Education in primary school as a strategy to control dengue

The proliferation of Aedes aegypti, a species of mosquito that is the vector of the dengue pathogen, is being augmented by the population's lack of care in allowing the formation of larval habitats. One form of controlling dengue is the distribution of information on the mosquito to improve awareness and to provide the means necessary for the elimination of its reproductive habitats. To evaluate a teaching method concerning the vector and dengue, students from the 5th and 6th years of primary education were compared before and after didactic intervention with a group of control students. The students who received intervention were more successful in identifying the stages of the cycle, biological and morphological characteristics of the adult insect and the importance of the mosquito in health issues. The didactic intervention was successful in developing knowledge leading to increased awareness of the importance of preventative measures that should be taken against the vector and the disease.

Introduction: digital methods and tools for historical research

As an introduction to a series of articles focused on the exploration of particular tools and/or methods to bring together digital technology and historical research, the aim of this paper is mainly to highlight and discuss in what measure those methodological approaches can contribute to improve analytical and interpretative capabilities available to historians. In a moment when the digital world present us with an ever-increasing variety of tools to perform extraction, analysis and visualization of large amounts of text, we thought it would be relevant to bring the digital closer to the vast historical academic community. More than repeating an idea of digital revolution introduced in the historical research, something recurring in the literature since the 1980s, the aim was to show the validity and usefulness of using digital tools and methods, as another set of highly relevant tools that the historians should consider. For this several case studies were used, combining the exploration of specific themes of historical knowledge and the development or discussion of digital methodologies, in order to highlight some changes and challenges that, in our opinion, are already affecting the historians' work, such as a greater focus given to interdisciplinarity and collaborative work, and a need for the form of communication of historical knowledge to become more interactive.

A system’s approach to cache hierarchy-aware decomposition of data-parallel computations

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

A knowledge-based framework to facilitate E-training implementation

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores

Barreiras e facilitadores à implementação de um modelo de gestão de cuidados em Saúde Mental

