Identification, diversity and distribution patterns of fish larvae in Khark & Kharko Coralline Islands ecosystem – Persian Gulf, by GIS method

Khark & Kharko Islands are the last Northern point for fringing coral reefs in Iranian side of the Persian Gulf. These Coralline habitats are the Protected Area and Wildlife Refugees with the total area of 2400 ha which located in the territory of Bushehr Province. This research carried out during 2006-2007 with monthly sampling from 12 stations, which selected around Islands and inshore waters with maximum depth of 20 meter. Sampling was conducted using by Bongo-Net plankton sampler with 500μ of mesh size. Totally, 1808 specimen from 45 family fish larvae was identified in studied area, including: 21 coralline fish larva families and 24 shore fish larvae such as pelagic and demersal fishes which some of them known as indicator, sentinel or endemic species for coral reef ecosystems. The results was shown that coral reef diversity in coral reefs (Khark & Kharko Islands) is more than other habitats such as estuary and river mouth, creeks, mangrove forest sites, and off shore water of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Iranian side. Among Identified families, Clupeidae, Blenniidae, Sillaginidae, Atherinidae and Tripterygiidae; with more abundance were dominant families in studied area. The pick of fish larvae abundance family were estimated in spring. There were significant differences between seasonally abundance and sub areas, but there were not significant differences in diversity indexes between Khark and Kharko stations with coastal stations (p< 0.05). The mean abundance of fish larvae were estimated 18.7083 larvae under 10m² of sea surface, and the mean diversity indexes and evenness were estimated 0.7135 and 0.565342 consequently, that was showed the area is under ecological stress for fish larvae, and wasn’t stable. Therefore, from the ecological point of view, only some of the fish larvae groups as like Clupeidae were dominant. Thus, they were the main cause of the fish larvae abundance change in studied area. Due to geographical location of Khark and Kharko Islands and among the environmental parameters, Its seems that the condition of sea current is the main cause for present or absent and distribution patterns of fish larvae in area. Abundance of fish larvae in west of Islands was higher than eastern parts in the spring. But this condition will be reversed in eastern part of Island and several coastal stations, so that the Islands surrounding clock wise current to cause fish larvae distribution patterns.

Desenvolvimento de método para determinação de espécies de mercúrio empregando MSPD e GC-MS

Neste trabalho é proposto pela primeira vez, o desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico baseado no emprego da dispersão da matriz em fase sólida (MSPD) modificada, para extração das espécies CH3Hg+ e Hg2+ em amostras de peixe e determinação por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). O método de extração utilizando a MSPD combina o rompimento da estrutura física da amostra, através da maceração e do uso de SiO2 como suporte sólido, com o método da extração ácida, utilizando uma solução de HCl 4,2 mol L-1 e NaCl 0,5 mol L-1. Para otimização da MSPD, foram avaliados parâmetros como massa de amostra, massa de suporte sólido, concentração de HCl, concentração de NaCl, tipo de suporte sólido e o tempo de agitação, com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta. Além disso, a etapa de derivatização e a separação cromatográfica também foram otimizadas na determinação de CH3Hg+ e Hg2+ por GC-MS. O método mostrouse adequado para extração e determinação de espécies de mercúrio através da aplicação em materiais de referência certificados de fígado de peixe (DOLT-3) e músculo de peixe (DORM-2), apresentando boas concordâncias com os valores certificados e desvio padrão relativo inferior a 9,5%. Os limites de detecção foram de 0,06 e 0,12 µg g-1 para CH3Hg+ e Hg2+, respectivamente. Além disso, foi observado um significativo efeito de matriz e, por isso, a calibração foi feita com curvas preparadas com o extrato da MSPD. O método mostrou boa concordância na comparação entre a soma da concentração das espécies e a concentração de mercúrio total determinada por espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado com geração de vapor frio (CVG-ICP-MS), após digestão assistida por micro-ondas (MAD) em peixes do tipo atum (Thunnus thynnus), cação anjo (Squatina squatina) e cação viola (Rhinobatos blochii.).

Capture d'un Requin-Baleine, Rhineodon typus A. Smith, en Cohinchine: résumé de connaissances sur ce poisson

A description of a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) captured on June 1934 along the coast of Cap Ti Oan is given. The scientific name Rhincodon is not correct due to a typographic error. The name with greek origin, should be: Rhineodon typus.

