Tecnología del salado y secado artificial de la merluza (merluccius gayi peruanus)

Describe el desarrollo del proceso de salado y secado artificial de la merluza, como un método alternativo a la producción de filetes y bloques congelados, comprendiendo las experiencias comparativas de métodos de salado e igualmente las condiciones termodinámicas del aíre para el secado artificial, estudios de estabilidad de almacenamiento del producto experimental, calidad, rendimiento y aceptación por el consumidor. Además, se presenta sugerencias para las normas de procesamiento y calidad del producto.

Measuring surface potential changes on leaves.

We provide here a detailed protocol for studying the changes in electrical surface potential of leaves. This method has been developed over the years by plant physiologists and is currently used in different variants in many laboratories. The protocol records surface potential changes to measure long-distance electrical signals induced by diverse stimuli such as leaf wounding or current injection. This technique can be used to determine signaling speeds, to measure the connectivity between different plant organs and-by exploiting mutant plants-to identify transporters and ion channels involved in electrical signaling. The approach can be combined with the analysis of mRNA expression and of metabolite concentrations to correlate electrical signaling to specific physiological events. We describe how to use this protocol on Arabidopsis, looking at the effects of leaf wounding; however, it is broadly applicable to other plants and can be used to study other aspects of plant physiology. After wound infliction, surface potential recording takes ∼20 min per plant.

Possíveis Impactos do Projeto: “Uso de Smen Resfriado e Inseminação Artificial em Caprinos Leiteiros na República de Cabo Verde

Este artigo procura discutir o contexto do projeto “Uso de sêmen resfriado e inseminação artificial em caprinos leiteiros na República de Cabo Verde”, suas implicações no sistema de criação de caprinos leiteiros, bem como seu impacto nos planos social, ambiental e econômico.

Possíveis Impactos do Projeto: “Uso de Smen Resfriado e Inseminação Artificial em Caprinos Leiteiros na República de Cabo Verde

Este artigo procura discutir o contexto do projeto “Uso de sêmen resfriado e inseminação artificial em caprinos leiteiros na República de Cabo Verde”, suas implicações no sistema de criação de caprinos leiteiros, bem como seu impacto nos planos social, ambiental e econômico.

Avaliação de Recursos Hídricos e Viabilidade da Recarga Artificial de Aquíferos na Bacia Hidrográfica dos Engenhos na Ilha de Santiago - Cabo Verde

A existência de água é um fator determinante no desenvolvimento socioeconómico da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Engenhos. Situada numa região de escassez hídrica, qualquer projeto no âmbito da distribuição de água às populações e/ou para outros fins, bem como a recolha e o destino a dar às águas residuais, é de capital importância para a fixação de pessoas e para a criação de riqueza. Objeto de vários estudos e trabalhos sobre os recursos hídricos da região e sobre o Arquipélago de Cabo Verde, este é mais um que procura avaliar a disponibilidade hídrica anual em resultado da precipitação média anual na Bacia Hidrográfica dos Engenhos e, com vista ao aumento da qualidade e quantidade de água disponível, analisar a viabilidade em implementar a técnica de recarga artificial de aquíferos, a partir de caudal excedentário de nascentes, durante a época da chuva. Esta dissertação está estruturada em sete capítulos. No primeiro, de introdução, procurou-se fazer o enquadramento geral da temática abordada, definir objetivos e metodologia de trabalho. O capítulo segundo é dedicado à revisão bibliográfica e o terceiro ao enquadramento geohidrológico e geográfico da ilha de Santiago. Os capítulos seguintes, do quarto ao sexto, são dedicados à caracterização da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Engenhos, cálculo de disponibilidades hídricas e desenvolver um projeto de recarga artificial de aquíferos para aumento da quantidade e qualidade da água. Por último, no capítulo sétimo, tecem-se algumas conclusões e recomendações a ter em conta na gestão de recursos hídricos da região, com vista a ultrapassar problemas relacionados com a escassez e melhorar as condições de vida das populações residentes no local.

National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change - 2008 - 2012