RESUMO: Enquadramento teórico - Os estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que apesar de todo o progresso científico, muitas pessoas continuam sem acesso aos Serviços de Saúde Mental (SSM) e que, em muitos casos, os cuidados não têm a qualidade suficiente. A experiência de vários países mostra que os processos de implementação de modelos de intervenção terapêutica, como é o da Gestão de Cuidados, são lentos e complexos, não dependendo somente do grau de efectividade ou da complexidade das práticas a implementar. O Modelo de Gestão de Cuidados (MGC), é definido como uma prática baseada na evidência, utilizada para ajudar os doentes nos seus processos de recuperação. As estratégias para implementar práticas baseadas na evidência são críticas para a melhoria dos serviços. Existem, apesar de toda a evidência, muitas barreiras à implementação. Ao constatarmos que as práticas validadas pela ciência estão longe de estar claramente disseminadas nos serviços de saúde mental, fundamentamos a necessidade de utilizar metodologia de implementação que, além da efectividade das práticas, permita uma efectividade da implementação. Para responder às necessidades de formação e no âmbito da implementação do Plano Nacional de Saúde Mental, foram formados, em Portugal, 170 profissionais de saúde mental provenientes de serviços públicos e do sector social, de todas as regiões de Portugal Continental. Considerando que estes profissionais adquiriram competências específicas no MGC, através de um programa de formação nacional idêntico para todos os serviços de saúde mental, investigámos o grau de implementação deste modelo, bem como os facilitadores e as barreiras à sua correcta implementação. Existem vários estudos internacionais sobre as barreiras e os facilitadores à implementação de práticas baseadas na evidência, embora a maior parte desses estudos seja baseado em entrevistas semi-estruturadas a profissionais. Por outro lado, não existem, em Portugal, estudos sobre as barreiras e os facilitadores à implementação de práticas de saúde mental. Objectivos 1. Estimar o grau da implementação do MGC nos serviços de saúde mental portugueses 2. Caracterizar as regiões onde a implementação do MGC tenha ocorrido em maior grau. 3. Identificar os factores facilitadores e as barreiras à implementação do MGC, entre as regiõesde saúde do país. 4. Explorar as relações entre a fidelidade da implementação, as barreiras e os facilitadores da implementação, a cultura organizacional e as características dos serviços de saúde mental. Metodologia Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, com características exploratórias. População: profissionais dos serviços de saúde mental públicos e do sector social que frequentaram o Programa Nacional de Formação em Saúde Mental Comunitária no curso “Cuidados Integrados e Recuperação”, da Coordenação Nacional para a Saúde Mental / Ministério da Saúde, entre Outubro de 2008 e Dezembro de 2009, (n=71). Avaliação Fidelidade de implementação do Modelo de Gestão de Cuidados - IMR-S (Illness Management and Recovery Scale); Qualidade das guidelines utilizadas na implementação do Modelo de Gestão de Cuidados - AGREE II-PT (Appraisal of Guidelines, for Research and Evaluation); Avaliação das Barreiras e Facilitadores à implementação do MGC - BaFAI (Barriers and Facilitators Assessment Instrument); Avaliação da Cultura Organizacional dos serviços de saúde mental - CVF-I (Competing Values Framework Instrument). Análise Estatística Para a descrição dos dados foram aplicados métodos de estatística descritiva. Para a comparação de subgrupos foram utilizados os testes de Mann Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis. Para a investigação de associações foram utilizados os métodos de correlação de Spearman e a Regressão Múltipla. O tratamento e análise dos dados foram realizados utilizando o programa estatístico IBM SPSS Statistics® para Mac/Apple® nas versões 19 e 20. Resultados Serviços: A articulação com os cuidados de saúde primários existe na maioria dos serviços (56.34%) e 77.46% dos serviços têm autonomia para definir os cuidados a prestar. A maioria dos serviços (63.38%) realiza duas ou mais reuniões clínicas por mês e a quase totalidade (95.77%) recebe estagiários e/ou internos. A área da investigação tem níveis considerados baixos, quando comparados com outros países da Europa, tanto para a globalidade das áreas de investigação (25.35%), como para as áreas psicossociais (22.54%). Considerando componentes fundamentais para a implementação de modelos de gestão de cuidados, os resultados nacionais indicam que 66.20% dos serviços fazem registos em processo clínico único. As percentagens de utilização de planos individuais de cuidados são globalmente baixas (46.48%). Por seu turno, a utilização de guidelines, nos serviços do país, tem uma percentagem média nacional de 57.75%. Profissionais: São, na sua maioria, do sexo feminino (69.01%), com idades entre os 25 e os 56 anos (média 38.9, ± 7.41). Pertencem, maioritariamente, aos grupos profissionais da enfermagem (23.94%) e da psicologia (49.30%). A formação dos profissionais é de nível superior em todos os grupos, com uma percentagem total de licenciados de 80.3%, tendo os restantes uma formação ao nível do mestrado. Apesar dos valores baixos (17%) de formação prévia em modelos de gestão de cuidados, 39% dos profissionais indicou utilizar algumas vertentes destes modelos na sua prática. Apesar de 97,18% dos profissionais ter participado em dois ou mais encontros científicos, num período de dois anos, apenas 38.03% apresentou alguma comunicação científica no mesmo intervalo. Guideline: Os resultados da avaliação da guideline do MGC indicaram percentagens mais altas, quanto à qualidade do seu desenvolvimento, nos Domínios 