A mitochondrial species identification assay for Australian blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus tilstoni, C. limbatus and C. amblyrhynchoides) using real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis

Tropical Australian shark fisheries target two morphologically indistinguishable blacktip sharks, the Australian blacktip (Carcharhinus tilstoni) and the common blacktip (C. limbatus). Their relative contributions to northern and eastern Australian coastal fisheries are unclear because of species identification difficulties. The two species differ in their number of precaudal vertebrae, which is difficult and time consuming to obtain in the field. But, the two species can be distinguished genetically with diagnostic mutations in their mitochondrial DNA ND4 gene. A third closely related sister species, the graceful shark C. amblyrhynchoides, can also be distinguished by species-specific mutations in this gene. DNA sequencing is an effective diagnostic tool, but is relatively expensive and time consuming. In contrast, real-time high-resolution melt (HRM) PCR assays are rapid and relatively inexpensive. These assays amplify regions of DNA with species-specific genetic mutations that result in PCR products with unique melt profiles. A real-time HRM PCR species-diagnostic assay (RT-HRM-PCR) has been developed based on the mtDNA ND4 gene for rapid typing of C. tilstoni, C. limbatus and C. amblyrhynchoides. The assay was developed using ND4 sequences from 66 C. tilstoni, 33. C. limbatus and five C. amblyrhynchoides collected from Indonesia and Australian states and territories; Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales. The assay was shown to be 100% accurate on 160 unknown blacktip shark tissue samples by full mtDNA ND4 sequencing.

A review on systematic and taxonomic of the Persian Gulf fish species, based on geographical distribution pattern and habitat diversity, using by GIS

During the period from 2011 - 2015 with the aim of this study was to systematically review and in particular the revised classification of the Persian Gulf (and the Strait of Hormuz) and to obtain new information about the final confirmed list of fish species of Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf (and Hormuz Strait), samples of museums, surveys and sampling, and comparative study of all available sources and documentation was done. Classification systematic of sharks and batoids and bony fishes. Based on the results, the final list of approved fish of the Persian Gulf (including the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman border region) are 907 species in 157 families, of which 93 species of fish with 28 cartilaginous families (including 18 families with 60 species and 10 families with 34 species of shark and batoids); and 129 families with 814 species of bony fishes are. The presence of 11 new family with only one representative species in the area include Veliferidae, Zeidae, Sebastidae, Stomiidae, Dalatiidae, Zanclidae, Pempheridae, Lophiidae Kuhliidae, Etmoptridae and Chlorophthalmidae also recently introduced and approved. The two families based Creediidae Clinidae and their larvae samples for newly identified area. 62 families with mono-species and 25 families with more than 10 species are present including Gobiidae (53), Carangide (48), Labride (41), Blenniidae (34), Apogonidae (32) and Lutjanidae (31) of bony fishes, Carcharhinidae (26) of sharks and Dasyatidae (12) in terms of number of species of batoids most families to have their data partitioning. Also, 13 species as well as endemic species introduced the Persian Gulf and have been approved in terms of geographical expansion of the Persian Gulf are unique to the area.Two species of the family Poeciliidae and Cyprinodontidae have species of fresh water to the brackish coastal habitats have found a way;in addition to 11 types of families Carcharhinidae, Clupeidae, Chanidae, Gobidae, Mugilidae, Sparidae also as a species, with a focus on freshwater river basins in the south of the country have been found. In this study, it was found that out of 907 species have been reported from the study area, 294 species (32.4 %) to benthic habitats (Benthic habitats) and 613 species (67.6 %) in pelagic habitats (Pelagic habitats) belong. Coral reefs and rocky habitats in the range of benthic fish (129 species - 14.3 %) and reef associated fishes in the range of pelagic fishes (432 species – 47.8 %), the highest number and percentage of habitat diversity (Species habitats) have been allocated. As well as fish habitats with sea grass and algae beds in benthic habitat (17 species- 1.9 %) and pelagic - Oceanic (Open sea) in the whole pelagic fish (30 species – 3.3 %), the lowest number and percentage of habitat diversity into account. From the perspective of animal geography (Zoogeography) and habitat overlaps and similarities (Habitat overlapping) fish fauna of the Persian Gulf compared with other similar seas (tropical and subtropical, and warm temperate) in the Indian Ocean area - calm on the surface, based on the presence of certain species that the fish fauna of the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea and the Bay of Bengal (East Arabian Sea) compared to other regions in the Indian Ocean (Pacific) is closer (about 50%), and the Mediterranean (East area) and The Hawaiian Islands have the lowest overlap and similarity of habitat and species (about 10%).

