Einschluss oder Ausschluss von Gleichaltrigen mit Hörschädigung? Entscheidungen von hörenden Kindern und Jugendlichen aus integrativen Klassen

Nicht selten werden Mitschülerinnen und Mitschüler von schulisch integrierten Kindern mit Hörschädigung mit Situationen konfrontiert, in denen der Integrationsgedanke in Konflikt zu den eigenen Interessen steht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, inwiefern sich Urteile und Handlungsentscheidungen zum Einschluss von Gleichaltrigen mit Hörschädigung in Abhängigkeit von Situation, Jahrgangsstufe und Kontaktbereitschaft unterscheiden. Hierfür wurden 212 Schülerinnen und Schüler aus Regelklassen (Klasse 3, 5, 7) mit einem einzelintegrierten Kind mit Hörschädigung zu Geschichten befragt, in denen sich eine Protagonistin bzw. ein Protagonist zwischen dem Einschluss eines Kindes mit oder ohne Hörschädigung entscheiden muss. Die Mehrheit beurteilte den Einschluss des Kindes mit Hörschädigung in Situationen als richtig, in denen nur das Kind mit Behinderung zur Auswahl stand. Konnte sich die Protagonistin bzw. der Protagonist hingegen zwischen einem Kind mit oder ohne Hörschädigung entscheiden, erwartete nur noch die Hälfte den Einschluss des Kindes mit Hörschädigung. Zudem unterschieden sich die Einschlussentscheidungen in Abhängigkeit des Kontextes, der Jahrgangsstufe und der Kontaktbereitschaft.

Norm and Anomaly in the Jewish Life of Jesus (Toledot Yeshu)

The Toledoth Yeshu, the “Generation,” or “Life of Jesus,” have been described as an anti-Gospel, or a parody of the Gospel. This protean tradition, witnessed in more than hundred manuscripts and printed editions, offers a “counter-history” of the life of Jesus and the origins of Christianity. According to this mischievous narrative Jesus was an illegitimate child turned charlatan, and his disciples a bunch of violent and senseless rogues who continued to stir up trouble in Israel even following their leader’s shameful hanging. The Toledoth Yeshu is the story of an anomaly (Jesus and the birth of Christianity). It is also a story about confusion: marital confusion, social confusion, and religious confusion. As an exercise in “historical imagination,” the Toledoth Yeshu offers a narrative of religions compared, and a reflection on social and religious borders, on their instability and fragility, and ultimately on their necessity. The present paper will explore the normative dimension of the Toledoth Yeshu tradition: the way the “disorder of things” the narrative relates also conveys a powerful discourse on social and religious norms. We will also seek to map this tradition in the broader context of medieval Jewish discussions on Jesus (particularly Maimonides) as a “case” in the religious history of mankind, addressing issues of false prophecy, religious deviation, transgression, and heresy.

Modification of aviary design reduces incidence of falls, collisions and keel bone damage in laying hens