1 (Objectivo e finalidade, com 72.2%) e 4 (Clareza de Apresentação, 77.7%). O Domínio 5 (Aplicabilidade) foi pontuado no limite inferior do desenvolvimento com qualidade suficiente (54.1%), ao passo que a guideline obteve uma pontuação negativa nos Domínios 2 (Envolvimento das partes interessadas, com 41.6%) e 3 (Rigor do Desenvolvimento, com 28.1%). Adicionalmente não foi possível às avaliadoras cotar o Domínio 6 (Independência editorial), por ausência de referências neste contexto. A guideline teve uma avaliação global positiva (66%), com recomendação de aceitação com modificações. Cultura Organizacional: O perfil de liderança com maior frequência nos serviços de saúde mental portugueses foi o de Mentor (45.61%). As percentagens mais baixas pertenceram aos perfis Monitor e Inovador (3.51%). Na perspectiva da cultura organizacional dos serviços, apontuação mais alta foi a da Cultura das Relações Humanas (74.07%). A estratégia de liderança, com predomínio em todas as regiões, foi a estratégia de Flexibilidade (66.10%). Os resultados mostram que a única associação positivamente significativa com o grau da implementação do MGC é a do perfil Produtor, com um peso específico de 14.55% na prevalência dos perfis de liderança nos serviços de saúde mental portugueses. Barreiras: As barreiras à implementação da prática do MGC, identificadas pelos profissionais dos serviços de saúde mental, com percentagens mais altas nos totais do país, foram: o tempo (57.7%), o conhecimento sobre o modelo e a motivação (40.8%), a colaboração dos outros profissionais (33.7%), o número de contactos reduzidos com os doentes (35.2%), as insuficiências do ponto de vista dos espaços (70.4%) e dos instrumentos disponíveis (69%) para implementar o MGC. Existiu uma variação entre as regiões de saúde do país. Os resultados mostram que houve uma correlação negativa, de forma significativa, entre a implementação do MGC e as barreiras: da resistência à utilização de protocolos, do formato da prática, da necessidade de mais treino e da não cooperação dos profissionais. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as barreiras à implementação e as características dos serviços, dos profissionais e da cultura organizacional. Implementação: A média nacional da fidelidade de implementação do MGC (41.48) teve valores aproximados aos de estudos similares. Na pontuação por regiões, a implementação com maior fidelidade ocorreu no Alentejo. Se considerarmos a implementação com fidelidade esta ocorreu em 57.75% dos serviços e uma boa implementação em 15.49%. Os métodos de regressão permitiram confirmar a capacidade preditiva das barreiras e da cultura organizacional quanto à fidelidade da implementação do MGC. Discussão: No universo das hipóteses inicialmente colocadas foi possível verificar a variação da implementação do MGC entre as regiões do país. O estudo permitiu, adicionalmente, concluir pela existência de denominadores comuns de maior sucesso da implementação do MGC. Foi ainda possível verificar uma relação significativa, existente entre o grau de implementação e as dimensões das barreiras, a cultura organizacional e os recursos dos SSM (aqui definidos pelas características dos serviços e dos profissionais). De uma forma mais conclusiva podemos afirmar que existem outros factores, que não estão relacionados com a avaliação restrita dos recursos financeiros ou humanos, associados à qualidade da implementação de práticas baseadas na evidência, como o MGC. Exemplo disso são os achados referentes à região de saúde do Alentejo, onde a distância dos grandes centros urbanos e as conhecidas dificuldades de acessibilidade, combinadas com os problemas conhecidos da falta de recursos, não impediram que fosse a região com os valores mais altos da fidelidade de implementação. Conclusões: Foram encontradas inúmeras barreiras à implementação do MGC. Existem barreiras diferentes entre regiões, que resultam das características dos serviços, dos profissionais e da cultura organizacional. Para existir implementação é necessária a consideração de metodologias próprias que vão para além dos tradicionais programas de formação. As práticas baseadas na evidência, amplamente defendidas, exigem implementações baseadas na evidência.-------------ABSTRACT: Introduction - Several epidemiological studies show that, despite all scientific progress, many people still continue to have no access to mental health services and in many situations the quality of care is poor. The experiences of several countries show that progress towards case management implementation is slow and complex, depending not only from the degree of effectiveness or the complexity of the practice. Case management is defined as an evidence-based practice used to help patients in the recovery process. Strategies to implement evidence-based practices are critical to services improvement. There are many barriers to their implementation, despite all available evidence. Realising that practices of proved scientific value are far from being clearly implemented, justifies the need to use implementation methodologies that, beyond practice effectiveness, allow implementation effectiveness. To answer training needs and in the framework of the National Mental Health Plan implementation, 170 mental health (MH) professionals from portuguese public and private sectors were trained. Considering that case management skills were acquired, as a result of this training programme, we decided to study the degree of implementation in the services.Barriers and facilitators to the implementation were studied as well. There are several studies related with barriers and facilitators to the implementation of evidence-based practices, but most of them use semi-structured interviews with professionals. Additionally, there are no studies in Portugal related with barriers and facilitators to the implementation of mental health practices. Objectives1. Estimate the degree of case management implementation in Portuguese MH Services. 