Functional analysis of cis- and trans-acting elements of the Candida albicans CDR2 promoter with a novel promoter reporter system.

Azole resistance in Candida albicans can be mediated by the upregulation of the ATP binding cassette transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2. Both genes are regulated by a cis-acting element called the drug-responsive element (DRE), with the consensus sequence 5'-CGGAWATCGGATATTTTTTT-3', and the transcription factor Tac1p. In order to analyze in detail the DRE sequence necessary for the regulation of CDR1 and CDR2 and properties of TAC1 alleles, a one-hybrid system was designed. This system is based on a P((CDR2))-HIS3 reporter system in which complementation of histidine auxotrophy can be monitored by activation of the reporter system by CDR2-inducing drugs such as estradiol. Our results show that most of the modifications within the DRE, but especially at the level of CGG triplets, strongly reduce CDR2 expression. The CDR2 DRE was replaced by putative DREs deduced from promoters of coregulated genes (CDR1, RTA3, and IFU5). Surprisingly, even if Tac1p was able to bind these putative DREs, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation, those from RTA3 and IFU5 did not functionally replace the CDR2 DRE. The one-hybrid system was also used for the identification of gain-of-function (GOF) mutations either in TAC1 alleles from clinical C. albicans isolates or inserted in TAC1 wild-type alleles by random mutagenesis. In all, 17 different GOF mutations were identified at 13 distinct positions. Five of them (G980E, N972D, A736V, T225A, and N977D) have already been described in clinical isolates, and four others (G980W, A736T, N972S, and N972I) occurred at already-described positions, thus suggesting that GOF mutations can occur in a limited number of positions in Tac1p. In conclusion, the one-hybrid system developed here is rapid and powerful and can be used for characterization of cis- and trans-acting elements in C. albicans.

Does a mandatory telemedicine call prior to visiting a physician reduce costs or simply attract good risks?

This paper aims to estimate empirically the efficiency of a Swiss telemedicine service introduced in 2003. We used claims' data gathered by a major Swiss health insurer, over a period of 6 years and involving 160 000 insured adults. In Switzerland, health insurance is mandatory, but everyone has the option of choosing between a managed care plan and a fee-for-service plan. This paper focuses on a conventional fee-for-service plan including a mandatory access to a telemedicine service; the insured are obliged to phone this medical call centre before visiting a physician. This type of plan generates much lower average health expenditures than a conventional insurance plan. Reasons for this may include selection, incentive effects or efficiency. In our sample, about 90% of the difference in health expenditure can be explained by selection and incentive effects. The remaining 10% of savings due to the efficiency of the telemedicine service amount to about SFr 150 per year per insured, of which approximately 60% is saved by the insurer and 40% by the insured. Although the efficiency effect is greater than the cost of the plan, the big winners are the insured who not only save monetary and non-monetary costs but also benefit from reduced premiums. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lu pour vous: Prévention cardiovasculaire: efficacité des statines chez les plus de 70 ans

Résumé de: Glynn RJ et al. Rosuvastatin for primary prevention in older persons with elevated C-reactive protein and low to average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: exploratory analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Apr 20;152(8):488-96, PMID: 20404379.

Catalogue des objets d'art et d'ameublement du XVIIIe siècle, orfèvrerie ancienne et moderne, bijoux, faïences et porcelaines, objets de vitrine..., tableaux anciens et modernes, gravures..., le tout dépendant de la succession de madame la vicomtesse de Rainneville... vente... 1-4 mars 1909... / [experts] Léon Helft, Féral, Falize

[Vente. Art. 1909-03-01 - 1909-03-04. Paris]

NMR chemical shifts of the rhodopsin chromophore in the dark state and in bathorhodopsin: a hybrid QM/MM molecular dynamics study.

We investigate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters of the rhodopsin chromophore in the dark state of the protein and in the early photointermediate bathorhodopsin via first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and NMR chemical shift calculations in a hybrid quantum/classical (QM/MM) framework. NMR parameters are particularly sensitive to structural properties and to the chemical environment, which allows us to address different questions about the retinal chromophore in situ. Our calculations show that both the 13C and the 1H NMR chemical shifts are rather insensitive to the protonation state of Glu181, an ionizable amino acid side chain located in the vicinity of the isomerizing 11-cis bond. Thus, other techniques should be better suited to establish its protonation state. The calculated chemical shifts for bathorhodopsin further support our previously published theoretical structure, which is in very good agreement with more recent X-ray data.

Historia doctrinae de affinitatibus chemicis

Arkit: 1 arkintunnukseton lehti, G-H4.