Non-cage housing systems for laying hens such as aviaries provide greater freedom to perform species-specific behavior and thus are thought to improve welfare of the birds; however, aviaries are associated with a high prevalence of keel bone damage (fractures and deviations), which is a major welfare problem in commercial laying hens. Potential causes of keel bone damage are falls and collisions with internal housing structures that occur as birds move between tiers or perches in the aviary. The aim of this study was to investigate the scope for reducing keel bone damage by reducing falls and collisions through modifications of aviary design. Birds were kept in 20 pens in a laying hen house (225 hens per pen) that were assigned to four different treatments (n = 5 pens per treatment group) including (1) control pens and pens modified by the addition of (2) perches, (3) platforms and (4) ramps. Video recordings at 19, 22, 29, 36 and 43 weeks of age were used to analyze controlled movements and falls (including details on occurrence of collision, cause of fall, height of fall and behavior after fall) during the transitional dusk and subsequent dark phase. Palpation assessments (focusing on fractures and deviations) using 20 focal hens per pen were conducted at 18, 20, 23, 30, 37, 44, 52 and 60 weeks of age. In comparison to the control group, we found 44% more controlled movements in the ramp (P = 0.003) and 47% more controlled movements in the platform treatments (P = 0.014) as well as 45% fewer falls (P = 0.006) and 59% fewer collisions (P < 0.001) in the ramp treatment. There were no significant differences between the control and perch treatments. Also, at 60 weeks of age, 23% fewer fractured keel bones were found in the ramp compared with the control treatment (P = 0.0053). After slaughter at 66 weeks of age, no difference in keel bone damage was found between treatment groups and the prevalence of fractures increased to an average of 86%. As a potential mechanism to explain the differences in locomotion, we suggest that ramps facilitated movement in the vertical plane by providing a continuous path between the tiers and thus supported more natural behavior (i.e. walking and running) of the birds. As a consequence of reducing events that potentially damage keel bones, the installation of ramps may have reduced the prevalence of keel fractures for a major portion of the flock cycle. We conclude that aviary design and installation of specific internal housing structures (i.e. ramps and platforms) have considerable potential to reduce keel bone damage of laying hens in aviary systems.

Analyzing the effectiveness of Kinderworld's food program on lowering & controlling childhood obesity

This is an analysis of previously collected data at Kinderworld Child Care and Early Learning Center, as part of an evaluation done to determine the program's effectiveness in reducing/controlling childhood obesity. Kinderworld is a private, for-profit organization that provides healthy, nutritious meals and snacks to children under the guidelines of the Child and Adult Care Food Program, and is reimbursed by the Texas Department of Agriculture on a fixed price-per-meal basis. The primary goal of the program is to reduce childhood obesity. Previous studies have shown a link between obesity and diet. Other, similar programs have shown success in reducing obesity among children with a healthy diet and exercise. The results from the outcome evaluation indicated that time spent in the center was positively related to higher proportions of healthy-weight children, and inversely related to BMI levels. ^

Minimum income for healthy living

Objectives: We sought to estimate the costs of implementing the current recommendations for healthy choices for a mother with two young children in Atlanta, Georgia. ^ Methods: Current recommendations for healthy choices promoted by the federal government or other credible source were compiled and operationalized into specific conditions or behaviors. The costs of implementing these choices in Atlanta were estimated by using internet searches of retailers/suppliers, phone interviews, and direct observation. The least expensive option was chosen when options were available. ^ Results: Recommendations for choosing a healthy neighborhood, home, school, child care, food, physical activity, and maintaining healthy relationships as well as access to health care were considered. Total costs for this family of three totaled $38,181. Housing, child care, and health insurance contributed to 78% of the total costs. ^ Conclusions: The minimum income needed to choose healthy choices falls short of current wages, and eligibility levels and benefits for income support. ^

Social Workers' Perceptions of Family Preservation Programs

The passage of the Adoptions and Safe Families Act of 1997, with its focus on child safety and concurrent planning, has presented family preservation workers with new challenges and new opportunities. Twenty volunteers from a large comprehensive social service agency were interviewed to determine their experiences with two models of family preservation—Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Traditional Family Preservation Service (TFPS) or practice as usual. Workers from both programs were able to articulate values consistent with family preservation as important strengths of the programs— keeping families together and empowering families for example. Information from referring agencies was described as variable and not especially useful when working with seriously troubled families, especially as it related to risk and child safety. Both groups indicated that the jargon of family preservation had permeated their agencies, and that working with other agencies was at times a challenge, though for different reasons. Finally, despite some reservations about the effectiveness of short-term treatment with families that face serious challenges, both groups of workers were generally satisfied with family preservation as an approach to practice.

