children with intellectual disabilities will underestimate physical activity and introduce systematic measurement error, which could be a contributing factor to the low levels of physical activity reported for children with intellectual disabilities in previous research.

Papel del ESAD en el tratamiento del dolor: análisis pre-post intervención en un entorno rural

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de uso de analgésicos en pacientes terminales atendidos en domicilio, analizando factores que pudieran intervenir en la percepción del dolor, además de las actuaciones llevadas a cabo. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico prospectivo e intervencional con pacientes derivados al Equipo de Soporte para Atención Domiciliaria (ESAD) de Barbastro. Variables estudiadas: edad, sexo, número de visitas, tiempo de seguimiento, presencia de dolor y de otros síntomas concomitantes, Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), diagnóstico, analgésicos previos y post-intervención, dosis media previa de analgésicos y post-intervención. Estudio estadístico con SPSS 15.0. Resultados: n = 638, 53,9 % hombres (n = 344), edad media 79,64 ± 10,8 años, 56 % oncológicos (n = 357), seguimiento medio 56 ± 56,56 días, media de 2,68 ± 2,5 visitas por proceso. Dolor en primera visita 43,3 % (n = 276), EVA media 6,54 ± 1,87, dolor 47,1 % de hombres (n = 162) y 38,8 % de mujeres (n = 114) (p < 0,05), dolor en 56,6 % de oncológicos (n = 202) y en 26,3 % de crónico-dependientes (n = 74) (p < 0,001). No diferencias en EVA entre grupos. Entre analgésicos pautados en pacientes con dolor controlado y sin controlar previa intervención del ESAD encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,005) en morfina y tramadol, y con mayor significación (p < 0,001) en fentanilo transdérmico y transmucosa, paracetamol, metamizol y AINE, todos más frecuentes en dolor no controlado. Las dosis medias previas de todos estos fármacos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos, aunque eran mayores en el grupo de dolor no controlado. En estos, se pautan o modifican analgésicos, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas pre-post intervención (p < 0,001) en fentanilo transdérmico y transmucosa, tramadol, paracetamol, metamizol, AINE, pregabalina y con p < 0,05 en gabapentina. Se obtiene diferencias (p < 0,05) únicamente en las dosis posteriores a la actuación del ESAD en fentanilo transdérmico y codeína. Obtenemos correlaciones positivas entre dolor y anorexia, ansiedad, depresión e insomnio; en pacientes oncológicos entre dolor y ansiedad e insomnio, y en pacientes crónico-dependientes entre dolor, náuseas y depresión. No diferencias entre grupos en uso previo de benzodiacepinas, antidepresivos y otros tratamientos, aunque sí en clínica de depresión, ansiedad e insomnio. Tras intervención, diferencias significativas en uso de estos tratamientos y de sedación. Conclusiones: Tras la actuación del ESAD se puede apreciar el aumento progresivo de todas las medicaciones analgésicas; se debería realizar una valoración completa de la sintomatología del paciente y un tratamiento de síntomas multifactorial, además de interrogar al paciente de forma adecuada acerca de la presencia de síntomas asociados, dada la elevada correlación de los mismos.

Evaluación de la actividad amebicida en trofozoitos de entamoeba histolytica (Schaudinn, 1903) de 15 plantas medicinales usadas en el Noreste de México

La amibiasis es una de las enfermedades parasitarias de mayor importancia en países subdesarrollados con climas tropicales y subtropicales, siendo México un país en el cual los datos epidemiológicos demuestran que el 20 % de la población se encuentra infectada por el protozoario Entamoeba histolytica. La principal quimioterapia para esta enfermedad se basa en el uso de imidazoles principalmente del Metronidazol el cual es la causa de numerosos efectos secundarios producidos tras su administración, por lo que es necesario obtener nuevos compuestos antiprotozoarios que ayuden a lograr mejores tratamientos. La medicina tradicional usada en el noreste de México menciona el empleo de numerosas plantas las cuales pueden ser empleadas para el tratamientos de desórdenes intestinales provocados por parásitos tanto protozoarios como helmintos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la actividad amebicida de 15 plantas medicinales empleadas en la medicina tradicional mexicana y aislar e identificar los compuestos con la principal actividad amebicida del extracto de la planta que presente el mayor porcentaje de inhibición sobre el crecimiento del parásito. Ruta chalepensis fue la planta con el mayor porcentaje de inhibición, se utilizaron 660 g de hojas de R. chalepensis los cuales fueron sometidos a extracción Soxhlet empleando metanol como solvente de extracción; después de eliminar el solvente, se evaluó la actividad amebicida del extracto metanólico y de sus particiones hexánica y de acetato de etilo. El extracto metanólico mostró una actividad amebicida de 90.50 % a 150 g/ml, en tanto la partición hexánica fue de 93.47 % y la partición de acetato de etilo de 84.82 % las cuales fueron evaluadas a la misma concentración de 150 g/ml, debido a que se obtuvieron porcentajes de inhibición sobresaliente en las dos particiones se realizó la separación cromatográfica de los componentes de ambas particiones. Del fraccionamiento cromatográfico se identificaron mediante diversas técnicas de RMN y espectrometría de masas los siguientes compuestos, una mezcla de psoraleno y bergapteno (IC50 de 57.09 g/ml), una mezcla de xantotoxina-isopimpinelina (IC50 de 26.22 g/ml), chalepensina (IC50 de 38.71 g/ml), graveolina, rutamarina (IC50 de 6.54 g/ml) y chalepina (IC50 de 28.67 g/ml). Como es posible observar el efecto amebicida de R. chalepensis está respaldado por la presencia de furanocumarinas.

铒玻璃在1．54μm实现1 Hz下3 J和5 Hz下0．6 J的激光输出

近年来,随着激光告警、激光指示、风速测量、激光雷达尤其是激光美容等方面的需求逐渐增加,要求掺铒激光玻璃能够实现比以往更高重复频率以及更大能量的激光输出,其中对脉冲能量的要求达1～10 J。