996 resultados para fungal DNA


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一. 设计和筛选单链阻遏蛋白的高亲和力DNA结合序列   单链阻遏蛋白RRTRES是噬菌体434阻遏蛋白的衍生物,它是噬菌体434阻 遏蛋白的N端DBD(1-69位氨基酸)组成的共价二聚体。这个单链分子有两个DBD,一个是野生型噬菌体434的DBD-R,另一个是突变了的DBD - RTRES,二者用重组接头以头接尾的方式连接起来。在RTRES的α3-螺旋中.1、1、2、5位氨基酸与DNA识别紧密相关,它们分别为T、R、E、S。为了筛选出突变的RTRES的DNA结合位点,设计了核心序列为CATACAAGAAAGNNNNNNTTTATG随机DNA库,通过RRTRES与随机DNA库的体外结合和循环筛选。将筛选到的群体克隆并测序。通过与单链阻遏蛋白RRTRES的亲和力测定,对每一个筛选到的序列进行特性分析。结果表明,当结合位点(上述划线部分)为TTAC或TTCC时为最适操纵区序列。它们与单链阻遏蛋白RRTRES的亲和力很高,Kd值在1-10pM的范围。其中随机部分为TTTACG的操纵区与RRTRES的亲和力最高,Kd值约为lpM;当结合位点为TTAC时,平均Kd值为3pM:当结合位点为 TTCC时,Kd值在5-lOpM之间。天然噬菌体434阻遏蛋白与其操纵区的亲和力的Kd值在nM数量级,与之相比,所筛选操纵区的亲和力明显提高。此外,亲和力大小还受到结合位点两侧的碱基的影响,特别是5'位碱基的影响。   表达纯化同源双突变的单链阻遏蛋白RTRESRTRE'根据RTRES的以上识别特一点,设计了一系列新的操纵区序列,它们的共有序列为GTAAGAAARNTTACN,或GGAAGAAARNTTCCN,并测定它们与RTRES RTRE之间的结合特异性。结果表明,它们可被RTRES RTRES特异识别,且亲和力也很高,Kd值在5-40pM之间。其中GTAAGAAAGTTTACG与RTRES RTRES之间结合的Kd值约为5pM。同样,表达了异源双突变的单链阻遏蛋白R*RTRES,然而它与 设计的相关操纵区的亲和力并不很高,Kd值约为lOOpM。利用本工作中的随机筛选和合理设计的原则,得到了新的具有特异性识别和高亲和力的蛋白一DNA相互作用。这个方法可望用于其他DBP的新的结合特异性的筛选。 二. 非同位素的方法筛选单链阻遏蛋白的最佳DNA结合序列初探   克隆和表达了带半胱氨酸尾的单链阻遏蛋白,利用已包被了马来酰胺的活性板可以与自由巯基结合的特性,将蛋白固定在活性板表面。体外筛选RTRES RTRES的最佳DNA结合序列,得到了一些与RTRES RTRES结合的序列,但Kd值nM数量级。此方法需进一步优化。

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当前分子生物学的方法以惊人的速度渗透到生命科学研究的各个领域。植物对不断变化的环境逐步适应的过程中,积累了丰富的遗传多样性。与此同时,人类活动空间的不断扩大已经严重威胁到其他生命的生存和繁衍,越来越多的物种以越来越快的速度在我们还没有来得及认识它们时就已经永远地消失了。加快物种鉴定和保护的步伐就必须发展更多能充分揭示物种遗传多样性的实验技术,从具有丰富遗传多样性的野生资源中寻找到更多能够服务于人类可持续发展的基因资源。本文以杨树杂交后代过氧化物同工酶和RAPD分析为基础,论证了我们改进的RAPD方法用于遗传分析的可行性。在前期工作的基础上,进一步测定了野大豆自然群体的耐盐性变异,并且用微卫星和RAPD分析的方法研究分子标记与DXA变异、植株耐盐性之间的关系。对四个可能与抗盐性有关的RAPD片段进行克隆、测序,并进行序列比较。由此得出以下结论: 1、在本文的实验条件下,杨树同工酶和RAPD分析均表明,RAPD标记在亲本及其杂交后代中性状比例符合孟德尔遗传规律,尽管有时也会出现遗传负载等机制引起的基因分布扭曲现象。 2、初步研究了个体发育阶段和环境条件对植株耐盐性的影响。结果表明,植物耐盐性不仅仅与外界的盐度有关,而且受发育阶段和其它环境条件(如,温度)的影响。但也发现了某些个体在各种条件下都具有较高的耐盐性,而且,不易受到其它环境条件的影响。 3、微卫星标记的结果表明,10对引物中的8对引物共检测到时17个等位基因,平均每对引物2.125个等位基因。本文的实验条件下,双核苷酸和三核苷酸的引物对扩增产物都没有出现“ghosts"条带或“打滑”现象。 4、有4个RAPD标记可能与野大豆群体的耐盐性有关,分别是OPCO8460bp、OPCO8213bp、OPCO2690bp、以及OPCO5270bp。测序结果与GenBank中的序列作同源性比较,结果显示,OPCO2_(690bp)与小麦、松树等植物的吉普赛性的逆转录转座子的部分区域(24--53)有很高的同源性(86-89%)。此外,OPCO2690bp与栽培大豆胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶(gs15)基因的启动子有高达95%的同源性。 5、本文实验条件下,RAPD扩增产物在限制性内切酶消化后,消化产物的多态性未见增大,也没有发现与耐盐性相关的多态位点。 6、野大豆自然群体DNA变异的研究中也可以应用SWAPP方法。