2.Describe regions where implementation occurred with higher fidelity degree. 3. Identify barriers and facilitators to case management implementation across country regions. 4. Explore the relationships between implementation, barriers and facilitators, organisational culture and services characteristics. Methodology - Cross sectional, descriptive study. Assessments - Implementation fidelity - IMR-S (Illness Management and Recovery Scale); Guideline quality - AGREE II-PT (Appraisal of Guidelines, for Research and Evaluation); Barriers and facilitators assessment - BaFAI (Barriers and Facilitators Assessment Instrument); Organisational culture assessment - CVF-I (Competing Values Framework Instrument). Statistical analysis - Descriptives and cross-tabs. Subgroups comparison: Mann-Witney and Kruskall-Wallis. Associations between variables were calculated using Spearman correlation's and Multiple Regression. Results - Services: Liaison with primary care is done in most services (56.34%) and 77.46% have autonomy to determine care. Most services have regular clinical meetings and almost all give internship training (95.77%). Research activity is low compared with other European countries, for both general and psychosocial research. Considering key components for the case management implementation, 66.20% of all services use single clinical records. The use of individual care plans is globally low (46.48%) and there is a use of guidelines in 57.75% of services. Human Resources: most are women (69.01%), with age ranging from 25-56 (average 39.9, SD 7.41). The majority are psychologists (49.30%) and nurses (23.94%). All have a university degree, 19.7% have a masters degree and 83% didn’t have any case management training before the above mentioned national training. Despite the low levels of preceding case management training, 39% have used model components in day-to-day practice and although 97.18% of the workforce have attended scientific meetings in the last 2 years, only 38.03% presented communications in the same period. Guideline: Results show that higher scores were obtained in Domain 1. Scope and Purpose (72.2.%),and Domain 4. Clarity of presentation (77.7%). Domain 5. pplicability scored near low boundary (54.1%) and negative scores were found in Domain 2. Stakeholder Involvement (41.6%) and Domain 3. Rigour of Development (28.1%). Global score was 66% and the guideline was recommended with modifications. Organisational Culture: The most frequent leadership profile was the Mentor profile (45.61%). Lower scores belonged to Innovator and Monitor profiles (3.51%). On the organisational culture overall, higher scores were found in the Human Relations culture (74.07%). The higher leadership strategy was the strategy of flexibility (66.10%). The results additionally showed that the only leadership profile associated with case management implementation was the Producer profile, representing 14.55% of all leadership profiles in the country.Barriers: The barriers identified by MH professionals, with high percentages, were: lack of time (57.7%), knowledge and motivation (40.8%), other colleagues cooperation (33.7%), low number of contacts with patients (35.2%), lack of facilities (70.4%) and lack of instruments (69%) to implement case management, varying across regions. Results show that there was a negative correlation between implementation and the following barriers: using protocols, practice format, need for more training and lack of cooperation from colleagues. Additionally, statistical differences were found between barriers to implementation and: services characteristics, workforce characteristics, organisational culture. Implementation: The national average results of case management implementation fidelity was (41.48), close to values found in similar studies. In the regional scores South Region Alentejo had the highest implementation score. If we look at minimum scores to assume implementation fidelity, these occurred in 57.75% of services and a good implementation occurred in 15.49% of these. Regression methods allowed to confirm that implementation score prediction was possible using the combination of barriers and organisational culture scores. Discussion - Considering the initial study hypotheses, it was possible to confirm the variation of case management implementation across country regions. Additionally, we could conclude that common denominators exist when successful implementation occurred. It was possible to observe a significant relationship between implementation degree and the dimensions of barriers, organisational culture and services resources (defined as professionals and services characteristics). In a more conclusive way, we can say that there are factors, other than financial and human resources, that are associated with evidence based practices implementation like case management. An example is the Alentejo region, were the distance from urban centres, and the known difficulties associated with accessibility, plus the lack of financial and human resources, have not impeded the regional higher score on implementation. Conclusions: Case management implementation had several barriers to implementation. There are different barriers across country regions, resulting from organisational culture, services and professionals characteristics. To reach implementation it is necessary to consider specific methodologies that go beyond traditional training programs and evident practices, widely promoted. Evidence-based practices require evidence-based implementations.

