Fisheries legislation of Lake Victoria: present legislation and new developments

This paper provides an overview of fisheries legislation in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania as far it concerns the administration of Lake Victoria's fishery. It also provides brief comment on the structure of these nations' fisheries departments and how they have evolved in recent years. The administration of Kenya's Lake Victoria fishery has changed very little since the introduction of the 1988 Fisheries Act. In Tanzania and Uganda, however, government policies of decentralization have had a profound impact on fisheries administration at a local level. This paper examines these changes and speculates about possible future management scenarios for these two countries

Community-based organizations on Lake Victoria: a lesson from the Tweyambe Fishing Enterprise in Muleba District, Kagera Region, Tanzania

This paper is aimed at government, non-government organizations, intergovernmental organizations and the general public as they work toward the development of their individual strategies and action plans. It has been recognized that community-based organizations have a particular relevance to the pursuit of sustainable resource management and may well contribute to the foundations of self-sustenance. Women on Lake Victoria, Tanzania presently face great challenges within the fishery. These include the lack of capital, interference by men, theft of fishing gear, time constraints and socio-cultural problems. In recent years, the fish trading and marketing sectors of the fishery, which have traditionally been dominated by women, have seen large incursions by male entrepreneurs. This move has endangered the role of women within the fishery. This paper focuses on the Tweyambe Fishing Enterprise (TFE), a well-known women's group based in Kasheno village in the Muleba District of Kagera Region in northwestern Tanzania. Inhabitants from the Haya ethnic group who make up some 95% of the population of Kagera Region dominate this village. The TFE has a series of initiatives aimed towards ecologically sound self-development

Ownership and co-management: towards the integrated management of Lake Victoria

The management of Lake Victoria is a high priority to the riparian countries that benefit directly from its resources. Management regulations have been formulated and implemented with the aim of maintaining the lake's ecological quality as well as sustaining fisheries exploitation for economic gain. Results indicate, however, that the regulations have not been successful in maintaining the state of the lake's ecosystem nor the fisheries. There has been a continuing decline in fish catches as well as declining biodiversity. Currently, the riparian countries are considering the introduction of a co-management regime as an alternative managerial strategy to address the lake's problems. In this paper it is argued that the failure of the former management regulations was because ownership of the lake was not clearly defined. It is further argued that even if co-management were to be successfully instituted, it will yield very minimal results if the problem of ownership is not properly addressed. This paper explores the ownership status of the lake based on data collected in Tanzania, and examines the relationship between, and significance of, ownership and co-management. The research makes recommendations for how these concepts can contribute to an integrated management of the lake

An assessment of co-management potentials in the Lake Victoria fisheries of Kenya

Co-management is a system or a process in which responsibility and authority for the management of common resources is shared between the state, local users of the resources as well as other stakeholders, and where they have the legal authority to administer the resource jointly. Co-management has received increasing attention in recent years as a potential strategy for managing fisheries. This paper presents and discusses results of a survey undertaken in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria to assess the conditions - behaviour, attitude and characteristics of resource users, as well as community institutions - that can support co-management. It analyses the results of this survey with respect to a series of parameters, identified by Pinkerton (1989), as necessary preconditions for the successful inclusion of communities involvement in resource management. The survey was implemented through a two-stage stratified random sampling technique based on district and beach size strata. A total of 405 fishers, drawn from 25 fish landing beaches, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The paper concludes that while Kenya's lake Victoria fishery would appear to qualify for a number of these preconditions, it would appear that it fails to qualify in others. Preconditions in this latter category include the definition of boundaries in fishing grounds, community members' rights to the resource, delegation and legislation of local responsibility and authority. Additional work is required to further elaborate and understand these shortcomings

High-coherence hybrid Si/III-V semiconductor lasers

The relentlessly increasing demand for network bandwidth, driven primarily by Internet-based services such as mobile computing, cloud storage and video-on-demand, calls for more efficient utilization of the available communication spectrum, as that afforded by the resurging DSP-powered coherent optical communications. Encoding information in the phase of the optical carrier, using multilevel phase modulationformats, and employing coherent detection at the receiver allows for enhanced spectral efficiency and thus enables increased network capacity. The distributed feedback semiconductor laser (DFB) has served as the near exclusive light source powering the fiber optic, long-haul network for over 30 years. The transition to coherent communication systems is pushing the DFB laser to the limits of its abilities. This is due to its limited temporal coherence that directly translates into the number of different phases that can be imparted to a single optical pulse and thus to the data capacity. Temporal coherence, most commonly quantified in the spectral linewidth Δν, is limited by phase noise, result of quantum-mandated spontaneous emission of photons due to random recombination of carriers in the active region of the laser.

