Combined bioremediation and enzyme production by Aspergillus sp. in olive mill and winery wastewaters

Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) and vinasses (VS) are effluents produced respectively by olive mills and wineries, both sectors are of great economic importance in Mediterranean countries. These effluents cause a large environmental impact, when not properly processed, due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds, COD and colour. OMW may be treated by biological processes but, in this case, a dilution is necessary, increasing water consumption. The approach here in proposed consists on the bioremediation of OMW and VS by filamentous fungi. In a screening stage, three fungi (Aspergillus ibericus, Aspergillus uvarum, Aspergillus niger) were selected to bioremediate undiluted OMW, two-fold diluted OMW supplemented with nutrients, and a mixture of OMW and VS in the proportion 1:1 (v/v). Higher reductions of phenolic compounds, colour and COD were achieved mixing both residues; with A. uvarum providing the best results. In addition, the production of enzymes was also evaluated during this bioremediation process, detecting in all cases lipolytic, proteolytic and tannase activities. A. ibericus, A. uvarum and A. niger achieved the highest value of lipase (1253.7 ± 161.2 U/L), protease (3700 ± 124.3 U/L) and tannase (284.4 ± 12.1 U/L) activities, respectively. Consequently, this process is an interesting alternative to traditional processes to manage these residues, providing simultaneously high economic products, which can be employed in the same industries.

The impact of FTAs on MENA trade in agricultural and industrial products

This paper analyses the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on Middle East and North African Countries (MENA) trade for the period 1994-2010. The analysis distinguishes between industrial and agricultural trade to take into account the different liberalisation schedules. An augmented gravity model is estimated using up-to-date panel data techniques to control for all time-invariant bilateral factors that influence bilateral trade as well as for the so-called multilateral resistance factors. We also control for the endogeneity of the agreements and test for self-selection bias due to the presence of zero trade in our sample. The main findings indicate that North-South-FTAs and South-South- FTAs have a differential impact in terms of increasing trade in MENA countries, with the former being more beneficial in terms of exports for MENA countries, but both showing greater global market integration. We also find that FTAs that include agricultural products, in which MENA countries have a clear comparative advantage, have more favourable effects for these countries than those only including industrial products. JEL code: F10, F15

The Pricing of Customized Industrial Products

The main objective of this study was to examine the pricing of customized industrial products in international markets, and to understand what pricing decision making consists of. Another purpose of the study was to identify the main factors that affect the pricing decisions of industrial companies, as well as the different pricing strategies industrial companies may choose when pricing customized products. The research was conducted as a qualitative single case study, and a Finnish industrial company specializing in indoor environment solutions, Halton Marine Oy, was used as the case company in the study. The primary data was collected through semi-structured theme interviews with the key management personnel of the company, and the results were discussed and analyzed in the light of the existing literature. The results of this study indicate that the pricing of customized industrial products consists of several dimensions, and is influenced by a large variety of factors that are both internal and external to the firm. In addition, it was found that the choice of a pricing strategy is largely dependent on the chosen segment, the product category, and the stage in the product life cycle. The results also suggest that customizing companies should consider using the value-based pricing orientation, since customization is closely linked to customer value.

Co-evolução dos componentes do marco institucional e das trajetórias de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas no setor de agro-energia (etanol) no Brasil (1970-2009)

Esta dissertação centra-se no exame da evolução dos componentes do marco institucional em associação com as trajetórias de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas de produção e inovação em setores à base de recursos naturais em economias emergentes. Esse relacionamento é examinado no setor de etanol brasileiro, no período entre 1970 e 2009. O marco institucional é operacionalizado à base das macro-instituições (os regimes complexos constituídos por políticas públicas), meso-instituições (as relações políticas e estruturas burocráticas) e as instituições baseadas em conhecimento (os institutos de pesquisa e as universidades). As trajetórias de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas são examinadas à base de níveis de inovação. A dissertação baseia-se em um estudo de caso em nível setorial. Além disso, o estudo baseia-se em evidências obtidas a partir de fontes diversas, em nível de indústria, em documentos governamentais e também em evidências secundárias em nível de empresa. Os principais resultados desta dissertação são os seguintes: (1) O setor de etanol atingiu níveis inovadores de capacidade tecnológica nas duas funções analisadas. Numa escala de 1 a 5, o setor adquiriu, durante o 1º período (1970-1989), capacidades tecnológicas industriais (produto e processo) no Nível 3 e, durante o 2º período (1990-2009), o setor de etanol acumulou capacidades tecnológicas industriais no Nível 5. No tocante à acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas na área agrícola (matéria-prima), durante o 1º período, o setor adquiriu capacidades tecnológicas no Nível 4 e apenas no período seguinte atingiu o Nível 5. (2) As instituições desempenharam um papel relevante sobre as trajetórias de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas no setor de etanol brasileiro. Entre elas destaca-se às atividades de P&D desenvolvidas em instituições baseadas em conhecimento, que acumularam capacidades tecnológicas de produção e inovação, compartilhadas com as empresas. (3) Entretanto, o estudo aponta para algumas vulnerabilidades do setor de etanol brasileiro no que se refere a sua capacidade de sustentar o seu desempenho inovador. Entre elas destaca-se: (1) grande parte das atividades inovadoras em nível de P&D é realizada a base de arranjos externos, com pouco esforço de atividades realizadas a partir das empresas; (2) apesar do enorme esforço governamental para desenvolver o setor, esse está direcionado (locked-in) à trajetória de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas de etanol de 1ª geração; (3) os componentes do marco institucional incentivaram as atividades de pesquisa em universidades e institutos de pesquisa, em nível de bancada, que resultaram em invenções e projetos experimentais; (4) as condições favoráveis de mercado, a grande disponibilidade de cana-de-açúcar e a flexibilidade de produção de etanol/álcool contribuíram para a acomodação do setor de etanol, ou seja, parece haver uma zona de conforto no setor. Desta forma, as evidências alertam sobre a necessidade de investimentos em atividades inovadoras de P&D dentro das empresas (foco em inovações, riqueza e na diversificação para outros setores). Portanto, os resultados desta dissertação permitem apontar sugestões para gestores governamentais. As novas políticas públicas podem: (1) redirecionar as estratégias de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas inovadoras, fortemente focadas na sustentação das trajetórias de acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas para produzir etanol de 1ª geração; (2) impulsionar a acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas de produção e inovação na trajetória emergente para produzir etanol de 2ª geração, atualmente em nível experimental e largamente desenvolvida dentro das instituições baseadas em conhecimento, e para diversificar os produtos para novos setores e linhas de negócio. Os resultados desta dissertação também sugerem aos gestores de empresas no setor brasileiro de etanol: (1) reformular as estratégias empresariais com a finalidade de expandir as atividades inovadoras dentro das empresas do setor de etanol, que poderão resultar na criação de inovações em escala industrial; (2) as empresas do setor de etanol deveriam assumir um comportamento proativo com a finalidade de coordenar os esforços de P&D em direção aos problemas e desafios futuros a serem enfrentados pelo setor brasileiro de etanol.