Report of a traineeship : audit of antidepressant prescribing in Primary and Mental Care: how to address appropriateness and keep a curb on costs. A tool suitable for all contexts?

RESUMO: Este é o relatório de um estágio realizado na Autoridade de Saúde Local de Bolonha com o objectivo de desenvolver capacidades e competências na área de projectos orientados para a avaliação com base epidemiológica. As prescrições de anti-depressivos aumentaram consideravelmente em todo o mundo durante as últimas décadas. O uso cada vez maior dos agentes mais dispendiosos desempenha um papel na subida do custo dos tratamentos. A Autoridade de Saúde Local de Bolonha implementou um processo de auditoria com o objectivo de melhorar a adequação das prescrições de pacientes externos, centrando-se em dois anti-depressivos de marca ainda protegidos por patente, Escitalopram e Duloxetine. Os Departamentos de Cuidados de Saúde Primários e de Cuidados de Saúde Mental, assim como o Departamento Farmacêutico e a Unidade de Gestão Clínica, estiveram envolvidos na fase de planeamento da auditoria. O grupo da auditoria, maioritariamente composto por médicos de clínica geral e psiquiatras, reuniu e analisou provas da eficácia e segurança dos anti-depressivos. Os dados sobre as prescrições das Unidades de Cuidados de Saúde Primários e dos Centros de Saúde Mental Comunitários da Autoridade de Saúde Local (866.294 habitantes) foram comparados, em particular as taxas de consumo de Escitalopram e Duloxetine. O grupo da auditoria definiu os standards a serem abordados, os indicadores a serem avaliados e as medidas a empreender para atingir os objectivos definidos. As directrizes do NICE sobre a depressão foram escolhidas como referência. O objectivo da auditoria foi definido como evitar o Escitalopram e Duloxetine como medicamentos de primeira escolha num tratamento anti-depressivo. De modo a verificar a eficácia das medidas empreendidas foi seleccionado um indicador, consistindo numa redução de 25% das prescrições de ambos os anti-depressivos na prática clínica de pacientes externos e numa redução de 20% da variabilidade nas Unidades de Cuidados de Saúde Primários. O relatório retrospectivo pré-auditoria (Janeiro a Abril de 2012) revelou que os tratamentos com anti-depressivos para pacientes externos eram prescritos pelos médicos de clínica geral em mais de90% dos casos. As medidas da auditoria foram implementadas entre Novembro de 2012 e Maio de 2013. Algumas medidas relevantes foram integradas com a revisão da auditoria, tais como reuniões educacionais de pequena escala com os médicos de clínica geral e psiquiatras, visitas de apoio do assessor de prescrições da Autoridade de Saúde Local aos médicos de clínica geral e Centros de Saúde Mental Comunitários, panfletos para profissionais com informação retirada das directrizes clínicas do NICE, implementação de um serviço de consulta na Web para médicos de clínica geral sobre provas relativas a anti-depressivos. O relatório de feedback é aguardado em Novembro de 2013 depois de se verificar nos standards atingidos a eficácia das medidas implementadas. Foi realizada uma análise SWOT para comprovar as forças e fraquezas, as oportunidades e ameaças do processo. Como identificação de fraquezas poderá ser útil identificar estratégias relevantes para melhoria interna, para que o conhecimento das ameaças possa amortizar factores que possam ter impactos adversos que fujam ao controlo do Departamento de Saúde Mental. Uma melhor compreensão das forças e das oportunidades facilita a consecução dos objectivos estabelecidos no projecto. O primeiro, mas não o último, resultado deste processo consistiu numa maior integração entre os Cuidados de Saúde Primários e de Saúde Mental, permitindo assim que a Autoridade de Saúde Local coloque as alterações em prática.------------ABSTRACT: This is the report of a traineeship held in the Local Health Authority of Bologna with the aim to develop skills and competencies in the field of epidemiogically based evaluation oriented projects. Antidepressants prescriptions have considerably increased all over the world in the last decades. The increasing use of the most expensive agents plays a part in the rising cost of treatments. The Local Health Authority of Bologna has implemented an audit process aimed at improving the appropriateness of outpatient prescriptions focusing on the two branded antidepressants still protected by patent, Escitalopram and Duloxetine. The Primary Care and the Mental Health Care Departments, as well as the Pharmaceutical Department and the Clinical Governance Unit, were involved in the planning phase of the audit. The audit group, mainly composed of general practitioners and psychiatrists, collected and analyzed scientific evidence on effectiveness and safety of antidepressants. Data on prescriptions of Primary Care Units and Community Mental Health Centers of the Local Health Authority (866.294 inhabitants) were compared, in particular consumption rates of Escitalopram and Duloxetine. The audit group defined the standards to be addressed, the indicators to be evaluated and the actions aimed at reaching the defined goals. NICE guidelines on depression were chosen as reference. The aim of the audit was settled as avoiding Escitalopram and Duloxetine as first choice drugs starting an AD treatment. In order to check the efficacy of the actions undertaken an indicator was selected, consisting in a reduction of 25% of prescriptions of both ADs in outpatient practice and in a 20% reduction of To develop skills and competencies across Primary Care Units. The pre-audit retrospective report (January-April 2012) showed that outpatient antidepressant treatments were prescribed by GPs in over 90% of cases. Audit actions were implemented between November 2012 and May 2013. Some relevant actions have been integrated with the audit review, such as small-scale educational meetings with GPs and psychiatrists, outreach visits of the LHA prescribing adviser to GPs and CMHCs,leaflets for professionals with information extracted from NICE clinical guidelines, implementation of a web consultation service for GPs about evidence on antidepressants. The feedback report is expected in November 2013 after checking through the standards attained the effectiveness of actions implemented. A SWOT Analysis was carried out to evidence the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the process. As identification of weaknesses may be useful to identify relevant strategies for internal improvement, so the knowledge of threats can amortize factors that may have adverse impacts beyond the control of the Mental Health Department. Better understanding of the strengths and the opportunities facilitates the achievement of the goals set in the project. The first and not least upshot of this process has consisted in further integration between Primary and Mental Health Care, thus enabling the LHA to put the change into practice.

