Somatic embryogenesis and in vitro plant regeneration from pejibaye adult plant leaf primordia

The aim of this work was to evaluate a protocol for plant regeneration by means of somatic embryos obtained from isolated adult pejibaye leaf primordia, and to describe histological origin of embryos and morphogenetic response. Explants were cultivated in modified MS medium. Mesophyll parenchymatous cells originated meristemoids (preembryonic complex formation) induced with 7.1 µM BAP in the first two subculture periods. After polarized structures with 12.9 µM NAA and 3.55 µM BAP were formed in the third subculture, somatic embryos developed and regenerated normal plants. The mesophyll parenchymatous cells display high capacity of direct response to the auxin and cytokinin.

Multiplicação in vitro de Eucalyptus grandis sob estímulo com benzilaminopurina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do estímulo com benzilaminopurina (BAP) na multiplicação in vitro de Eucalyptus grandis. Foram avaliadas as interações entre concentrações de BAP (0, 200, 400 e 600 mg L-1), tempo de exposição (1, 2 e 3 horas), pH (3 e 5,8) da solução e alterações morfológicas dos explantes. Semanalmente, foi determinada a massa da matéria fresca dos explantes. Aos 21 dias de cultura, foram avaliados: o número de brotações por tratamento, o número de brotações obtidas por explante (taxa de multiplicação), e foi realizado o resgate das plântulas para avaliação histológica. O pH não apresentou interação com os demais fatores estudados. Os tratamentos com BAP a 200 mg L-1, durante 1 e 2 horas, apresentaram-se como os mais indicados na multiplicação do E. grandis. Houve intensificação da divisão celular, no parênquima cortical e no procâmbio, representada pelo surgimento de meristemóides, em resposta aos tratamentos com 200 mg L-1 de BAP, durante 1 e 2 horas. O estímulo com BAP na multiplicação in vitro de E. grandis é viável.

Role of dendritic cells in the lung: in vitro models, animal models and human studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the human lung and are now recognized as crucial initiators of immune responses in general. They are arranged as sentinels in a dense surveillance network inside and below the epithelium of the airways and alveoli, where thet are ideally situated to sample inhaled antigen. DCs are known to play a pivotal role in maintaining the balance between tolerance and active immune response in the respiratory system. It is no surprise that the lungs became a main focus of DC-related investigations as this organ provides a large interface for interactions of inhaled antigens with the human body. During recent years there has been a constantly growing body of lung DC-related publications that draw their data from in vitro models, animal models and human studies. This review focuses on the biology and functions of different DC populations in the lung and highlights the advantages and drawbacks of different models with which to study the role of lung DCs. Furthermore, we present a number of up-to-date visualization techniques to characterize DC-related cell interactions in vitro and/or in vivo.

Cultivo in vitro de embriões zigóticos e aclimatação de plântulas de coqueiro-anão

O objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar os protocolos de cultivo in vitro de embriões zigóticos e de aclimatação de plântulas de coqueiro-anão-verde do Brasil de Jiqui (Cocos nucifera L.). Os embriões zigóticos maduros, colocados assepticamente em meio de cultura líquido Y3 suplementado com 27,8 mg L-1 de Fe2SO4.7H2O e 60 g L-1 de sacarose, apresentaram maior germinação e formação de plântulas normais. As plântulas transferidas para meio indutor de enraizamento Y3, gelificado e suplementado com 1 mg L-1 de ANA, 0,5 mg L-1 de BAP e 2,5 g L-1 de carvão ativado, apresentaram incremento do desenvolvimento radicular e da parte aérea. Na fase de aclimatação, o substrato composto por areia lavada e pó de casca de coco seco, na proporção de 1:1, proporcionou maior sobrevivência das plântulas (58,33%), maior crescimento da parte aérea (39,08 cm) e maior número de folhas (6,33). Os protocolos estabelecidos para o cultivo in vitro de embriões zigóticos e a aclimatação de coqueiro-anão-verde de Jiqui podem ser utilizados no intercâmbio e conservação de germoplasma.

