Medium Chain Fatty Acids Are Selective Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) gamma Activators and Pan-PPAR Partial Agonists

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mechanisms of insulin secretion in malnutrition: modulation by amino acids in rodent models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fatty acids and bioactive compounds of the pulps and kernels of Brazilian palm species, guariroba (Syagrus oleraces), jeriva (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macauba (Acrocomia aculeata)

BACKGROUND: Bioactive compounds are capable of providing health benefits, reducing disease incidence or favoring body functioning. There is a growing search for vegetable oils containing such compounds. This study aimed to characterize the pulp and kernel oils of the Brazilian palm species guariroba (Syagrus oleracea), jeriva (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macauba (Acrocomia aculeata), aiming at possible uses in several industries.RESULTS: Fatty acid composition, phenolic and carotenoid contents, tocopherol composition were evaluated. The majority of the fatty acids in pulps were oleic and linoleic; macauba pulp contained 526 g kg(-1) of oleic acid. Lauric acid was detected in the kernels of all three species as the major saturated fatty acid, in amounts ranging from 325.8 to 424.3 g kg(-1). The jeriva pulp contained carotenoids and tocopherols on average of 1219 mu g g(-1) and 323.50 mg kg(-1), respectively.CONCLUSION: The pulps contained more unsaturated fatty acids than the kernels, mainly oleic and linoleic. Moreover, the pulps showed higher carotenoid and tocopherol contents. The kernels showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids, especially lauric acid. The fatty acid profiles of the kernels suggest that these oils may be better suited for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries than for use in foods. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Photoacoustic spectroscopy of aromatic amino acids in proteins

This paper concerns the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) to study the presence of aromatic amino acid in proteins. We examined the aromatic amino acids in six proteins with well-known structures using absorption spectra of near ultraviolet PAS over the wavelength range 240-320 nm. The fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical properties that govern the absorption of light and a subsequent release of heat to generate a transient pressure wave was used to test the concept of monitoring aromatic amino acids with this method. Second derivative spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region of proteins was also used to study the regions surrounding the aromatics and the percentage area in each band was related in order to determine the contribution in function of the respective molar extinction coefficients for each residue. Further investigation was conducted into the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and bothropstoxin-I (BthTx-I), with the purpose of identifying the aromatics that participate in the interaction. The clear changes in the second derivative and curve-fitting procedures suggest that initial SDS binding to the tryptophan located in the dimer interface and above 10 SDS an increased intensity between 260 and 320 nm, demonstrating that the more widespread tyrosine and phenylalanine residues contribute to the SDS/BthTx-I interactions. These results demonstrate the potential of near UV-PAS for the investigation of membrane proteins/detergent complexes in which light scattering is significant.

Method development for the simultaneous determination of carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, and sorbic acid in white wines

A reversed phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of carboxylic acids and phenolics in white wines. The samples, diluted, were injected onto a Spherisorb ODS-2 column with a gradient of sulfuric acid (pH 2.5)/methanol as mobile phase. A diode array detector was used which was set at 210nm for carboxylic acids and altered to 278nm, during the run, far phenolics and sorbic acid. The identification of compounds was based on retention time, co-chromatography and UV spectrum. Some clean-up methods (sep-pak C-18 and an ion exchange column) mere tested and did not improve the results.The analysis was simple, with no sample preparation. Application of this method was illustrated by analyses of Brazilian Welchriesling wines.

Fullerene and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on fish brain antioxidant status

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Radionuclide concentrations in raw and purified phosphoric acids from Brazil and their processing wastes: implications for radiation exposures

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Kinetic study of crystallization of PHB in presence of hydroxy acids

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The activity of amino acids produced by Paenibacillus macerans and from commercial sources against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Adsorptive potentiometric stripping analysis of nucleic acids at mercury electrodes

The application of adsorptive stripping potentiometry to the reductive detection of nucleic acids at mercury electrodes is reported. Compared to analogous voltammetric stripping modes, constant current potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) effectively addresses the hydrogen discharge background problem, and hence greatly improves the characteristics of the superimposed cytosine/adenine (CA) reduction peak. Compared to earlier schemes for trace measurements of nucleic acids at mercury or carbon electrodes that rely on anodic signals arising from the guanine residue, convenient quantitation can now be carried out in connection with the cytosine and adenine residues. Variables influencing the adsorptive PSA response are explored and optimized. With five minute accumulation, the detection limits for tRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA are 30 mu g l(-1), 60 mu g l(-1) and 2 mg l(-1), respectively. Such different values reflect the strong dependence of the PSA CA signal upon the nucleic-acid structure. This allows the quantitation of ssDNA or tRNA in the presence of dsDNA, and offers new possibilities for electrochemical studies of DNA structure and interactions.