(Table 2) Concentrations of persistant organic pollutants in the yolk of glaucous gull eggs, Bjørnøya, Svalbard archipelago

It is largely unknown if and how persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect the transfer of maternal hormones to eggs. This occurs despite an increasing number of studies relating environmental conditions experienced by female birds at the time of egg formation to maternal hormonal effects. Here we report the concentrations of maternal testosterone, 17beta-estradiol and major classes of POPs (organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products) in the yolk of unincubated, third-laid eggs of the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), a top-predator in the Arctic marine environment. Controlled for seasonal and local variation, positive correlations were found between the concentrations of certain POPs and testosterone. Contaminant-related changes in the relative concentrations of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol were also observed. In addition, yolk steroid concentrations were associated with contaminant profiles describing the proportions of different POPs present in the yolk. Eggs from nests in which two sibling eggs hatched or failed to hatch differed in POP profiles and in the relative concentrations of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol. Although the results of this correlative study need to be interpreted with caution, they suggest that contaminant-related changes in yolk steroids may occur, possibly affecting offspring performance over and above toxic effects brought about by POPs in eggs.

Abordaje preventivo de la resistencia infantil a la atención odontológica a través del juego

La resistencia de algunos niños a la atención odontológica constituye un problema para los profesionales, el niño y sus padres. Una forma de prevenirla es preparar al niño con anticipación utilizando el juego como espacio transicional para la aceptación de los procedimientos de curación. La experiencia nos ha demostrado su eficacia en la construcción de representaciones en la mente del niño del diagnóstico y del tratamiento. Al anticipar la experiencia a través del juego disminuye su temor. La metodología implementada es la técnica de juego en grupos pequeños de pares. Los niños comprenden la situación odontológica a través de dramatizaciones, dibujos y juegos con instrumental y juguetes En un clima Iúdico, aprenden el uso del instrumental odontológico, se familiariza con el mobiliario y aparatología del consultorio y posteriormente se evalúa la disposición para recibir atención odontológica.

"Sin falcones e sin adtores mudados" : La cetrería en el Cantar de Mio Cid

La referencia a las aves de caza presente en el comienzo del CMC opera a modo de "anclaje" que nos anticipa que los eventos y sucesos del poema se desarrollarán en un entorno exclusivamente nobiliario. Asimismo la ausencia de halcones y azores nos habla de una situación de privación que afecta no sólo al Cid en cuanto a sus bienes, sino también, teniendo en cuenta el valor simbólico de las aves, a su honor en todos sus aspectos. En cuanto al por qué de la ausencia de escenas de caza en el Cantar, podemos aventurar tres razones concomitantes: a) funciona como una tácita crítica dirigida contra los usos de la nobleza cortesana y asimismo indica el alejamiento del Cid respecto de dicho entorno; b) señala la clausura del ocio estamental del Cid y los suyos; c) es un índice de la paulatina incorporación de prácticas y restricciones monásticas por parte del estamento nobiliario, en el marco de la "monaquización" de los bellatores.

"Sin falcones e sin adtores mudados" : La cetrería en el Cantar de Mio Cid

La referencia a las aves de caza presente en el comienzo del CMC opera a modo de "anclaje" que nos anticipa que los eventos y sucesos del poema se desarrollarán en un entorno exclusivamente nobiliario. Asimismo la ausencia de halcones y azores nos habla de una situación de privación que afecta no sólo al Cid en cuanto a sus bienes, sino también, teniendo en cuenta el valor simbólico de las aves, a su honor en todos sus aspectos. En cuanto al por qué de la ausencia de escenas de caza en el Cantar, podemos aventurar tres razones concomitantes: a) funciona como una tácita crítica dirigida contra los usos de la nobleza cortesana y asimismo indica el alejamiento del Cid respecto de dicho entorno; b) señala la clausura del ocio estamental del Cid y los suyos; c) es un índice de la paulatina incorporación de prácticas y restricciones monásticas por parte del estamento nobiliario, en el marco de la "monaquización" de los bellatores.