Harmonisation of short-term in vitro culture for the expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells with detection by ELISPOT and HLA-multimer staining.

Ex vivo ELISPOT and multimer staining are well-established tests for the assessment of antigen-specific T cells. Many laboratories are now using a period of in vitro stimulation (IVS) to enhance detection. Here, we report the findings of a multi-centre panel organised by the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy Immunoguiding Program to investigate the impact of IVS protocols on the detection of antigen-specific T cells of varying ex vivo frequency. Five centres performed ELISPOT and multimer staining on centrally prepared PBMCs from 3 donors, both ex vivo and following IVS. A harmonised IVS protocol was designed based on the best-performing protocol(s), which was then evaluated in a second phase on 2 donors by 6 centres. All centres were able to reliably detect antigen-specific T cells of high/intermediate frequency both ex vivo (Phase I) and post-IVS (Phase I and II). The highest frequencies of antigen-specific T cells ex vivo were mirrored in the frequencies following IVS and in the detection rates. However, antigen-specific T cells of a low/undetectable frequency ex vivo were not reproducibly detected post-IVS. Harmonisation of the IVS protocol reduced the inter-laboratory variation observed for ELISPOT and multimer analyses by approximately 20 %. We further demonstrate that results from ELISPOT and multimer staining correlated after (P < 0.0001 and R (2) = 0.5113), but not before IVS. In summary, IVS was shown to be a reproducible method that benefitted from method harmonisation.

Seal properties of TachoSil: in vitro hemodynamic measurements.

Fibrin glue products and collagen patches are frequently used as a sealing product, preventing surgical side bleedings. This is especially true in the field of cardiovascular surgery, where increasing numbers of patients are being operated with antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. The aim of this report was, in an in vitro hemodynamic setting, to examine the sealant properties of the TachoSil (Nycomed Pharma, Linz, Austria) patch. Burst pressure and normal force of 15 TachoSil sealed defects were measured. This was determined in a closed hydraulic system. Mean burst pressure load for a 5-mm defect was 69+/-11.4 mmHg; for a 7-mm defect was 63+/-16 mmHg; and, 62+/-16 mmHg for the defect with a diameter of 10 mm (P>0.05). The mean calculated normal force was as follows: 0.91+/-0.15 N for the 5 mm defect, 6.5+/-1.6 N for the 7 mm, and 8.1+/-0.75 N for the 10 mm defect. The TachoSil patch has the capability to seal small defects. However, at the larger defects the seal character was significantly reduced. These results suggest that the device may be a good alternative for hemostasis for small defects. The capacity to curtail or stop hemorrhage at the larger defects is unlikely.

Plantas autotetraplóides de citros sob tratamento in vitro com colchicina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter plantas autotetraplóides de tangerina 'Ponkan', laranja 'Pêra-de-abril' e tangor 'Murcott', que serão usadas em cruzamentos com cultivares diplóides, visando à obtenção de indivíduos triplóides sem sementes. Utilizou-se o método de cultivo in vitro de segmentos de epicótilo em meio com colchicina (0,025, 0,05 e 0,1%), por diversos períodos (1, 2, 3, 7 e 14 dias), com subseqüente regeneração de brotações em meio sem a presença do alcalóide. As brotações foram microenxertadas in vitro e aclimatizadas em estufas. A determinação do nível de ploidia das plantas foi realizada por citometria de fluxo. A colchicina demonstrou ser tóxica aos explantes das três variedades, ocasionando redução significativa no número médio de brotações adventícias e aumento na porcentagem de explantes não-responsivos, em comparação com o controle. Entre as quatro plantas de laranja e uma de tangor obtidas, duas plantas de laranja e a de tangor, demonstraram ser autotetraplóides, apresentando folhas com maior espessura, arredondadas e coloração verde intensa. O método utilizado na duplicação cromossômica, com uso de colchicina, é eficiente em produzir plantas autotetraplóides de citros.

