gamma-LiAlO2 single crystal grown by Czochralski technique and modified by vapor transport equilibration (VTE) technique

Large-sized (similar to 2 inch, 50.8 mm) gamma-UA102 single crystal has been grown by conventional Czochralski (Cz) method, but the crystal ha's a milky, dendriform center. The samples taken from transparent and milky parts were ground and examined by X-ray diffraction. All diffraction peaks could be indexed in gamma-LiAlO2. The crystal quality was characterized by X-ray rocking curve. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values are 116.9 and 132.0 arcsec for transparent and milky parts, respectively. The vapor transport equilibrium (VTE) technique was introduced to modify the crystal quality. After 1000 degrees C/48 h, 1100 degrees C/48 h, 1200 degrees C/48 h VTE processes, the FWHM values dropped to 44.2 and 55.2 arcsec for transparent and milky part, respectively. The optical transmission of transparent part was greatly enhanced from 85% to 90%, and transmission of milky part from 75% to 80% in the range of 190 similar to 1900 nm at room temperature. When the VTE temperature was raised to 1300 degrees C, the sample cracked and FWHM values of transparent and milky parts were increased to 55.2 and 80.9 arcsec, respectively. By combining Cz technique with VTE technique, large-sized and high quality gamma-LiAlO2 crystal can be obtained.

A survey of river habitats on the River Lune

A survey of the River Lune using River Habitat Survey (RHS) was carried out at 103 sections in February/March 99, to which were added 37 sites surveyed between 1994 -1996. Summary statistics were produced on the distribution and extent of flow features (e.g. riffles, pools, rapids etc.), substrate types, tree and associated features and bank profiles. Information on land-use and management was also included in the analyses. A Habitat Modification Score (HMS) describing the level of habitat modification was derived for each site and compared to the whole reference network and to rivers of similar types in Britain. The HMS shows that more than 70% of the sites on the catchment are predominantly unmodified and very few sites are significantly modified. Highly modified sites are concentrated in the urban areas and on the tributaries.

River habitats for salmonids on the River Lune catchment

An extensive survey of the River Lune using River Habitat Survey (RHS) was commissioned to assess the habitat quality of the Lune for salmonid fish. The main river on the Lune and tributaries were divided into 500m sections. A sample of 103 sections (25% of the total classified length) was randomly selected and surveyed in February/March 99. A Habitat Modification Score (HMS) describing the level of habitat modification was derived for each site and compared to the whole reference network and to rivers of similar types in Britain. The analysis of Habitat Modification scores show that more than 70% of the sites on the catchment are predominantly unmodified and very few sites are significantly modified (less than 10% of the sites). The analyses of the data collected suggest that although river habitats are altogether of good quality, the natural processes within the catchment may reduce spawning habitats for salmonids. The river processes appear to be driven by natural forces, although land-use is likely to impact on the levels of run-off. Further analyses using fisheries data on the Lune will investigate the relationship between the major environmental dimensions and fish distribution on the catchment.

Associação entre estado nutricional e infecção assintomática por Leishmania infantum em moradores de áreas endêmicas para leishmaniose visceral no município de Teresina, Piauí

INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença negligenciada de grande importância no cenário brasileiro, particularmente devido à sua gravidade, sua expansão geográfica e a associação com condições de pobreza. Nesta perspectiva, as condições nutricionais emergem como elementos a serem considerados na compreensão de sua situação epidemiológica, sejam como potenciais fatores de risco para o estabelecimento da doença após infecção ou como fatores associados ao prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre estado nutricional e infecção por Leishmania infantum em moradores de áreas endêmicas para LV no município de Teresina, Piauí. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional realizado em bairros de alta endemicidade para a doença, envolvendo 198 indivíduos com idade entre 2 e 65 anos. Peso e estatura foram aferidos no domicílio por profissionais treinados. Para a avaliação de adultos foi utilizado o índice de massa corporal (IMC). Para crianças e adolescentes foram avaliados os índices antropométricos (peso / idade, estatura / idade, peso / estatura e IMC / idade). A infecção por L. infantum foi avaliada a partir da intradermorreação de Montenegro (IDRM). Para a análise foi utilizada regressão logística multivariada, estimando-se razões de chances (OR) como medidas de associação e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de infecção assintomática foi de 32,6%. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 52% entre adultos (IMC ? 25 kg/m) e de 23,9% entre crianças e jovens (escore-z de IMC / idade > 1). Indivíduos com sobrepeso, tanto adultos como aqueles de até 19 anos, apresentaram chance de infecção cerca de 70% maior quando comparados aos eutróficos (p>0,05 para ambos). CONCLUSÃO: Ainda que não estatisticamente significante, a associação entre infecção assintomática por L. infantum e sobrepeso sugere que estes indivíduos possam estar sob maior risco de infecção por apresentarem déficits de micronutrientes relevantes para a resposta imune específica. Para investigar esta hipótese, são necessários estudos longitudinais que investiguem o papel do consumo alimentar e do perfil de micronutrientes desta população no risco de infecção por L. infantum.