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低能离子束的诱变效应首先由我国科学家发现并将其广泛应用于育种实践,但是离子注入诱导DNA变异的研究结果主要是以微生物离体质粒DNA为材料获得的,以活体高等生物为材料的研究尚未见报道。 我们以30 keV N+(注入剂量80×1015 ions/cm2)注入拟南芥后获得的稳定突变体T80II为实验材料,对突变体植株进行了RAPD标记,并将T80II和对照部分RAPD特异条带进行克隆测序和DNA序列分析。结果显示,在可分辨的总计397个RAPD条带中,T80II株系中有52个条带表现出差异,包括条带的缺失和增加,条带变异率为13.1%;克隆的T80II序列中,平均每16.8个碱基出现一个碱基变异位点,表现出较高频率的碱基突变。碱基突变的类型包括碱基的颠换、转换、缺失、插入等。在检测到的275个碱基突变中,主要是单碱基置换(97.09%),碱基缺失或者插入的比例较小(2.91%)。在碱基置换中,转换的频率(66.55%)高于颠换的频率((30.55%)。此外,构成DNA的四种碱基均可以被离子束辐照诱发变异,而且每一种碱基都可以被其它三种碱基所替换,但是胸腺嘧啶(T)的辐射敏感性要高于其它三种碱基。通过分析突变碱基周边序列,对低能N+离子注入拟南芥突变体引发的碱基突变热点进行了讨论。 另外,低能离子注入诱变获得的突变体特异表达基因的克隆方面也没有报道。我们以突变体T80II作为实验材料,用PCR增效的减法杂交技术构建了T80II特异表达的cDNA减法文库,克隆特异表达的cDNA片段,并对其中1个与14-3-3 protein GF14 nu (GRF7) gene有部分同源性、长712 bp的cDNA片段进行了讨论。我们的研究证明通过减法杂交技术克隆低能离子诱发的突变体特异表达的cDNA是可能的,这为低能离子注入技术在分子生物学上的应用开辟了一个新思路。

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A total of 1006 king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) representing 20 discrete samples collected between 1996 and 1998 along the east (Atlantic) and west (Gulf) coasts of Florida and the Florida Keys were assayed for allelic variation at seven nuclear-encoded microsatellites. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were found for six of the microsatellites, and genotypes at all microsatellites were independent. Allele distributions at each microsatellite were independent of sex and age of individuals. Homogeneity tests of spatial distributions of alleles at the microsatellites revealed two weakly divergent “genetic” subpopulations or stocks of king mackerel in Florida waters—one along the Atlantic coast and one along the Gulf coast. Homogeneity tests of allele distributions when samples were pooled along seasonal (temporal) boundaries, consistent with the temporal boundaries used currently for stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource, were nonsignificant. The degree of genetic divergence between the two “genetic” stocks was small: on average, only 0.19% of the total genetic variance across all samples assayed occurred between the two regions. Cluster analysis, assignment tests, and spatial autocorrelation analysis did not generate patterns that were consistent with either geographic or spatial-temporal boundaries. King mackerel sampled from the Florida Keys could not be assigned unequivocally to either “genetic” stock. The genetic data were not consistent with current spatial-temporal boundaries employed in stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource. The genetic differences between king mackerel in the Atlantic versus those in the Gulf most likely stem from reduced gene flow (migration) between the Atlantic and Gulf in relation to gene flow (migration) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of peninsular Florida. This difference is consistent with findings for other marine fishes where data indicate that the southern Florida peninsula serves (or has served) as a biogeographic boundary.

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Independent molecular markers based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were developed to provide positive identification of istiophorid and xiphiid billfishes (marlins, spearfishes, sailfish, and swordfish). Both classes of markers were based on amplification of short segments (<1.7 kb) of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent digestion with informative restriction endonucleases. Candidate markers were evaluated for their ability to discriminate among the different species and the level of intraspecific variation they exhibited. The selected markers require no more than two restriction digestions to allow unambiguous identification, although it was not possible to distinguish between white marlin and striped marlin with any of the genetic characters screened in our study. Individuals collected from throughout each species’ range were surveyed with the selected markers demonstrating low levels of intraspecific character variation within species. The resulting keys provide two independent means for the forensic identification of fillets and for specific identification of early life history stages.