Fixação de nitrogênio e produção de ácido indolacético in vitro por bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e quantificar bactérias diazotróficas associadas a raízes de arroz, e avaliar a produção de ácido indolacético e o potencial de fixação biológica de nitrogênio dessas bactérias, a fim de selecionar isolados promissores para inoculação em plantas. Bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio, habitantes do interior das raízes de cultivares de arroz do Rio Grande do Sul, foram isoladas e quantificadas em nove cultivares. Raízes de arroz superficialmente esterilizadas foram maceradas e introduzidas em meios de crescimento, elaborados sem fonte de nitrogênio e em condições semi-sólidas. Entre os 58 isolados nos meios NFb, LGI e LGI-P, foram escolhidos UFSM-BD-02-06, UFSM-BD-08-06, UFSM-BD-14-06, UFSM-BD-20-06, UFSM-BD-26-06, UFSM-BD-31-06, UFSM-BD-36-06, UFSM-BD-42-06, UFSM-BD-48-06, UFSM-BD-54-06. Avaliaram-se a fixação biológica de nitrogênio e a produção de ácido indolacético in vitro, pelos métodos Kjeldahl e colorimétrico, respectivamente. Azospirillum brasilense e A. lipoferum apresentam maiores valores para N total, 41,08 e 46,82 µg mL-1, respectivamente. A. brasilense e UFSM-BD-31-06 são os maiores produtores de ácido indolacético, 41,09 mg mL-1 e 13,47 µg mL-1, respectivamente.

Inhibition and enhancement of in vitro helper activity of apocytochrome c-specific murine T cell populations and clones by anti-apocytochrome c-specific monoclonal antibodies.

A murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for apocytochrome c was found to be able to either inhibit or enhance the helper activity of mouse apocytochrome c-specific T cell clones and populations in a hapten (trinitrophenyl)-carrier (apocytochrome c) system of T-B cell cooperation. This effect of the mAb was carrier specific, could not be ascribed simply to a shift in the kinetics of the antibody response and was observed using apocytochrome c T helper cells of different mouse haplotypes. In addition, the anti-apocytochrome c mAb was able to inhibit specific T helper cell activity even when the T cells were triggered with antigen-presenting cells pulsed with antigen. Taken together, these results suggested that the mAb was inhibiting helper activity due to its ability to modify the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells.

Establishment of an in vitro photoassay using THP-1 cells and IL-8 to discriminate photoirritants from photoallergens

At present, there are no in vivo or in vitro methods developed which has been adopted by regulatory authorities to assess photosensitization induced by chemicals. Recently, we have proposed the use of THP-1 cells and IL-8 release to identify the potential of chemicals to induce skin sensitization. Based on the assumption that sensitization and photosensitization share common mechanisms, the aim of this work was to explore the THP-1 model as an in vitro model to identify photoallergenic chemicals. THP-1 cells were exposed to 7 photoallergens and 3 photoirritants and irradiated with UVA light or kept in dark. Non phototoxic allergens or irritants were also included as negative compounds. Following 24 h of incubation, cytotoxicity and IL-8 release were measured. At subtoxic concentrations, photoallergens produced a dose-related increase in IL-8 release after irradiation. Some photoirritants also produced a slight increase in IL-8 release. However, when the overall stimulation indexes of IL-8 were calculated for each chemical, 6 out of 7 photoallergens tested reached a stimulation index above 2, while the entire set of negative compounds had stimulation indexes below 2. Our data suggest that this assay may become a useful cell-based in vitro test for evaluating the photosensitizing potential of chemicals.