In this work we develop a generically new type of semiconductor laser with the requisite coherence properties. We demonstrate electrically driven lasers characterized by a quantum noise-limited spectral linewidth as low as 18 kHz. This narrow linewidth is result of a fundamentally new laser design philosophy that separates the functions of photon generation and storage and is enabled by a hybrid Si/III-V integration platform. Photons generated in the active region of the III-V material are readily stored away in the low loss Si that hosts the bulk of the laser field, thereby enabling high-Q photon storage. The storage of a large number of coherent quanta acts as an optical flywheel, which by its inertia reduces the effect of the spontaneous emission-mandated phase perturbations on the laser field, while the enhanced photon lifetime effectively reduces the emission rate of incoherent quanta into the lasing mode. Narrow linewidths are obtained over a wavelength bandwidth spanning the entire optical communication C-band (1530-1575nm) at only a fraction of the input power required by conventional DFB lasers. The results presented in this thesis hold great promise for the large scale integration of lithographically tuned, high-coherence laser arrays for use in coherent communications, that will enable Tb/s-scale data capacities.

Zirconocenes as models for homogeneous Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerization catalysts

Using density functional theory, we studied the fundamental steps of olefin polymerization for zwitterionic and cationic Group IV ansa-zirconocenes and a neutral ansa- yttrocene. Complexes [H₂E(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]ⁿ (n = 0: E = BH₂ (1), BF₂ (2), AlH₂(3); n = +: E = CH₂(4), SiH₂(5)) and H₂Si(C₅H₄)₂YMe were used as computational models. The largest differences among these three classes of compounds were the strength of olefin binding and the stability of the β-agostic alkyl intermediate towards β-hydrogen elimination. We investigated the effect of solvent on the reaction energetics for land 5. We found that in benzene the energetics became very similar except that a higher olefin insertion barrier was calculated for 1. The calculated anion affinity of [CH₃BF₃]^- was weaker towards 1 than 5. The calculated olefin binding depended primarily on the charge of the ansa linker, and the olefin insertion barrier was found to decrease steadily in the following order: [H₂C(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]⁺ > [F₂B(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe] ≈ [H₂B(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe] > [H₂Si(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]⁺ > [H₂Al(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe].

We prepared ansa-zirconocene dicarbonyl complexes Me₂ECp₂Zr(CO)₂ (E = Si, C), and t-butyl substituted complexes (t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂, Me₂E(t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂ (E = Si, C), (Me₂Si)₂(t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂ as well as analogous zirconocene complexes. Both the reduction potentials and carbonyl stretching frequencies follow the same order: Me₂SiCp₂ZrCl₂> Me₂CCp₂ZrCl₂> Cp₂ZrCl₂> (Me₂Si)₂Cp₂ZrCl₂. This ordering is a result of both the donating abilities of the cyclopentadienyl substituents and the orientation of the cyclopentadiene rings. Additionally, we prepared a series of analogous cationic zirconocene complexes [LZrOCMe₃][MeB(C₆F₅)₃] (L = CP₂, Me₂SiCp₂, Me₂CCP₂, (Me₂Si)₂Cp₂) and studied the kinetics of anion dissociation. We found that the enthalpy of anion dissociation increased from 10.3 kcal•mol^-1 to 17.6 kcal•mol^-1 as exposure of the zirconium center increased.

We also prepared series of zirconocene complexes bearing 2,2-dimethyl-2-sila-4-pentenyl substituents (and methyl-substituted olefin variants). Methide abstraction with B(C₆F₅) results in reversible coordination of the tethered olefin to the cationic zirconium center. The kinetics of olefin dissociation have been examined using NMR methods, and the effects of ligand variation for unlinked, singly [SiMe₂]-linked and doubly [SiMe₂]-linked bis(cyclopentadienyl) arrangements has been compared (ΔG‡ for olefin dissociation varies from 12.8 to 15.6 kcal•mol^-1). Methide abstraction from 1,2-(SiMe₂)₂(η⁵-C₅H₃)₂Zr(CH₃)-(CH₂CMe₂CH₂CH = CH₂) results in rapid β-allyl elimination with loss of isobutene yielding the allyl cation [{1,2-(SiMe₂)₂(η⁵-C₅H₃)₂Zr(η³-CH₂CH=CH₂)]⁺.