How enterprise 2,0 firms take advantage of emergent social software platforms to manage knowledge

This research aims to provide a better understanding on how firms stimulate knowledge sharing through the utilization of collaboration tools, in particular Emergent Social Software Platforms (ESSPs). It focuses on the distinctive applications of ESSPs and on the initiatives contributing to maximize its advantages. In the first part of the research, I have itemized all types of existing collaboration tools and classify them in different categories according to their capabilities, objectives and according to their faculty for promoting knowledge sharing. In the second part, and based on an exploratory case study at Cisco Systems, I have identified the main applications of an existing enterprise social software platform named Webex Social. By combining a qualitative and quantitative approach, as well as combining data collected from survey’s results and from the analysis of the company’s documents, I am expecting to maximize the outcome of this investigation and reduce the risk of bias. Although effects cannot be universalized based on one single case study, some utilization patterns have been underlined from the data collected and potential trends in managing knowledge have been observed. The results of the research have also enabled identifying most of the constraints experienced by the users of the firm’s social software platform. Utterly, this research should provide a primary framework for firms planning to create or implement a social software platform and for firms willing to increase adoption levels and to promote the overall participation of users. It highlights the common traps that should be avoided by developers when designing a social software platform and the capabilities that it should inherently carry to support an effective knowledge management strategy.

Enrichment of a PHA producing microbial community in a continuous bioreactor setup

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biosynthetic polyesters, biodegradable and biocompatible making them of great interest for industrial purposes. The use of low value substrates with mixed microbial communities (MMC) is a strategy currently used to decrease the elevated PHA production costs. PHA production process requires an important step for selection and enrichment of PHA-storing microorganisms which is usually carried out in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The aim of this study was to optimize the PHA accumulating culture selection stage using a 2-stage Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) system. The system was composed by two separate feast and famine bioreactors operated continuously, mimicking the feast and famine phases in a SBR system. Acetate was used as carbon source and biomass seed was highly enriched in Plasticicumulans acidivorans obtained from activated sludge. The system was operated under two different sets of conditions (setup 1 and 2), maintaining a system total retention time of 12 hours and an OLR of 2.25 Cmmol/L.h-1. An average PHB-content of 3.3 % wt was obtained in setup 1 and 4.8% wt in setup 2. Several other experiments were performed in order to better understand the continuous system behaviour, using biomass from the continuous system. With the fed-batch experiment a maximum of 8.1% PHB was stored and the maximum substrate uptake and specific growth rates obtained in the growth experiment (1.15 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1 and 0.53 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1) were close to the ones from continuous system (1.12 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1 and 0.59 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1). The microbial community was characterized trough microscopic visualization, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis and Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The last studied performed mimicked the continuous system by building up a SBR system with all the same operational conditions while adding an extra acetate dosage during the 12 h cycle, simulating the substrate passing from the feast to the famine reactors under continuous operation. It was shown that possibly the continuous system was not able to efficiently select for PHB storing organisms under the operational conditions imposed, although the selected culture was capable of consuming the substrate and grow fast. This main conclusion might have resulted from two major factors affecting the system performance: the ammonium concentration in the Feast reactor and the amount of substrate leaching from the Feast to the Famine reactor.

