Single- and double-electron processes in collisions of Xe23+ ions with helium

We report the measurements of relative cross sections for single capture (SC), double capture (DC), single ionization (SI), double ionization (DI), and transfer ionization (TI) in collisions of Xe23+ ions with helium atoms in the velocity range of 0.65-1.32 a.u. The relative cross sections show a weak velocity dependence. The cross-section ratio of double-(DE) to single-electron (SE) removal from He, sigma(DE)/sigma(SE), is about 0.45. Single capture is the dominant reaction channel which is followed by transfer ionization, while only very small probabilities are found for pure ionization and double capture. The present experimental data are in satisfactory agreement with the estimations by the extended classical over-barrier (ECB) model..

Excitation and dissociation of tungsten hexacarbonyl W(CO)(6): Statistical and nonstatistical dissociation processes

We have studied the excitation and dissociation processes of the molecule W(CO)(6) in collisions with low kinetic energy (3 keV) protons, monocharged fluorine, and chlorine ions using double charge transfer spectroscopy. By analyzing the kinetic energy loss of the projectile anions, we measured the excitation energy distribution of the produced transient dications W(CO)(6)(2+). By coincidence measurements between the anions and the stable or fragments of W(CO)(6)(2+), we determined the energy distribution for each dissociation channel. Based on the experimental data, the emission of the first CO was tentatively attributed to a nonstatistical direct dissociation process and the emission of the second or more CO ligands was attributed to the statistical dissociation processes. The dissociation energies for the successive breaking of the W-CO bond were estimated using a cascade model. The ratio between charge separation and evaporation (by the loss of CO+ and CO, respectively) channels was estimated to be 6% in the case of Cl+ impact. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3523347]

A model study on carbon cycle and phytoplankton dynamical processes in the Bohai Sea

The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimension-al biological and physical coupled model. The influences of the processes (including horizontal advection,river nutrient load, active transport etc. ) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated.The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere. During the cycle, 13.7% of the gross pro-duction of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8 % of it are consumed by the respira-tion itself. The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the rem-ineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic. Horizon-tal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas. Change in the nutrientload of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary. Controlling the input of the nutrient,which limits the alga growth, can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass.

黄土坡面坡长对侵蚀一搬运过程的影响研究

通过不同降雨强度的模拟降雨试验,研究了15°时坡面坡长对黄土坡面侵蚀—搬运过程的影响。结果表明,坡面径流量随坡长的增加而增加,在50和75 mm/h降雨强度下,坡面径流量随坡长增加的幅度基本相同。在100 mm/h降雨强度下,当坡长小于5 m时,坡面径流量随坡长的增加幅度较小,而当坡长大于5 m时,坡面径流量随坡长增加的速率明显增大。在8 m坡长内,坡面侵蚀量随坡长变化呈波状起伏的交替变化;随坡长增加,坡面侵蚀现象呈现以侵蚀—搬运过程为主与以侵蚀—沉积过程为主的交替现象。

a dynamic model to handle defect-oriented processes

Tongji Univ, Inst Dev Study, Syst Engn Soc China, Comm Syst Dynam, Syst Dynam Soc, China Chapter, Shanghai Inst Foreign Trade, Syst Dynam Soc, Chapters Asia Pacific Area

黄土高原典型小流域综合治理的水文生态效应(英文)

从流域产流规律及水土保持措施改变引起的土壤水分状况和流域蒸散发的变化等方面评价了黄土丘陵沟壑区泉家沟流域水土保持措施变化对流域水分生态环境的影响。结果表明:水土保持与生态建设过程改变了土地利用结构,对小流域水环境变迁具有很大的影响作用,主要表现在:减少地表径流量,径流模数1996～2000年平均较1980～1985年减少了36.1%;不同治理措施土壤水分状况不同,灌木林地、人工草地和乔木林地均存在深度和厚度不等的土壤"干层";不同地貌部位土壤储水差异很大,阴坡的水分环境优于阳坡,沟底优于峁顶,缓坡优于陡坡;林草措施对流域总蒸散量起着决定性作用,1991～1995年流域林草地面积达到最大,总蒸散量也达到最大,与治理初期相比,总蒸散量累计增加了56.3mm。