Efficient methods for empirical tests of behavioral economics theories in laboratory and field experiments

In the quest for a descriptive theory of decision-making, the rational actor model in economics imposes rather unrealistic expectations and abilities on human decision makers. The further we move from idealized scenarios, such as perfectly competitive markets, and ambitiously extend the reach of the theory to describe everyday decision making situations, the less sense these assumptions make. Behavioural economics has instead proposed models based on assumptions that are more psychologically realistic, with the aim of gaining more precision and descriptive power. Increased psychological realism, however, comes at the cost of a greater number of parameters and model complexity. Now there are a plethora of models, based on different assumptions, applicable in differing contextual settings, and selecting the right model to use tends to be an ad-hoc process. In this thesis, we develop optimal experimental design methods and evaluate different behavioral theories against evidence from lab and field experiments.

We look at evidence from controlled laboratory experiments. Subjects are presented with choices between monetary gambles or lotteries. Different decision-making theories evaluate the choices differently and would make distinct predictions about the subjects' choices. Theories whose predictions are inconsistent with the actual choices can be systematically eliminated. Behavioural theories can have multiple parameters requiring complex experimental designs with a very large number of possible choice tests. This imposes computational and economic constraints on using classical experimental design methods. We develop a methodology of adaptive tests: Bayesian Rapid Optimal Adaptive Designs (BROAD) that sequentially chooses the "most informative" test at each stage, and based on the response updates its posterior beliefs over the theories, which informs the next most informative test to run. BROAD utilizes the Equivalent Class Edge Cutting (EC²) criteria to select tests. We prove that the EC² criteria is adaptively submodular, which allows us to prove theoretical guarantees against the Bayes-optimal testing sequence even in the presence of noisy responses. In simulated ground-truth experiments, we find that the EC² criteria recovers the true hypotheses with significantly fewer tests than more widely used criteria such as Information Gain and Generalized Binary Search. We show, theoretically as well as experimentally, that surprisingly these popular criteria can perform poorly in the presence of noise, or subject errors. Furthermore, we use the adaptive submodular property of EC² to implement an accelerated greedy version of BROAD which leads to orders of magnitude speedup over other methods.

We use BROAD to perform two experiments. First, we compare the main classes of theories for decision-making under risk, namely: expected value, prospect theory, constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) and moments models. Subjects are given an initial endowment, and sequentially presented choices between two lotteries, with the possibility of losses. The lotteries are selected using BROAD, and 57 subjects from Caltech and UCLA are incentivized by randomly realizing one of the lotteries chosen. Aggregate posterior probabilities over the theories show limited evidence in favour of CRRA and moments' models. Classifying the subjects into types showed that most subjects are described by prospect theory, followed by expected value. Adaptive experimental design raises the possibility that subjects could engage in strategic manipulation, i.e. subjects could mask their true preferences and choose differently in order to obtain more favourable tests in later rounds thereby increasing their payoffs. We pay close attention to this problem; strategic manipulation is ruled out since it is infeasible in practice, and also since we do not find any signatures of it in our data.

In the second experiment, we compare the main theories of time preference: exponential discounting, hyperbolic discounting, "present bias" models: quasi-hyperbolic (α, β) discounting and fixed cost discounting, and generalized-hyperbolic discounting. 40 subjects from UCLA were given choices between 2 options: a smaller but more immediate payoff versus a larger but later payoff. We found very limited evidence for present bias models and hyperbolic discounting, and most subjects were classified as generalized hyperbolic discounting types, followed by exponential discounting.

In these models the passage of time is linear. We instead consider a psychological model where the perception of time is subjective. We prove that when the biological (subjective) time is positively dependent, it gives rise to hyperbolic discounting and temporal choice inconsistency.

We also test the predictions of behavioral theories in the "wild". We pay attention to prospect theory, which emerged as the dominant theory in our lab experiments of risky choice. Loss aversion and reference dependence predicts that consumers will behave in a uniquely distinct way than the standard rational model predicts. Specifically, loss aversion predicts that when an item is being offered at a discount, the demand for it will be greater than that explained by its price elasticity. Even more importantly, when the item is no longer discounted, demand for its close substitute would increase excessively. We tested this prediction using a discrete choice model with loss-averse utility function on data from a large eCommerce retailer. Not only did we identify loss aversion, but we also found that the effect decreased with consumers' experience. We outline the policy implications that consumer loss aversion entails, and strategies for competitive pricing.