"Sin falcones e sin adtores mudados" : La cetrería en el Cantar de Mio Cid

La referencia a las aves de caza presente en el comienzo del CMC opera a modo de "anclaje" que nos anticipa que los eventos y sucesos del poema se desarrollarán en un entorno exclusivamente nobiliario. Asimismo la ausencia de halcones y azores nos habla de una situación de privación que afecta no sólo al Cid en cuanto a sus bienes, sino también, teniendo en cuenta el valor simbólico de las aves, a su honor en todos sus aspectos. En cuanto al por qué de la ausencia de escenas de caza en el Cantar, podemos aventurar tres razones concomitantes: a) funciona como una tácita crítica dirigida contra los usos de la nobleza cortesana y asimismo indica el alejamiento del Cid respecto de dicho entorno; b) señala la clausura del ocio estamental del Cid y los suyos; c) es un índice de la paulatina incorporación de prácticas y restricciones monásticas por parte del estamento nobiliario, en el marco de la "monaquización" de los bellatores.

Avian species identity and predation success in tropical cacao agroforestry of the Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Avian ecosystem services such as the suppression of pests are considered being of high ecological and economic importance in a range of ecosystems, especially in tropical agroforestry. But how bird predation success is related to the diversity and composition of the bird community, as well as local and landscape factors, is poorly understood. The author quantified arthropod predation in relation to the identity and diversity of insectivorous birds, using experimental exposure of artificial, caterpillar-like prey on smallholder cacao agroforestry systems, differing in local shade management and distance to primary forest. The bird community was assessed using both mist netting (targeting on active understory insectivores) and point count (higher completeness of species inventories) sampling. The study was conducted in a land use dominated area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, adjacent to the Lore Lindu National Park. We selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for bird and bat exclosure experiments in March 2010. Until July 2011, we recorded several data in this study area, including the bird community data, cacao tree data and bird predation experiments that are presented here. We found that avian predation success can be driven by single and abundant insectivorous species, rather than by overall bird species richness. Forest proximity was important for enhancing the density of this key species, but did also promote bird species richness. The availability of local shade trees had no effects on the local bird community or avian predation success. Our findings are both of economical as well as ecological interest because the conservation of nearby forest remnants will likely benefit human needs and biodiversity conservation alike.

(Table 1) Nesting characteristics of greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlanticus) on Bylot Island between 1995-2005

1. Habitat heterogeneity and predator behaviour can strongly affect predator-prey interactions but these factors are rarely considered simultaneously, especially when systems encompass multiple predators and prey. 2. In the Arctic, greater snow geese Anser caerulescens atlanticus L. nest in two structurally different habitats: wetlands that form intricate networks of water channels, and mesic tundra where such obstacles are absent. In this heterogeneous environment, goose eggs are exposed to two types of predators: the arctic fox Vulpes lagopus L. and a diversity of avian predators. We hypothesized that, contrary to birds, the hunting ability of foxes would be impaired by the structurally complex wetland habitat, resulting in a lower predation risk for goose eggs. 3. In addition, lemmings, the main prey of foxes, show strong population cycles. We thus further examined how their fluctuations influenced the interaction between habitat heterogeneity and fox predation on goose eggs. 4. An experimental approach with artificial nests suggested that foxes were faster than avian predators to find unattended goose nests in mesic tundra whereas the reverse was true in wetlands. Foxes spent 3-5 times more time between consecutive attacks on real goose nests in wetlands than in mesic tundra. Their attacks on goose nests were also half as successful in wetlands than in mesic tundra whereas no difference was found for avian predators. 5. Nesting success in wetlands (65%) was higher than in mesic tundra (56%) but the difference between habitats increased during lemming crashes (15%) compared to other phases of the cycle (5%). Nests located at the edge of wetland patches were also less successful than central ones, suggesting a gradient in accessibility of goose nests in wetlands for foxes. 6. Our study shows that the structural complexity of wetlands decreases predation risk from foxes but not avian predators in arctic-nesting birds. Our results also demonstrate that cyclic lemming populations indirectly alter the spatial distribution of productive nests due to a complex interaction between habitat structure, prey-switching and foraging success of foxes.

Olhares sobre a entrada da criança na creche

Relatório apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Educação pré-escolar