The archipelago of Cape Verde is made up of ten islands and nine islets and is located between latitudes 14º 28' N and 17º 12' N and longitudes 22º 40' W and 25º 22' W. It is located approximately 500 km from the Senegal coast in West Africa (Figure 1). The islands are divided into two groups: Windward and Leeward. The Windward group is composed of the islands of Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal and Boavista; and the Leeward group is composed of the islands Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava. The archipelago has a total land surface of 4,033 km2 and an Economic Exclusive Zone (ZEE) that extends for approximately 734,000 km2. In general, the relief is very steep, culminating with high elevations (e.g. 2,829 m on Fogo and 1,979 m on Santo Antão). The surface area, geophysical configuration and geology vary greatly from one island to the next. Cape Verde, due to its geomorphology, has a dense and complex hydrographical network. However, there are no permanent water courses and temporary water courses run only during the rainy season. These temporary water courses drain quickly towards the main watersheds, where, unless captured by artificial means, continue rapidly to lower areas and to the sea. This applies equally to the flatter islands. The largest watershed is Rabil with an area of 199.2 km2. The watershed areas on other islands extend over less than 70 km2. Cape Verde is both a least developed country (LDC) and a small island development state (SIDS). In 2002, the population of Cape Verde was estimated at approximately 451,000, of whom 52% were women and 48% men. The population was growing at an average 2.4% per year, and the urban population was estimated at 53.7 %. Over the past 15 years, the Government has implemented a successful development strategy, leading to a sustained economic growth anchored on development of the private sector and the integration of Cape Verde into the world economy. During this period, the tertiary sector has become increasingly important, with strong growth in the tourism, transport, banking and trade sectors. Overall, the quality of life indicators show substantial improvements in almost all areas: housing conditions, access to drinking water and sanitation, use of modern energy in both lighting and cooking, access to health services and education. Despite these overall socio-economic successes, the primary sector has witnessed limited progress. Weak performance in the primary sector has had a severe negative impact on the incomes and poverty risks faced by rural workers1. Moreover, relative poverty has increased significantly during the past decade. The poverty profile shows that: (i) extreme poverty is mostly found in rural areas, although it has also increased in urban areas; (ii) poverty is more likely to occur when the head of the household is a woman; (iii) poverty increases with family size; (iv) education significantly affects poverty; (v) the predominantly agricultural islands of Santo Antão and Fogo have the highest poverty rates; (vi) unemployment affects the poor more than the nonpoor; (vii) agriculture and fisheries workers are more likely to be poor than those in other sectors. Therefore, the fight against poverty and income inequalities remains one of the greatest challenges for Cape Verde authorities. The various governments of Cape Verde over the last decade have demonstrated a commitment to improving governance, notably by encouraging a democratic culture that guarantees stability and democratic changes without conflicts. This democratic governance offers a space for a wider participation of citizens in public management and consolidates social cohesion. However, there are some remaining challenges related to democratic governance and the gains must be systematically monitored. Finally, it is worth emphasizing that the country’s insularity has stimulated a movement to decentralized governance, although social inequalities and contrasts from one island to the next constitute, at the same time, challenges and opportunities.

O desmame precoce pela substituição do aleitamento natural por artificial: intervenção de enfermagem

O desmame precoce é um tema que vem sendo discutido com muita frequência, contudo, observa-se que essa prática está sendo banido, o que põe em risco o desenvolvimento do bebé, já que o desmame precoce é o principal responsável pela desnutrição e mortalidade infantil no primeiro ano de vida. Faz-se necessária a detenção precoce dos factores de risco á interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo perceber o quanto o desmame precoce através da substituição do aleitamento natural pelo aleitamento artificial prejudica tanto o bebé quanto a mãe. O aleitamento materno exclusivo é uma das primeiras intervenções de saúde infantil que a mãe pode empreender para assegurar a saúde de seu bebé. Relativamente à metodologia foi eleita uma abordagem qualitativa e para recolha dos dados foi aplicado um questionário estruturado, contendo perguntas objetivas sobre o aleitamento materno exclusivo e o desmame precoce que foram posteriormente submetidos a uma análise de conteúdo. Foram entrevistadas 33 mães lactantes com idade compreendida entre os 15 aos 43 anos de idade, no Serviço da Maternidade do Hospital Baptista de Sousa em São Vicente de 23 de Maio á 18 de Junho de 2014. Autores como Couto (2009, p.216) “têm comprovado os benefícios do aleitamento natural na saúde do bebé/mãe, no fortalecimento do vínculo afetivo entre ambos, bem como na economia das famílias, instituições de saúde e dos governos”. Nesse contexto percebe-se a importância da intervenção do enfermeiro no processo do aleitamento natural, já que ele é o educador, incentivador e promotor desse benefício. Nos resultados das entrevistas mostraram que a maioria (88%) das inquiridas têm conhecimento do aleitamento materno obtido através do enfermeiro, médico, pediatras, familiares, comunicação social, e de outras formas, e têm a noção de que até 6 meses é o periodo ideal para o aleitamento materno exclusivo. As inquiridas apontaram que factores tais como problemas com as mamas, choro do bebé, regresso da mãe ao trabalho, infeção por HIV, doenças crónias e estar debilitada contribuem para o desmame precoce.

Cis-trans interactions of cell surface receptors: biological roles and structural basis.

Cell surface receptors bind ligands expressed on other cells (in trans) in order to communicate with neighboring cells. However, an increasing number of cell surface receptors are found to also interact with ligands expressed on the same cell (in cis). These observations raise questions regarding the biological role of such cis interactions. Specifically, it is important to know whether cis and trans binding have distinct functional effects and, if so, how a single cell discriminates between interactions in cis versus trans. Further, what are the structural features that allow certain cell surface receptors to engage ligand both on the same as well as on an apposed cell membrane? Here, we summarize known examples of receptors that display cis-trans binding and discuss the emerging diversity of biological roles played by these unconventional two-way interactions, along with their structural basis.