Electrochemical behavior of the N-nosyl-protected amino acids in N,N-dimethylformamide

The electrochemical reduction of serine, glycine, and leucine protected by the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl, group in N,N-dimethylformamide at mercury cathode occurs at two steps. The first one at -0.8 V vs. SCE, after a one-electron transfer, leads the anion radical formation that dimerizes and adsorbs at electrode. In the second step at -1.4 V, an instable dianion forms which then cleaves. The mechanism is discussed.

Characterization of humic acids from a Brazilian Oxisol under different tillage systems by EPR, C-13 NMR, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy

The importance of soil organic matter functions is well known, but structural information, chemical composition and changes induced by anthropogenic factors such as tillage practices are still being researched. In the present paper were characterized Brazilian humic acids (HAs) from an Oxisol under different treatments: conventional tillage/maize-bare fallow (CT1); conventional tillage/maize rotation with soybean-bare fallow (CT2)-, no-till/maize-bare fallow (NT1); no-till/maize rotation with soybean-bare fallow (NT2); no-till/maize-cajanus (NT3) and no cultivated soil under natural vegetation (NC). Soil HA samples were analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR), Fourier transform intra-red (FTIR) and UV-Vis fluorescence spectroscopies and elemental analysis (CHNS). The FTIR spectra of the HAs were similar for all treatments. The level of semiquinone-type free radical determined from the EPR spectra was lower for treatments no-till/maize-cajanus (NT3) and noncultivated soil (1.74 X 10(17) and 1.02 x 10(17) spins g(-1) HA, respectively), compared with 2.3 X 10(17) spins g(-1) HA for other soils under cultivation. The percentage of aromatic carbons determined by C-13 NMR also decreases for noncultivated soil to 24%, being around 30% for samples of the other treatments. The solid-state C-13 NMR and EPR spectroscopies showed small differences in chemical composition of the HA from soils where incorporation of vegetal residues was higher, showing that organic matter (OM) formed in this cases is less aromatic. The fluorescence intensities were in agreement with the percentage of aromatic carbons, determined by NMR (r = 0.97 P < 0.01) and with semiquinone content, determined by EPR (r = 0.97 P < 0.01). No important effect due to tillage system was observed in these areas after 5 years of cultivation. Probably, the studied Oxisol has a high clay content that offers protection to the clay-Fe-OM complex against strong structural alterations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical reduction of aromatic sulfinic acids in dimethylsulfoxide

The electrochemical reduction of benzenesulfinic, p-toluenesulfinic, and p-nitrobenzenesulfinic acids was studied in dimethylsulfoxide solutions. From cyclic voltammetry experiments, a chemical reaction following the first electron transfer was detected during the reduction process. A cyclic voltammetry technique using ultramicroelectrodes has provided kinetic parameters for the electron-transfer steps, from which it was possible to observe the influence of the ring substituent on the electrochemical reduction. The mechanism of the electroreduction of aromatic sulfinic acids in dimethylsulfoxide depends upon the nucleophilic attack of the radical anion produced on the starting compound during the reduction processes.

Diterpene esters of aristolochic acids from Aristolochia pubescens

From the acetone and ethanol extracts of the tubercula of Aristolochia pubescens, two diterpene esters of aristolochic acids were isolated, together with 23 known compounds. The structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physiological responses of pressed baker's yeast cells pre-treated with citric, malic and succinic acids

The dough-leavening power of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is strongly influenced by conditions under which the pressed yeast is maintained prior to bread dough preparation. In this study, the influence of the yeast cell's pre-treatment with organic acids (malic, succinic, and citric acids) was investigated at a wide range of pH values when the pressed yeast samples were exposed to 30 degrees C. Increased fermentative activity was observed immediately after pre-treatment of the cells with organic acids. When the pH of the pressed yeast containing added citric acid was raised from 3.5 to 7.5, increases in both fermentative and maltase activities were obtained. Improvements in viability and levels of total protein were also observed during storage in the presence of citric acid, notably at pH 7.5. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and levels of internal glycerol also increased in the presence of citrate. on the other hand, pressed yeast samples containing succinic acid at pH 7.5 showed decreased viability during storage despite the maintenance of high levels of fermentative activity, similar to pressed yeast containing malic acid at pH 4.5 and 7.5. Decreases in intracellular levels of trehalose were observed during storage in all cases. Overall, the results of this study revealed the potential benefits of adding organic acids to pressed yeast preparations for baking purposes.