In future work, BROAD can be widely applicable for testing different behavioural models, e.g. in social preference and game theory, and in different contextual settings. Additional measurements beyond choice data, including biological measurements such as skin conductance, can be used to more rapidly eliminate hypothesis and speed up model comparison. Discrete choice models also provide a framework for testing behavioural models with field data, and encourage combined lab-field experiments.

A formação do supervisor educacional do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: perfil, competência e ação

Ao observar as instituições escolares do nosso país ao longo da história, vimos surgir um profissional chamado SUPERVISOR ESCOLAR cuja ação não tinha regulamentação e em alguns momentos era visto como autoritário e até mesmo delator dos colegas. De acordo com a teoria educacional esta função apresentou vários nomes, dentre eles, Professor Supervisor Educacional, Inspeção Escolar e Coordenação Pedagógica, fruto de uma ideologia/ação sempre presente. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa que realizamos teve como objetivo traçar o perfil da formação humana e da matriz de competências do Supervisor Educacional, no âmbito do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, identificando a representação desses profissionais em seu campo de atuação. Nesse processo alguns autores nos serviram de base teórica para o tema Supervisão Educacional: Rangel, Valle, Tardiff; para o tema Formação Humana: Gramsci, Lukács, Frigotto; e para o tema Políticas Públicas: Gentili, Sader, Arroyo. O presente trabalho pode contribuir para um melhor entendimento da relação entre poder, gestão e conhecimento nas ações da Supervisão Educacional, dentro de uma pesquisa de perspectiva sócio-histórica, com predominância qualitativa. O âmbito dessa pesquisa foi estadual e o projeto envolveu vinte e sete municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em Nível Local e Nível Central.

Comunicação empática de pais e filhos em situações específicas: bases evolutivas e variáveis associadas

O presente estudo pretende suprir parcialmente algumas lacunas nos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da empatia. A primeira lacuna se refere a incluir os pais, além das mães, na pesquisa, uma vez que aqueles podem ter um papel ainda pouco explorado no desenvolvimento. A segunda se refere a abordar a empatia tanto por uma visão ontogenética como filogenética, pois ambas se complementam na compreensão das nossas capacidades e habilidades, essencialmente muito semelhantes às de nossos ancestrais no ambiente de nossa evolução. Presume-se que no ambiente de adaptação evolutiva (AAE) da nossa espécie as habilidades sociais foram importantes na resolução de conflitos e na manutenção da coesão intragrupais. A empatia, habilidade social foco desta dissertação, é definida como a capacidade de compreender e expressar compreensão sobre os pensamentos e sentimentos de outra pessoa e é uma característica da espécie que sofre desenvolvimento ontogenético, em culturas e nichos específicos de desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral abordar a comunicação empática entre pais e mães e seus filhos pelo olhar da Psicologia Evolucionista do Desenvolvimento. Participaram deste estudo 10 crianças, entre oito e 11 anos e seus respectivos pais e mães, sendo cinco meninos e cinco meninas, todos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A empatia dos pais e dos filhos foi avaliada por meio de instrumentos (Inventário de Empatia e Entrevista sobre Cenas de Curta Duração), assim como as crenças parentais sobre a importância e o desenvolvimento das habilidades empáticas, por instrumento desenvolvido para este estudo (Crenças Parentais sobre Habilidades). As famílias participaram ainda de uma sessão de filmagem em três situações específicas de 10 minutos cada: jogo com peças de montar para construção conjunta de escolha livre e a representação de papéis em duas cenas do cotidiano familiar (conversar sobre um boletim da criança com notas vermelhas e sobre um problema que a criança trouxe para os pais). Os resultados foram apresentados e discutidos para cada uma das famílias. Pode-se observar que existem relações entre os escores de empatia dos pais e da criança nos instrumentos utilizados e que, em geral, os pais valorizam habilidades empáticas e atribuem seu desenvolvimento, principalmente ao exemplo e à aprendizagem e não a maturação e características de temperamento da criança. No entanto, nas tarefas propostas, dificuldades de comunicação empática são observadas, levando a que se hipotetize que não é direta a relação entre crenças, habilidades individuais e práticas em família. Reconhecem-se as limitações do presente estudo, de caráter exploratório. Novas investigações com observação da comunicação pais-filhos em situações cotidianas do ambiente natural podem contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento nessa área.