Use of artificial substrates of different colors for oviposition by the brown stink bug Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)

Aiming to contribute to a rearing methodology for the brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, in the laboratory, we evaluated oviposition on artificial substrates of different colors. During six days, oviposition was evaluated daily, by counting the total number of eggs, number of clutches, and eggs/clutch. Females laid 12,463 eggs, in 1,677 clutches, resulting in an average of 7.28 ± 0.44 eggs/clutch. Black, brown, and green felt had the most eggs and clutches. The results demonstrated that many colors are suitable as oviposition substrate for E. heros, providing information for the mass rearing of this insect.

Vasopressin-inducible ubiquitin-specific protease 10 increases ENaC cell surface expression by deubiquitylating and stabilizing sorting nexin 3

Adjustment of Na+ balance in extracellular fluids is achieved by regulated Na+ transport involving the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the distal nephron. In this context, ENaC is controlled by a number of hormones, including vasopressin, which promotes rapid translocation of water and Na+ channels to the plasma membrane and long-term effects on transcription of vasopressin-induced and -reduced transcripts. We have identified a mRNA encoding the deubiquitylating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (Usp10), whose expression is increased by vasopressin at both the mRNA and the protein level. Coexpression of Usp10 in ENaC-transfected HEK-293 cells causes a more than fivefold increase in amiloride-sensitive Na+ currents, as measured by whole cell patch clamping. This is accompanied by a three- to fourfold increase in surface expression of alpha- and gamma-ENaC, as shown by cell surface biotinylation experiments. Although ENaC is well known to be regulated by its direct ubiquitylation, Usp10 does not affect the ubiquitylation level of ENaC, suggesting an indirect effect. A two-hybrid screen identified sorting nexin 3 (SNX3) as a novel substrate of Usp10. We show that it is a ubiquitylated protein that is degraded by the proteasome; interaction with Usp10 leads to its deubiquitylation and stabilization. When coexpressed with ENaC, SNX3 increases the channel's cell surface expression, similarly to Usp10. In mCCD(cl1) cells, vasopressin increases SNX3 protein but not mRNA, supporting the idea that the vasopressin-induced Usp10 deubiquitylates and stabilizes endogenous SNX3 and consequently promotes cell surface expression of ENaC

Effects of the playing surface on plantar pressures during the first serve in tennis.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at examining the influence of different playing surfaces on in-shoe loading patterns in each foot (back and front) separately during the first serve in tennis. METHODS: Ten competitive tennis players completed randomly five first (ie, flat) serves on two different playing surfaces: clay vs GreenSet. Maximum and mean force, peak and mean pressure, mean area, contact area and relative load were recorded by Pedar insoles divided into 9 areas for analysis. RESULTS: Mean pressure was significantly lower (123 ± 30 vs 98 ± 26 kPa; -18.5%; P < .05) on clay than on GreenSet when examining the entire back foot. GreenSet induced higher mean pressures under the medial forefoot, lateral forefoot and hallux of the back foot (+9.9%, +3.5% and +15.9%, respectively; both P < .01) in conjunction with a trend toward higher maximal forces in the back hallux (+15.1%, P = .08). Peak pressures recorded under the central and lateral forefoot (+21.8% and +25.1%; P < .05) of the front foot but also the mean area values measured on the back medial and lateral midfoot were higher (P < .05) on clay. No significant interaction between foot region and playing surface on relative load was found. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that in-shoe loading parameters characterizing the first serve in tennis are adjusted according to the ground type surface. A lesser asymmetry in peak (P < .01) and mean (P < .001) pressures between the two feet was found on clay, suggesting a greater need for stability on this surface.

Respective roles of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP) in cell surface expression of CRLR/RAMP heterodimeric receptors.

Receptor activity modifying proteins RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3 are responsible for defining affinity to ligands of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR). It has also been proposed that receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP) are molecular chaperones required for CRLR transport to the cell surface. Here, we have studied the respective roles of CRLR and RAMP in transporting CRLR/RAMP heterodimers to the plasma membrane by using a highly specific binding assay that allows quantitative detection of cell surface-expressed CRLR or RAMP in the Xenopus oocytes expression system. We show that: (i) heterodimer assembly is not a prerequisite for efficient cell surface expression of CRLR, (ii) N-glycosylated RAMP2 and RAMP3 are expressed at the cell surface and their transport to the plasma membrane requires N-glycans, (iii) RAMP1 is not N-glycosylated and is transported to the plasma membrane only upon formation of heterodimers with CRLR, and (iv) introduction of N-glycosylation sites in the RAMP1 sequence (D58N/G60S, Y71N, and K103N/P105S) allows cell surface expression of these mutants at levels similar to that of wild-type RAMP1 co-expressed with CRLR. Our data argue against a chaperone function for RAMP and identify the role of N-glycosylation in targeting these molecules to the cell surface.

Crianza de larvas de la Anchoveta: fertilización artificial de los huevos de la anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus) y crianza e identificación de sus larvas

Realiza una revisión del proceso de la crianza de larvas de la anchoveta; el cuál es un importante pez de carnada empleada en la captura de los atunes en el Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Se describe las técnicas de separación de huevos en los criaderos de laboratorio.