First record of Pagellus bellottii (Teleostei: Sparidae) in the Bay of Biscay, France

The red pandora, Pagellus bellottii Steindachner, 1882, is a tropical and subtropical demersal Sparidae (Porgies) that lives over hard or sandy bottoms in coastal marine waters. It mostly occurs at depths ranging from 10 to 50 metres. It is distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from the Strait of Gibraltar to Angola and the Canary Islands where it is occasionally recorded (Bauchot and Hureau, 1986; Franqueville, 1983). The species is also recorded in the southwestern Mediterranean, in the Alboran Sea, off the Algerian coasts and in the Gulf of Gabes (Oral, 2010). The records of the species in the eastern Mediterranean, Syrian and Israeli waters (Fricke, et al. 2014, Fig. 1) is questioned. We consider these records are misidentification of Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pagellus bellottii was also included in the checklist of the fishes from Portugal as a consequence of records coming from the Algarve region, about 36°59′ N, 8° W, the northernmost records in Atlantic waters (de Castro, 1967; Erzini et al., 1996; Carneiro et al., 2014; Carneiro com. pers.). Some specimens were also recorded in Spanish Mediterranean waters, in the Bay of Almería about 36°47′ N, 2°25′ W (Lucena, et al. 1982), the northernmost records for the Mediterranean waters. Herein, the first record of P. bellottii in the Bay of Biscay is reported.

Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787)

The Striped Catfish can be recognized by its striped coloration, barbels around the mouth, and its body shape which tapers to a point posteriorly. Small juveniles are black and large adults may be less distinctly striped. Plotosus lineatus can reach a maximum length of 32 cm (13 in) and about 40cm in Persian Gulf. The body is brown with cream-colored or white longitudinal bands. The most striking feature of this species is in the fins; in fact the second dorsal, caudal and anal are fused together as in eels. In the rest of the body is quite similar to a freshwater catfish: the mouth is surrounded by four pairs of barbells, four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw. The first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins have a highly venomous spine. They may even be fatal. Juveniles of P. lineatus form dense ball-shaped schools of about 100 fish, while adults are solitary or occur in smaller groups of around 20 and are known to hide under ledges during the day. Adult P. lineatus search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish. Striped eel catfish is an oviparous fish; this species has demersal eggs and planktonic larvae. This species has evolved long ampullary canals in its electrosensory organs.

Chrysiptera unimaculata Cuvier, 1830

Chrysiptera unimaculata, an algivorous species also living on the coral reef flat and being territorial but not considered as a strict farmer in this location. Maximum length is 8 cm in Persian Gulf. It is living in close association with macrophytes. Adults are found solitarily or in small groups among coastal algal reefs, rubble or over open beach-rock of reef flats exposed to moderate surge and feeds mainly on benthic algae. C. unimaculata is oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding. Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate. Males guard and aerate the eggs.

Projet ANCRE-DMX2 : Indicateurs biologiques et écologiques pour une gestion durable des stocks de poissons DéMersauX profonds (100–700 m) d’intérêt halieutique à La Réunion