Evidence of contamination by oil and oil products in the Santos-São Vicente estuary, São Paulo, Brazil

Different components of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system and the levels of fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile (FACs) were measured in Cathorops spixii in order to assess the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Fish were sampled in an estuary (Santos/Sao Vicente) with a history of contamination by PAHs, mainly due to the presence of the industrial complex of Cubatao city and of another of low anthropogenic influence (Cananeia) on the Brazilian coast. FACs were higher in fish from the polluted site, and the PAH 5 and 6-ring metabolites were the most frequent - with 14% and 15%, respectively. Levels of the different components of the MFO system showed the same variation profile as the FACs for both estuaries. Therefore, the values found for somatic indexes and biomarkers with data of bile PAH metabolites indicate the presence of organic contaminants, especially in the area subject to the influence of the industrial complex on the Santos/Sao Vicente estuary.

Processi di biorefining per l'estrazione di secondary chemical building blocks da sottoprotti dell'agro-industria

Phenol and cresols represent a good example of primary chemical building blocks of which 2.8 million tons are currently produced in Europe each year. Currently, these primary phenolic building blocks are produced by refining processes from fossil hydrocarbons: 5% of the world-wide production comes from coal (which contains 0.2% of phenols) through the distillation of the tar residue after the production of coke, while 95% of current world production of phenol is produced by the distillation and cracking of crude oil. In nature phenolic compounds are present in terrestrial higher plants and ferns in several different chemical structures while they are essentially absent in lower organisms and in animals. Biomass (which contain 3-8% of phenols) represents a substantial source of secondary chemical building blocks presently underexploited. These phenolic derivatives are currently used in tens thousand of tons to produce high cost products such as food additives and flavours (i.e. vanillin), fine chemicals (i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or flurbiprofen) and polymers (i.e. poly p-vinylphenol, a photosensitive polymer for electronic and optoelectronic applications). European agrifood waste represents a low cost abundant raw material (250 millions tons per year) which does not subtract land use and processing resources from necessary sustainable food production. The class of phenolic compounds is essentially constituted by simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and lignans. As in the case of coke production, the removal of the phenolic contents from biomass upgrades also the residual biomass. Focusing on the phenolic component of agrifood wastes, huge processing and marketing opportunities open since phenols are used as chemical intermediates for a large number of applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, food ingredients etc. Following this approach we developed a biorefining process to recover the phenolic fraction of wheat bran based on enzymatic commercial biocatalysts in completely water based process, and polymeric resins with the aim of substituting secondary chemical building blocks with the same compounds naturally present in biomass. We characterized several industrial enzymatic product for their ability to hydrolize the different molecular features that are present in wheat bran cell walls structures, focusing on the hydrolysis of polysaccharidic chains and phenolics cross links. This industrial biocatalysts were tested on wheat bran and the optimized process allowed to liquefy up to the 60 % of the treated matter. The enzymatic treatment was also able to solubilise up to the 30 % of the alkali extractable ferulic acid. An extraction process of the phenolic fraction of the hydrolyzed wheat bran based on an adsorbtion/desorption process on styrene-polyvinyl benzene weak cation-exchange resin Amberlite IRA 95 was developed. The efficiency of the resin was tested on different model system containing ferulic acid and the adsorption and desorption working parameters optimized for the crude enzymatic hydrolyzed wheat bran. The extraction process developed had an overall yield of the 82% and allowed to obtain concentrated extracts containing up to 3000 ppm of ferulic acid. The crude enzymatic hydrolyzed wheat bran and the concentrated extract were finally used as substrate in a bioconversion process of ferulic acid into vanillin through resting cells fermentation. The bioconversion process had a yields in vanillin of 60-70% within 5-6 hours of fermentation. Our findings are the first step on the way to demonstrating the economical feasibility for the recovery of biophenols from agrifood wastes through a whole crop approach in a sustainable biorefining process.

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Vols. 1-2 edited by G.G. André; v. 3-5, by Charles G. Warnford Lock.