Understanding planet formation through high precision photometry and spectroscopy

From studies of protoplanetary disks to extrasolar planets and planetary debris, we aim to understand the full evolution of a planetary system. Observational constraints from ground- and space-based instrumentation allows us to measure the properties of objects near and far and are central to developing this understanding. We present here three observational campaigns that, when combined with theoretical models, reveal characteristics of different stages and remnants of planet formation. The Kuiper Belt provides evidence of chemical and dynamical activity that reveals clues to its primordial environment and subsequent evolution. Large samples of this population can only be assembled at optical wavelengths, with thermal measurements at infrared and sub-mm wavelengths currently available for only the largest and closest bodies. We measure the size and shape of one particular object precisely here, in hopes of better understanding its unique dynamical history and layered composition.

Molecular organic chemistry is one of the most fundamental and widespread facets of the universe, and plays a key role in planet formation. A host of carbon-containing molecules vibrationally emit in the near-infrared when excited by warm gas, T~1000 K. The NIRSPEC instrument at the W.M. Keck Observatory is uniquely configured to study large ranges of this wavelength region at high spectral resolution. Using this facility we present studies of warm CO gas in protoplanetary disks, with a new code for precise excitation modeling. A parameterized suite of models demonstrates the abilities of the code and matches observational constraints such as line strength and shape. We use the models to probe various disk parameters as well, which are easily extensible to others with known disk emission spectra such as water, carbon dioxide, acetylene, and hydrogen cyanide.

Lastly, the existence of molecules in extrasolar planets can also be studied with NIRSPEC and reveals a great deal about the evolution of the protoplanetary gas. The species we observe in protoplanetary disks are also often present in exoplanet atmospheres, and are abundant in Earth's atmosphere as well. Thus, a sophisticated telluric removal code is necessary to analyze these high dynamic range, high-resolution spectra. We present observations of a hot Jupiter, revealing water in its atmosphere and demonstrating a new technique for exoplanet mass determination and atmospheric characterization. We will also be applying this atmospheric removal code to the aforementioned disk observations, to improve our data analysis and probe less abundant species. Guiding models using observations is the only way to develop an accurate understanding of the timescales and processes involved. The futures of the modeling and of the observations are bright, and the end goal of realizing a unified model of planet formation will require both theory and data, from a diverse collection of sources.

A formação de professores no curso Pré-vestibular Comunitário Prof. Wellington Ricardo

Essa pesquisa trata da investigação da formação na docência no curso Pré-Vestibular Comunitário Prof. Wellington Ricardo, com sede na periferia da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e busca avaliar como os docentes deste curso, imbuídos da construção de um ensino popular, articulam e desenvolvem diferentes saberes e práticas que passam a se constituir como características importantes de sua constituição como professor. O estudo tem como objetivos conhecer o pensamento dos docentes deste curso a respeito do que é ser professor e o seu papel na sociedade, e também verificar de que maneiras esses docentes aprimoram sua formação e a sua prática como professores atuando no WR. Para tanto, alguns elementos foram considerados, como: a história escolar dos professores do curso, sua formação inicial, bem como os fatores de contexto relacionados a diferentes vivências junto à equipe do WR que influenciam nessa aprendizagem. Os pressupostos metodológicos utilizados neste estudo se coadunam com aqueles desenvolvidos pela chamada crítica imanente e investem na possibilidade da construção de uma teoria dialética da formação de professores, visando contribuir para a constituição não-metafísica do sujeito. Este trabalho endossa a perspectiva que a comunicação inconsciente influencia, de modo muito mais efetivo e prático, do que a comunicação verbal (racionalizada pelos indivíduos), o entendimento sobre o processo de formação do magistério. A vivência proveniente da inserção desses docentes numa comunidade não-totalizante e sem hierarquias permite que competências e habilidades que dificilmente seriam possíveis num curso de formação ou numa estrutura formal de ensino fossem edificadas e difundidas com sucesso. Desse modo, pode-se constatar na pesquisa, o incremento de uma nova forma de pensar e atuar politicamente, inventada pelos docentes WR. Assim, os docentes do curso reconstroem em seu dia-a-dia uma nova maneira de fazer e viver a política. Essa reconstrução passa necessariamente pelo investimento que fazem no estabelecimento de relações de amizade e de vínculos sólidos entre seus participantes. Uma nova forma que investe na participação horizontal e valorização da solidariedade e da autonomia, que passa, por isso, a produzir uma espécie de cultura pedagógica, que serve como apoio para a formação política e também profissional dos próprios docentes.