L'Univers

1870/10/27 (Numéro 1267).

Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1915/04/04 (Numéro 1267).

L'Écho de Paris

1887/09/06 (Numéro 1267).

Recueil des pièces latines et françaises : Doctriual, vie de saint Alexis, chansons, cantiques, etc.

Contient : « Les Enseignemenz Trebor de vivre sagement, » par Robert de Ho ; cf. M. P. Meyer, dans les Notï???ces et extraits des Mss., t. XXXIV, 1re part., p. 212 ; « Le Doctrinal de cortaisie : » cf. P. Meyer, dans la Romania, t. VI, p. 21 ; « La vie Saint Alexi ; » cf. Gaston Paris, La Vie de Saint Alexi, dans la Romania, t. VIII, p. 169 ; « Le Dialogue de Pere et de Fiz ; » cf. M. P. Meyer, Romania, t. XXVIII, p. 259 ; « Le Fabel de la mort, » d'Hélinand, moine de Froidmond : cf. M. P. Meyer, Romania, t. I, p. 365 ; « Le Compot en franceis » ; « Le Bestiaire en français... Ici finist le bestiaire. Anno Domini M° CC° LX° septimo, die sabbati ante Nativitatem Beate Marie Virginis » ; « Oracio ad Dominum nostrum Jhesum Christum » ; « Oracio de Sancta Maria » ; Pleure-chante et chantepleure ; « Hii sunt duodecim pares Franciae » ; Satire latine. « Femina, dulce malum, mentem roburque virile... » ; « De IIIIor rebus que expetuntur in equis » ; Cantique latin noté sur le déluge, publié par M. Sepet, Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, t. XXXVI, p. 144 ; Pièce rythmique sur la médisance ; Cantique latin en l'honneur de la Sainte Vierge ; Chanson latine sur le mépris du monde, publiée par Edelestand Du Méril, Poésies populaires latines au moyen âge (Paris, 1847, 8°), p. 125 ; Chanson française. « Bel semblant est coverteure... » ; Recettes médicales, etc

Informe ejecutivo infopag. Comparativo y evolución de quejas 2011 2010

Banco del conocimiento

Far infrared reflectance and optical properties of organic superconductor (TMTSF)2ClO4 /

Polarized reflectance measurements of the quasi I-D charge-transfer salt (TMTSFh CI04 were carried out using a Martin-Puplett-type polarizing interferometer and a 3He refrigerator cryostat, at several temperatures between 0.45 K and 26 K, in the far infrared, in the 10 to 70 cm- 1 frequency range. Bis-tetramethyl-tetraselena-fulvalene perchlorate crystals, grown electrochemically and supplied by K. Behnia, of dimensions 2 to 4 by 0.4 by 0.2 mm, were assembled on a flat surface to form a mosaic of 1.5 by 3 mm. The needle shaped crystals were positioned parallel to each other along their long axis, which is the stacking direction of the planar TMTSF cations, exposing the ab plane face (parallel to which the sheets of CI04 anions are positioned). Reflectance measurements were performed with radiation polarized along the stacking direction in the sample. Measurements were carried out following either a fast (15-20 K per minute) or slow (0.1 K per minute) cooling of the sample. Slow cooling permits the anions to order near 24 K, and the sample is expected to be superconducting below 1.2 K, while fast cooling yields an insulating state at low temperatures. Upon the slow cooling the reflectance shows dependence with temperature and exhibits the 28 cm- 1 feature reported previously [1]. Thermoreflectance for both the 'slow' and 'fast' cooling of the sample calculated relative to the 26 K reflectance data indicates that the reflectance is temperature dependent, for the slow cooling case only. A low frequency edge in the absolute reflectance is assigned an electronic origin given its strong temperature dependence in the relaxed state. We attribute the peak in the absolute reflectance near 30 cm-1 to a phonon coupled to the electronic background. Both the low frequency edge and the 30 cm-1 feature are noted te shift towards higher frequcncy, upon cntering the superconducting state, by an amount of the order of the expected superconducting energy gap. Kramers-Kronig analysis was carried out to determine the optical conductivity for the slowly cooled sample from the measured reflectance. In order to do so the low frequency data was extrapolated to zero frequency using a Hagen-Ru bens behaviour, and the high frequency data was extended with the data of Cao et al. [2], and Kikuchi et al. [3]. The real part of the optical conductivity exhibits an asymmetric peak at 35 cm-1, and its background at lower frequencies seems to be losing spectral weight with lowering of the temperature, leading us to presume that a narrow peak is forming at even lower frequencies.

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