Estudo da frequência dos alelos de HLA-DRB1 em pacientes brasileiros com artrite reumatóide

Os alelos HLA-DRB1, que codificam uma sequência de aminoácidos (QKRAA/QRRAA/RRRAA) nas posições 70 a 74 da terceira região hipervariável da cadeia 1 do gene DRB1, denominada epítopo compartilhado (EC), estão associados com maior susceptibilidade e gravidade para artrite reumatóide (AR) em diversas populações. Uma nova classificação proposta por Du Montcel et al tem sido desenvolvida para apurar a associação entre HLA-DRB1 e AR. Este estudo foi desenhado com o objetivo de determinar a frequência dos alelos HLA-DRB1 em pacientes brasileiros com AR, e sua associação com o fator reumatoide (FR), anticorpos antipeptídeos citrulinados (ACPA) e lesão radiográfica articular e óssea. Quatrocentos e doze pacientes com AR e 215 controles foram incluídos. A tipificação HLA-DRB1 foi realizada pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) usando primers específicos e hibridação com oligonucleotídeos de sequência específica (SSOP). A pesquisa de ACPA foi determinada pela técnica de ELISA e a do FR por nefelometria, a avaliação radiográfica realizada pelo método do índice de Sharp modificado de Van Der Heijde. Para análises estatísticas foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado, t de Student e a regressão logística. Nos pacientes com AR alelos HLA-DRB1*04:01, *04:04, *04:05 se associaram com AR (p<0,05), embora o amplo intervalo de confiança, vale a pena ressaltar a associação observada com o alelo DRB1*09:01 e a doença (p<0,05). Alelos HLA-DRB1 EC+ foram observados em 62,8% dos pacientes e em 31,1% do grupo controle (OR 3,62; p <0,001) e estiveram associados com ACPA (OR 2,03; p<0,001). Alelos DRB1 DERAA mostraram efeito protetor para a AR (OR 0,42; p<0,001). A análise da nova classificação de HLA-DRB1 mostra que S2 e S3P se associaram a AR (p<0,05). Alelos S2 e/ou S3P esteve presente em 65% dos pacientes e 32% do grupo controle (OR 3,86; p<0,001) e estiveram associados a ACPA (OR.2,11; p=0,001). Alelos S3D, S1, X mostraram efeito protetor para a AR. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que pacientes brasileiros com AR de etnia majoritariamente mestiça, alelos HLA-DRB1 avaliados segundo a hipótese do EC e a classificação proposta por Du Montcel estiveram associados à suscetibilidade à doença e à presença de ACPA.

Modified sorting technique to mitigate the collateral mortality of trawled school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi)

The potential for changes to onboard handling practices in order to improve the fate of juvenile school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi) discarded during trawling were investigated in two Australian rivers (Clarence and Hunter) by comparing a purpose-built, water-filled sorting tray against a conventional dry tray across various conditions, including the range of typical delays before the start of sorting the catch (2 min vs. 15 min). Juvenile school prawns (n= 5760), caught during 32 and 16 deployments in each river, were caged and sacrificed at four times: immediately (T0), and at 24 (T24), 72 (T72), and 120 (T12 0) hours after having been discarded. In both rivers, most mortalities occurred between T0 and T24 and, after adjusting for control deaths (<12%), were greatest for the 15-min conventional treatment (up to 41% at T120). Mixed-effects logistic models revealed that in addition to the sampling time, method of sorting, and delay in sorting, the weight of the catch, salinity, and percentage cloud cover were significant predictors of mortality. Although trawling caused some mortalities and comparable stress (measured as L -lactate) in all school prawns, use of the water tray lessened the negative impacts of some of the above factors across both the 2-min and 15-min delays in sorting so that the overall discard mortality was reduced by more than a third. When used in conjunction with selective trawls, widespread application of the water tray should help to improve the sustainability of trawling for school prawns.

Aplicación de metodología estadística para predecir la mortalidad de pacientes con neumonía

[es]Con esta memoria se pretende crear una herramienta de trabajo que ayude a los médicos a clasificar a los pacientes que padecen neumonía en distintos grupos de riesgo dependiendo de su gravedad. Para ello, hemos estudiado la regresión logística, que relaciona la variable respuesta mortalidad con el resto de variables (datos demográficos, antecedentes médicos y datos clínicos y exploratorios del paciente). Una vez creado el score a partir del modelo de regresión, hemos querido validarlo y compararlo con otros dos que utilizan los neumólogos: el CURB-65 y el FINE.

A computer software package for assessing and managing risks posed by experiments with genetically modified fish and shellfish

Assessment and management of risk is needed for sustainable use of genetically modified aquatic organisms (aquatic GMOs). A computer software package for safely conducting research with genetically modified fish and shellfish is described. By answering a series of questions about the organism and the accessible aquatic ecosystem, a researcher or oversight authority can either identify specific risks or conclude that there is a specific reason for safety of the experiment. Risk assessment protocols with examples involving transgenic coho salmon, triploid grass carp and hybrid tilapia are described. In case a specific risk is identified, the user is led to consider risk management measures, involving culture methods, facilities design and operations management, to minimize the risk. Key features of the software are its user-friendly organization; easy access to explanatory text, literature citations and glossary; and automated completion of a worksheet. Documented completion of the Performance Standards can facilitate approval of a well designed experiment by oversight authorities.

Exotic species and genetically modified organisms in aquaculture and enhanced fisheries: ICLARM's position

This article contains a discussion paper on the use of exotic species and genetically modified organisms in aquaculture and enhanced fisheries, together with a summary of ICLARM's (International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Philippines) current position on this important topic.