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We used allozyme, microsatellite, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data to test for spatial and interannual genetic diversity in wall-eye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from six spawning aggregations representing three geographic regions: Gulf of Alaska, eastern Bering Sea, and eastern Kamchatka. Interpopulation genetic diversity was evident primarily from the mtDNA and two allozyme loci (SOD-2*, MPI*). Permutation tests ˆindicated that FST values for most allozyme and microsatellite loci were not significantly greater than zero. The microsatellite results suggested that high locus polymorphism may not be a reliable indicator of power for detecting population differentiation in walleye pollock. The fact that mtDNA revealed population structure and most nuclear loci did not suggests that the effective size of most walleye pollock populations is large (genetic drift is weak) and migration is a relatively strong homogenizing force. The allozymes and mtDNA provided mostly concordant estimates of patterns of spatial genetic variation. These data showed significant genetic variation between North American and Asian populations. In addition, two spawning aggregations in the Gulf of Alaska, in Prince William Sound, and off Middleton Island, appeared genetically distinct from walleye pollock spawning in the Shelikof Strait and may merit management as a distinct stock. Finally, we found evidence of interannual genetic variation in two of three North American spawning aggregations, similar in magnitude to the spatial variation among North American walleye pol-lock. We suggest that interannual genetic variation in walleye pollock may be indicative of one or more of the following factors: highly variable reproductive success, adult philopatry, source-sink metapopulation structure, and intraannual variation (days) in spawning timing among genetically distinct but spatially identical spawning aggregates.

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外生菌根是重要的菌根类群,在自然界中分布广泛。外生菌根真菌参与了生物地球化学循环,是森林生态系统中的重要组分。由于外生菌根真菌的宿主植物通常是一些生态系统的优势种和建群种,并且这些真菌还参与了许多森林生态系统的有机和无机元素循环、物种的竞争和共存、生物多样性的维持、生态系统的演替等过程,因而对外生菌根真菌的研究有助于对这些生态系统维持和演替机制的深入理解。作者在中国四川都江堰地区选择了两个不同林龄的森林,应用分子生物学方法,研究了它们的外生菌根真菌群落组成。比较分析了两种年龄亚热带森林下真菌群落的物种组成、密度和多样性的差异,并分析了外生菌根真菌群落与宿主植物群落之间的相互关系,主要研究结果如下: (1) 用分子方法(巢式PCR, RFLP和DNA测序)鉴定了87个土样中的ECM真菌。共检测到70种真菌,属于13目21科30属,其中,子囊菌门5目6科6属8种,担子菌门8目15科24属62种。在担子菌门中,革菌目、红菇目和伞菌目三个目的真菌为常见种。 (2) 成熟林的ECM真菌物种数、密度和物种多样性都显著高于幼林。 (3) 少数几种ECM真菌在群落中占绝对优势,而大多数种类的相对多度和相对频度都较低。重要值(IV)至少在一个样地中大于4.0%的真菌共有12种。成熟林中,IV大于4.0%的ECM真菌有8种,分别是:Russula sp.01,Tomentella sp.01,Tomentella sp.04,Tomentella sp.05,Boletales-01,Lactarius sp.01,Tricholomataceae-01,Leptodontidium sp.01;幼林中IV大于4.0%的真菌有6种,分别是:Lactarius quietus,Russula sp.01,Tomentella sp.01,Tomentella sp.02,Tomentella sp.03, Trechisporales-01。 (4) 成熟林与幼林中的优势属有所不同,成熟林以绵菌属和红菇属最丰富,幼林以乳菇属最丰富,其次是绵菌属和红菇属; (5) ECM真菌群落与乔木群落关系密切,ECM真菌群落物种多样性随着菌根乔木群落物种多样性的增加而增加;ECM群落密度随着非菌根乔木群落密度的增加而降低;ECM群落物种数随着非菌根乔木群落物种数的增加而降低。 (6) ECM真菌群落间的相似性与菌根乔木群落间相似性之间呈显著正相关,即,菌根乔木群落之间越相似,则菌根群落之间也越相似;ECM群落间的相似性与非菌根乔木群落间的相似性之间无相关性。

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近年来,分子细胞遗传学研究已基本证实了染色体的串联融合(端粒一着丝粒融合)是麂属动物核型演化的主要重排方式.尽管染色体串联融合的分子机制还不清楚,但通过染色体的非同源重组,着丝粒区域的卫星DNA被认为可能介导了染色体的融合.以前的研究发现在赤麂和小麂染色体的大部分假定的串联融合位点处存在着非随机分布的卫星DNA.然而在麂属的其他物种中,这些卫星DNA的组成以及在基因组中的分布情况尚未被研究.本研究从黑麂和费氏麂基因组中成功地克隆了4种卫星DNA (BMC5、BM700、BM1.1k和FM700),并分析了这些卫星克隆的特征以及在小麂、黑麂、贡山麂和费氏麂染色体上的定位情况.结果表明,卫星Ⅰ和Ⅱ DNA (BMC5,BM700和FM700)的信号除了分布在这些麂属动物染色体的着丝粒区域外,也间隔地分布在这些物种的染色体臂上.其研究结果为黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂的染色体核型也是从一个2n=70的共同祖先核型通过一系列的串联融合进化而来的假说提供了直接的证据.