Gestão em saúde, uma perspectiva ergológica: com quantos gestos se faz uma gestão

Baseado na convicção de que trabalhar é gerir fruto das pesquisas com a perspectiva da Ergologia , procura-se nesta tese pensar gestão como um conceito ampliado, algo que todos os humanos operam ao trabalhar, e não somente como uma função exclusiva de administradores, no sentido restrito do termo (referido apenas aos chefes, diretores, etc.). Tendo como campo empírico o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e investigando-se as proposições de alguns dos principais autores sobre o tema da Gestão e Planejamento em Saúde, verificou-se que uma exaustiva busca vem sendo empreendida por diversos agentes do campo da Saúde e por pesquisadores para aproximarem-se, compreenderem e desenvolverem melhor as habilidades, os conhecimentos, as competências e os dispositivos que permitiriam uma gestão mais eficiente do SUS e, mais especificamente, no âmbito de uma Unidade de Saúde Pública no Brasil. Estiveram em análise as práticas de gestão desenvolvidas em um Centro Municipal de Saúde do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), no qual o autor da tese, além das atividades de pesquisa, exercia a função de diretor geral. A tese teve como objetivo principal analisar, do ponto de vista da atividade, a dimensão gestionária do trabalho na Unidade de Saúde citada, a fim de discutir a viabilidade naquele local e, possivelmente em outras Unidades de Saúde do exercício de uma ergogestão, isto é, uma gestão com base nos princípios propostos pela Ergologia quando o ponto de vista da atividade tem cidadania no meio de trabalho. O referencial teórico constituiu-se de algumas abordagens clínicas do trabalho (Ergonomia da Atividade, Psicopatologia do Trabalho, Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e Clínica da Atividade, esta última em menor proporção) com elementos das contribuições do educador brasileiro Paulo Freire, do psicanalista inglês Donald Winnicott e do biólogo chileno Humberto Maturana, todas colocadas em sinergia dialética sob a orientação da perspectiva ergológica. No curso da investigação foram utilizados métodos e técnicas pertinentes a este quadro e que objetivaram possibilitar a aproximação e o diálogo com os protagonistas da atividade na Unidade de Saúde em análise. Destacam-se as influências da pesquisa-intervenção e da pesquisa etnográfica, sendo o principal dispositivo técnico utilizado aquele denominado Encontros sobre o Trabalho. A pesquisa empreendida, conjuntamente com a experiência concreta de gerenciamento (como diretor geral), permitiu concluir que o esforço de implantação da modalidade que se denomina ergogestão, privilegiando o ponto de vista da atividade, pôde colaborar para promover transformações positivas no cotidiano da Unidade posta em análise. Contudo, sua aceitação por um maior número de atores e seu desenvolvimento dependem do atendimento de algumas necessidades, apontadas pelo coletivo de trabalho como entraves a superar. Os achados aqui presentes podem contribuir para a construção de um patrimônio de informações acerca da Unidade. A partir desse patrimônio outras experiências de gerenciamento podem vir a se desenvolver, obtendo-se assim, cada vez maior êxito na gestão do processo de trabalho e na melhoria das condições do atendimento oferecido aos usuários.

The Co-management Survey report: an executive summary

Co-management is typically known to be a resource management system that shares managerial responsibility between the state and other stakeholders of a resource. In the case of Lake Victoria, one would expect the state to be represented by the fisheries departments of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, while stakeholder groups may comprise fishing communities, fish processing factories and municipalities. Taking that into account, the survey's objectives were defined as: (a) To identify the difficulties and impracticalities inherent in implementing state-based regulations via a "top-down" management strategy. (b) To assess the prevalence of community-based institutions that either seek to regulate the fishery or have the potential to be used to regulate it. (c) To identify ways in which community-based regulatory and monitory systems may be established, and how these will fare over time. (d) To identify roles for national Fisheries Departments, industrial fish processors and other stakeholders. (e) To develop well-founded policy suggestions for the establishment of a co-management framework to manage the fisheries of Lake Victoria.

The co-management survey report: an introduction

In this brief introduction, we set out to provide an overview of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project (LVFRP) and, more specifically, its socio-economic program, and to define the place of the Co-management Survey within the activities of the LVFRP as a whole.

Methodology of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project's Co-management survey

In this book section, the theoretical background to the methodology is outlined, questionnaire development described, sample selection outlined and biases and shortcomings to the survey noted.