区域尺度侵蚀产沙估算方法研究

区域土壤侵蚀模型是大区域土壤侵蚀普查和水土保持宏观决策的支持工具,土壤侵蚀模型的研发是土壤侵蚀学科的前沿领域。基于DEM将区域划分为规则网格,设计产流、产沙过程的单元模型,包括植被截留、入渗、填洼、流速、携沙能力、径流剥蚀量、泥沙沉积等算法。将月降水当作1次降雨事件,并划分若干时段进行迭代计算,利用GIS空间分析功能完成水沙汇集运算,并在ArcGIS支持下进行计算机程序设计,有效地完成了区域侵蚀产沙量的计算。将模型应用于延河流域得到:1995年7月份平均径流深为35.6 mm,径流系数为0.237,流域出口径流量为2.72亿m3,流域出口输沙量为0.38亿t,流域平均侵蚀模数为4575 t/(km2.月);输出图形空间格局和结构符合实际情况,初步模拟结果令人较满意。

施加PAM的坡地降雨入渗过程及其模型研究

作为一种新型高效的土壤结构改良剂 PAM,在一定条件下能显著地提高土壤入渗能力 ,减小坡面径流。采用室内人工模拟降雨试验 ,研究了不同 PAM覆盖度下降雨产流随时间的动态变化及其与雨强、坡度的关系 ,以及入渗率随时间的变化规律 ,分析了 PAM、坡度、雨强对入渗率的影响。结果表明 ,地表施加 PAM后土壤的入渗率及稳定入渗率都比未施 PAM显著提高。通过对比施加 PAM后 Kostiakov入渗模型与 Horton入渗模型的显著性 ,表明 Horton入渗公式的适用性更好

细沟侵蚀过程与细沟水流水力学参数的关系研究

利用供沙土槽和试验土槽的双土槽径流小区 ,定量研究了在不同降雨强度下上方来水来沙对陡坡地细沟侵蚀产沙过程和细沟水流水力学参数的影响及其细沟水流水力学特征参数与细沟侵蚀产沙量的关系。结果表明 :坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主 ,坡上方来沙不仅被径流全部搬运 ,且上方来水在坡下方引起了另外的侵蚀产沙量 ,其值随上方来水含沙量的减少和降雨强度的增加而增大。上方来水的汇入或降雨强度的增大可使细沟水流流态由层流转化为紊流。上方来水对细沟水流水力学参数 (流速、水力半径、雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数 )有重要影响。定量分析了细沟水流水力学特征参数 (流速、雷诺数和阻力系数 )与上坡来水引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量的关系 ,建立了净侵蚀产沙量与细沟水流流速、雷诺数和阻力系数统计模型。

a fuzzy-based method for evaluating the trustworthiness of software processes

University of Paderborn; Fraunhofer Inst. Exp. Softw. Eng. (IESE); Chinese Academy of Science (ISCAS)

Modeling of Hillslope Runoff and Soil Erosion at Rainfall Events Using Cellular Automata Approach

National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China [40225004]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40471048]

Impacts of LUCC processes on potential land productivity in China in the 1990s

Using meteorological data and RS dynamic land-use observation data set, the potential land productivity that is limited by solar radiation and temperature is estimated and the impacts of recent LUCC processes on it are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the influence of LUCC processes on potential land productivity change has extensive and unbalanced characteristics. It generally reduces the productivity in South China and increases it in North China, and the overall effect is increasing the total productivity by 26.22 million tons. The farmland reclamation and original farmlands losses are the primary causes that led potential land productivity to change. The reclamation mostly distributed in arable-pasture and arable-forest transitional zones and oasises in northwestern China has made total productivity increase by 83.35 million tons, accounting for 3.50% of the overall output. The losses of original farmlands driven by built-up areas invading and occupying arable land are mostly distributed in the regions which have rapid economic development, e.g. Huang-Huai-Hai plain, Yangtze River delta, Zhujiang delta, central part of Gansu, southeast coastal region, southeast of Sichuan Basin and Urumqi-Shihezi. It has led the total productivity to decrease 57.13 million tons, which is 2.40% of the overall output.

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961-2005

National Key Technology RD Program [2006BAD03A02]

Effects of soil type on leaching and runoff transport of rare earth elements and phosphorous in laboratory experiments

Through leaching experiments and simulated rainfall experiments, characteristics of vertical leaching of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and phosphorus (P) and their losses with surface runoff during simulated rainfall in different types of soils (terra nera soil, cinnamon soil, red soil, loess soil, and purple soil) were investigated. Results of the leaching experiments showed that vertical transports of REEs and P were relatively low, with transport depths less than 6 cm. The vertical leaching rates of REEs and P in the different soils followed the order of purple soil > terra nera soil > red soil > cinnamon soil > loess soil. Results of the simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h(-1)) revealed that more than 92% of REEs and P transported with soil particles in runoff. The loss rates of REEs and P in surface runoff in the different soil types were in the order of loess soil > terra nera soil > cinnamon soil > red soil > purple soil. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in runoff were significantly correlated.