Reactive hybrid knowledge bases

Hybrid knowledge bases are knowledge bases that combine ontologies with non-monotonic rules, allowing to join the best of both open world ontologies and close world rules. Ontologies shape a good mechanism to share knowledge on theWeb that can be understood by both humans and machines, on the other hand rules can be used, e.g., to encode legal laws or to do a mapping between sources of information. Taking into account the dynamics present today on the Web, it is important for these hybrid knowledge bases to capture all these dynamics and thus adapt themselves. To achieve that, it is necessary to create mechanisms capable of monitoring the information flow present on theWeb. Up to today, there are no such mechanisms that allow for monitoring events and performing modifications of hybrid knowledge bases autonomously. The goal of this thesis is then to create a system that combine these hybrid knowledge bases with reactive rules, aiming to monitor events and perform actions over a knowledge base. To achieve this goal, a reactive system for the SemanticWeb is be developed in a logic-programming based approach accompanied with a language for heterogeneous rule base evolution having as its basis RIF Production Rule Dialect, which is a standard for exchanging rules over theWeb.

Semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain ontologies

This thesis introduces a novel conceptual framework to support the creation of knowledge representations based on enriched Semantic Vectors, using the classical vector space model approach extended with ontological support. One of the primary research challenges addressed here relates to the process of formalization and representation of document contents, where most existing approaches are limited and only take into account the explicit, word-based information in the document. This research explores how traditional knowledge representations can be enriched through incorporation of implicit information derived from the complex relationships (semantic associations) modelled by domain ontologies with the addition of information presented in documents. The relevant achievements pursued by this thesis are the following: (i) conceptualization of a model that enables the semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain experts; (ii) development of a method for extending the traditional vector space, using domain ontologies; (iii) development of a method to support ontology learning, based on the discovery of new ontological relations expressed in non-structured information sources; (iv) development of a process to evaluate the semantic enrichment; (v) implementation of a proof-of-concept, named SENSE (Semantic Enrichment kNowledge SourcEs), which enables to validate the ideas established under the scope of this thesis; (vi) publication of several scientific articles and the support to 4 master dissertations carried out by the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering from FCT/UNL. It is worth mentioning that the work developed under the semantic referential covered by this thesis has reused relevant achievements within the scope of research European projects, in order to address approaches which are considered scientifically sound and coherent and avoid “reinventing the wheel”.

Tityus stigmurus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones; Buthidae): response to chemical control and understanding of scorpionism among the population

In this study, the events following application of the insecticideDemand 2.5 concentrated solution (CS) in the field, to control Tityus stigmurus, were investigated. Data on attitudes and practices relating to scorpionism were collected using a questionnaire. During the months of May to July 2005, 69 premises were monitored on different days following insecticide treatment, focusing on scorpion frequency and mortality. According to the results, 42% of the premises showed scorpion incidence, with an average of three specimens per house. The highest incidence was recorded during the first week following the treatment. Only 7% of the specimens were found dead. Most (72%) of the population showed knowledge about prevention and control measures. Despite this, 100% of the premises presented breeding sites, mainly in debris (79.7%). These results indicate that the scorpion control method used by health agents during this investigation was not efficient, and the results suggest that the method may have had a dispersive effect on these animals.

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in Portugal:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a human pathogen confined to hospitals (HAMRSA) for over 30 years have been emerging worldwide in the last two decades as a leading cause of severe infections in healthy individuals in the community (CA-MRSA). Despite its clinical significance, in the beginning of our studies no information existed on the prevalence, and population structure of CA-MRSA in Portugal. Moreover, it remained to be clarified how CA-MRSA emerged in our country. In particular, it was not known if CA-MRSA emerged locally by acquisition of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) by established methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in the community, if they were imported from abroad or have escaped from the hospital.(...)