L'usage de la ligne à main mécanisée (moulinet électrique) s'est développé à La Réunion au cours des années 2000. Ce métier s’est développé à la suite d’une campagne de prospection des ressources halieutiques profondes (200-700m), menée conjointement par le CRPMEM et l’Ifremer en 2000. L’objectif de cette campagne par pêche au moulinet électrique visait à identifier de nouvelles ressources démersales à des fins de diversification pour la petite pêche artisanale côtière professionnelle réunionnaise. Ainsi, les premiers résultats de cette étude avaient mis en évidence l'existence de nouvelles espèces et des stocks encore peu exploités à l’époque. Leur exploitation par la pêche professionnelle mais aussi par la pêche plaisancière s’est dès lors développée rapidement, sans aucun contrôle. En l’absence de cadre juridique et de mesures de gestion appropriés, la baisse rapide des rendements et les conflits pour l’accès à ces ressources profondes limitées et réputées sensibles à l’exploitation avaient motivé un précédent projet d'étude pour caractériser l’état de ces ressources (ANCRE-DMX, nommé DMX1, Ifremer 2011). Ce premier diagnostic réalisé à peine 10 ans après le début de l’exploitation des principales espèces avait mis en évidence des premiers signes d’une exploitation non soutenable des ressources dans l'ouest et le nord de La Réunion. Il avait été alors préconisé de lever des lacunes importantes concernant la biologie et l’écologie des espèces, d’évaluer l’état de ces stocks et enfin, de définir des indicateurs biologiques et halieutiques permettant de suivre l’évolution de ces différents stocks. En effet, les stocks de poissons démersaux profonds sont connus pour leur vulnérabilité (croissance lente, maturité sexuelle tardive, recrutement aléatoire…), et ce d’autant plus que leurs habitats sont particulièrement restreints à La Réunion. Le présent projet DMX2 a donc eu pour principal objectif d’établir, à partir d’une approche « indicateur », les bases des connaissances halieutiques, biologiques et écologiques manquantes sur les 6 principales espèces ciblées par la pêcherie à la ligne mécanisée. Le plan d’échantillonnage mis en place a couvert des profondeurs comprises entre 80 et 700 mètres, intégrant pour la première fois les zones de transition plus côtières. La période d’échantillonnage s’est déroulée sur un cycle annuel complet, soit d’avril 2014 à mai 2015, avec le concours de 10 pêcheurs professionnels répartis tout autour de l’île. Ainsi, 143 marées ont permis d’échantillonner 3984 individus et plus de 60 espèces différentes. Pour les principales espèces retenues, le suivi des captures en mer et les prélèvements biologiques réalisés ont permis d’appréhender leur rendement, leur structure démographique, leurs relations biométriques, l’étude de leur croissance, leur cycle de reproduction, leur taille de première maturité, la composition relative de leur alimentation ainsi que la variabilité de leur condition corporelle selon les saisons et en fonction des secteurs géographiques de l’île. Pour certaines espèces, les paramètres biologiques et écologiques obtenus n’avaient jamais été étudiés à ce jour. A partir des indicateurs populationnels et bio-écologiques retenus dans le projet, il a été possible d’évaluer l’état de santé des principaux stocks exploités et de les confronter à la situation et à l’évolution de la pêcherie ciblant ces espèces. Sur la base d’une approche de précaution, les diagnostics rendus sont variables selon l’état de santé de chacun des stocks et de leur sensibilité à l’exploitation. L’approche « indicateur » développée dans le cadre de ce projet a été appliquée aux données historiques disponibles. Ces indicateurs seront désormais proposés dans le cadre des suivis qui devront être mis en place dans la définition d’un plan de gestion des ressources démersales profondes à La Réunion. La définition du plan de gestion devra être discutée et validée auprès des différents usagers pêcheurs ainsi que des gestionnaires scientifiques, professionnels et administratifs.

Neustonic distribution of decapod planktonic stages and competence of brachyuran megalopae in coastal waters

Settlement rate may not reflect larval supply to coastal waters in different marine invertebrates and demersal fishes. The importance of near-shore oceanography and behaviour of late larval stages may be underestimated. The present study conducted neustonic sampling over station grids and along full-length transects at two embayments in south-eastern Brazil to (1) compare diurnal and nocturnal occurrence of most frequent decapod stages to assess their vertical movements, (2) describe the formation of larval patches and (3) measure competence of crab megalopae according to their distance to recruitment grounds. Several shrimp species apparently undergo a diel vertical migration, swimming crab megalopae showed no vertical movements and megalopae of the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus transversus revealed a reversed vertical migration. During the day, crab megalopae aggregated in convergence zones just below surface slicks. These larvae consisted of advanced, pre-moult stages, at both mid-bay and near-shore patches. Competence, measured as the time to metamorphosis in captivity, was similar between larval patches within each taxon. Yet, subtidal portunids moulted faster to juveniles than intertidal grapsids, possibly because they were closer to settlement grounds. Megalopae of Pachygrapsus from benthic collectors moulted faster than those from bay areas. These results suggest that alternative vertical migration patterns of late megalopae favour onshore transport, and actual competence takes place very close to suitable substrates, where larvae may remain for days before settlement. Lack of correlation between larval supply and settlement for Pachygrapsus suggests that biological processes, besides onshore transport, may play an important role in determining settlement success of coastal crabs.