Integrated care approaches and skills mix policies in Europe

ABSTRACT - Background: Integration of health care services is emerging as a central challenge of health care delivery, particularly for patients with elderly and complex chronic conditions. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) already began to identify it as one of the key pathways to improve primary care. In 2005, the European Commission declared integrated care as vital for the sustainability of social protection systems in Europe. Nowadays, it is recognized as a core component of health and social care reforms across European countries. Implementing integrated care requires coordination between settings, organizations, providers and professionals. In order to address the challenge of integration in such complex scenario, an effective workforce is required capable of working across interdependent settings. The World Health Report 2006 noted that governments should prepare their workforce and explore what tasks the different levels of health workers are trained to do and are capable of performing (skills mix). Comparatively to other European countries, Portugal is at an early stage in what integrated care is concerned facing a growing elderly population and the subsequent increase in the pressure on institutions and professionals to provide social and medical care in the most cost-effective way. In 2006 the Portuguese government created the Portuguese Network for Integrated Care Development (PNICD) to solve the existing long-term gap in social support and healthcare. On what concerns health workforce, the Portuguese government already recognized the importance of redefine careers keeping professional motivation and satisfaction. Aim of the study: This study aims to contribute new evidence to the debate surrounding integrated care and skills mix policies in Europe. It also seeks to provide the first evidence that incorporates both the current dynamics of implementing integrated care in Portugal and the developments of international literature. The first ambition of our study is to contribute to the growing interest in integrated care and to the ongoing research in this area by identifying its different approaches and retrieve a number of experiences in some European countries. Our second goal of this research is to produce an update on the knowledge developed on skills mix to the international healthcare management community and to policy makers involved in reforming healthcare systems and organizations. To better inform Portuguese health policies makers in a third stage we explore the current dynamics of implementing integrated care in Portugal and contextualize them with the developments reported in the international literature. Methodology: This is essentially an exploratory and descriptive study using qualitative methodology. In order to identify integrated care approaches in Europe, a systematic literature review was undertaken which resulted in a paper published in the Journal of Management and Marketing in Health care titled: Approaches to developing integrated care in Europe: a systematic literature review. This article was recommended and included into a list of references identified by The King's Fund Library. A second systematic literature review was undertaken which resulted in a paper published in the International Journal of Healthcare Management titled: Skills mix in healthcare: An international update for the management debate. Semi-structured interviews were performed on experts representing the regional coordination teams of the Portuguese Network for Integrated Care Development. In a last stage a questionnaire survey was developed based on the findings of both systematic literature reviews and semi-structured interviews. Conclusions: Even though integrated care is a worldwide trend in health care reforms, there is no unique definition. Definitions can be grouped according to their sectorial focus: community-based care, combined health and social care, combined acute and primary care, the integration of providers, and in a more comprehensive approach the whole health system. Indeed, models that seek to apply the principles of integrated care have a similar background and are continually evolving and depend on the different initiatives taken at national level. . Despite the fact that we cannot argue that there is one single set typology of models for integrated care, it is possible to identify and categorize some of the basic approaches that have been taken in attempts to implement integrated care according to: changes in organizational structure, workforce reconfiguring, and changes in the financing system. The systematic literature review on skills mix showed that despite the widely acknowledged interest on skills mix initiatives there is a lack of evidence on skills mix implications, constraints, outcomes, and quality impact that would allow policy makers to take sustained and evidence-based decisions. Within the Portuguese health system, the integrated care approach is rather organizational and financial, whereas little attention is given to workforce integration. On what concerns workforce planning Portugal it is still in the stage of analyzing the acceptability of health workforce skills mix. In line with the international approaches, integration of health and social services and bridging primary and acute care are the main goals of the national government strategy. The findings from our interviews clarify perceptions which show no discrepancy with the related literature but are rather scarce comparing to international experience. Informants hold a realistic but narrow view of integrated care related issues. They seem to be limited to the regional context, requiring a more comprehensive perspective. The questionnaire developed in this thesis is an instrument which, when applied, will allow policy makers to understand the basic set of concepts and managerial motivations behind national and regional integrated care programs. The instrument developed can foster evidence on the three essential components of integrated care policies: organizational, financial, and human resources development, and can give additional input on the context in which integrated care is being developed, the type of providers and organizations involved, barriers and constraints, and the workforce skills mix planning related strategies. The thesis was successful in recognizing differences between countries and interventions and the instrument developed will allow a better comprehension of the international options available and how to address the vital components of integrated care programs.

Enterprise reference lexicon building from business models

Nowadays, a significant increase on the demand for interoperable systems for exchanging data in business collaborative environments has been noticed. Consequently, cooperation agreements between each of the involved enterprises have been brought to light. However, due to the fact that even in a same community or domain, there is a big variety of knowledge representation not semantically coincident, which embodies the existence of interoperability problems in the enterprises information systems that need to be addressed. Moreover, in relation to this, most organizations face other problems about their information systems, as: 1) domain knowledge not being easily accessible by all the stakeholders (even intra-enterprise); 2) domain knowledge not being represented in a standard format; 3) and even if it is available in a standard format, it is not supported by semantic annotations or described using a common and understandable lexicon. This dissertation proposes an approach for the establishment of an enterprise reference lexicon from business models. It addresses the automation in the information models mapping for the reference lexicon construction. It aggregates a formal and conceptual representation of the business domain, with a clear definition of the used lexicon to facilitate an overall understanding by all the involved stakeholders, including non-IT personnel.