Purification, biochemical characterization and localization at single cell resolution of Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) and Bone Gla Protein (BGP) in the teleost fish Argyrosomus regius

Tese de dout. em Química, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2002

Recruitment patterns and processes of coastal fish species in a temperate rocky reef

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Ramo: Ciências do Mar, Especialização em Ecologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Aspectos biológicos do peixe-olhudo-dentinho, Synagrops bellus (Actinopterygii: Acropomatidae), da plataforma externa e talude superior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

Biological aspects of the blackmouth bass Synagrops bellus from the outer shelf and upper slope along the coast of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, are presented. The species represented about 71.6% and 9.7% in number of the total catch performed by balloom trawl in the isobaths of 300m and 500m respectively. Body sizes of 266 individuals ranged between 130 and 265mm total length, with sex ratio of 55.9% males, and 44.1% females, where most individuals were in maturation stage. Twenty two food items were found, pointing out Myctophidae fishes, Penaeidea and Caridea shrimps, Brachyuran megalopae, Enoploteuthidae and Cranchiidae cephalopods, pteropods and tunicates. The intestinal coefficient increases as the body size increase, and the number of gill rakers ranged between 16 and 17. Length-weight relationship was WT = 6.0 x 10-6 x TL3.12, r2 = 0.9495. Synagrops bellus is an important link between zooplankton and micronekton, and demersal and pelagic predators in the outer shelf and upper slope in southwestern Brazilian coast.

Temporal variation in the diet of gentoo penguins at the Falkland Islands

Knowledge of diet is critical in interpreting the ecological roles of marine top predators and provides information towards their conservation and management. The Falkland Islands hold the largest number of breeding gentoo penguins. Yet knowledge of gentoo penguin diet at the Falklands is limited to either broad taxonomic divisions of prey items or dietary samples collected only on a single day. This study is the first to investigate gentoo penguin diet at Cow Bay, Falklands, to the species level, over repeated sampling intervals during the breeding period. Through stomach content analysis, we determined diet over a large temporal scale (2002/2003/2004–2011/2012/2013) and between the guard and crèche periods of chick rearing. The principle prey item by reconstituted mass was rock cod fish Patagonotothen spp., for all periods (47–78 %) except that of the 2012/2013 crèche period (19 %) when Falkland herring Sprattus fugensis made up the bulk of the diet (52 %). Of the cephalopods recovered, Patagonian squid Doryteuthis gahi was prominent (1–24 %), while crustaceans contributed negligibly to gentoo penguin diet. Our findings revealed that gentoo penguins breeding at the Falkland Islands were primarily demersal foragers with an ability for pelagic feeding. Diet choice appears to reflect prey availability.

A new method for resolving uncertainty of energy requirements in large water breathers: The 'mega-flume' seagoing swim-tunnel respirometer

Body size is a key determinant of metabolic rate, but logistical constraints have led to a paucity of energetics measurements from large water-breathing animals. As a result, estimating energy requirements of large fish generally relies on extrapolation of metabolic rate from individuals of lower body mass using allometric relationships that are notoriously variable. Swim-tunnel respirometry is the 'gold standard' for measuring active metabolic rates in water-breathing animals, yet previous data are entirely derived from body masses <10 kg - at least one order of magnitude lower than the body masses of many top-order marine predators. Here, we describe the design and testing of a new method for measuring metabolic rates of large water-breathing animals: a c. 26 000 L seagoing 'mega-flume' swim-tunnel respirometer. We measured the swimming metabolic rate of a 2·1-m, 36-kg zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum within this new mega-flume and compared the results to data we collected from other S. fasciatum (3·8-47·7 kg body mass) swimming in static respirometers and previously published measurements of active metabolic rate measurements from other shark species. The mega-flume performed well during initial tests, with intra- and interspecific comparisons suggesting accurate metabolic rate measurements can be obtained with this new tool. Inclusion of our data showed that the scaling exponent of active metabolic rate with mass for sharks ranging from 0·13 to 47·7 kg was 0·79; a similar value to previous estimates for resting metabolic rates in smaller fishes. We describe the operation and usefulness of this new method in the context of our current uncertainties surrounding energy requirements of large water-breathing animals. We also highlight the sensitivity of mass-extrapolated energetic estimates in large aquatic animals and discuss the consequences for predicting ecosystem impacts such as trophic cascades.