Diferentes suplementos no cultivo in vitro de embriões de pinhão-manso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do estádio de maturação dos frutos, no desenvolvimento de embriões de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), cultivados em meio MS com diferentes suplementos: sacarose, água de coco e carvão ativado. Os frutos foram coletados, e os embriões de suas sementes extraídos assepticamente. Utilizaram-se duas condições experimentais: embriões oriundos de frutos em três estádios de desenvolvimento (imaturo, maduro e seco), colocados em meio de cultivo MS acrescido de sacarose (0, 15, 30 e 60 g L-1); embriões oriundos de frutos secos, colocados em meio MS acrescido de: 30 g L-1de sacarose, carvão ativado (0, 1, 2 e 3 g L-1) e de água de coco (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 mL L-1). O material foi mantido por 30 dias em sala de crescimento, sob condições ambientais controladas. Apenas os embriões zigóticos provenientes de frutos imaturos necessitam da suplementação de sacarose para sustentar sua germinação. O melhor desenvolvimento de embriões ocorre em meio MS suplementado com 60 g L-1 de sacarose. A associação de carvão ativado e água de coco proporcionam melhor crescimento de plântulas oriundas de embriões de sementes retiradas de frutos secos.

In vivo and in vitro development of alpha-MSH and ACTH in the embryonic and postnatal rat brain.

The appearance of immunoreactive alpha-melanotropin (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) during development was studied in 3 areas of the rat brain--cerebral hemispheres, midbrain and hindbrain--from embryonic day (ED) 13-14 until day 21 postnatally. The alpha-MSH content in vivo was always highest in the midbrain; a peak content at birth was followed by a transient decline and a later, higher plateau from postnatal day 7 onwards. The alpha-MSH content in the cerebral hemispheres rose progressively after birth reaching a peak at day 21. Values in the hindbrain rose at day 3 and changed relatively sue taken at ED 15-16 showed a gradual increase in alpha-MSH content over the 20 days. The alpha-MSH content of hindbrain cultures remained at constant low levels, while no alpha-MSH was detectable in cerebral hemisphere cultures. ACTH appeared in vivo earlier than alpha-MSH and was detectable in embryonic brains at ED 13-14. A transient rise was seen at ED 17-18 and major peaks at birth, day 2 and day 3, in the midbrain, hemispheres and hindbrain, respectively. In vitro, the ACTH content increased in all brain regions during the first 5 days in culture and showed no further change thereafter. Comparisons of the in vivo and in vitro development of alpha-MSH and ACTH demonstrate that (i) these two peptide systems are independent in respect to their localization and time of appearance; (ii) they undergo maturation both in vivo and in vitro; (iii) epigenetic factors, such as interactions with other neurotransmitter systems may modulate the developmental pattern of these two peptides.

Movement evaluation of overerupted upper molars with absolute anchorage: An in-vitro study

Introduction: The overeruption of upper molars due to the premature loss of antagonist teeth can be treated with the help of miniscrews. The aim of this study was to evaluate the movement of a typodont molar according to the biomechanical approach used with miniscrews. Study design: The study was conducted with four plaster models filled with typodont wax. In each model we used one absolute anchorage on the palatal side and another on the buccal side in different positions, thus generating four different biomechanical systems. A force of 150 g was applied to each side of the resin tooth. Periapical radiographs were taken preintrusion and immediately after completion of the intrusion. Photographs were taken in both the sagittal and occlusal planes every 3 min. The radiographic films and photographs were measured and compared. Results: A vertical movement of the molar was observed in all the models, with system 4 showing the greatest movement. Rotation in the occlusal plane only occurred in system 2, while in system 1 there was a change in the axial axis of 37 degrees. Conclusions: The anchorage site and the combination of forces applied may determine the resulting tooth movement

In vitro activities of tigecycline combined with other antimicrobials against multiresistant gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.

OBJECTIVES: To test the activity of tigecycline combined with 16 antimicrobials in vitro against 22 gram-positive and 55 gram-negative clinical isolates. METHODS: Antibiotic interactions were determined by chequerboard and time-kill methods. RESULTS: By chequerboard, of 891 organism-drug interactions tested, 97 (11%) were synergistic, 793 (89%) were indifferent and 1 (0.1%) was antagonistic. Among gram-positive pathogens, most synergisms occurred against Enterococcus spp. (7/11 isolates) with the tigecycline/rifampicin combination. No antagonism was detected. Among gram-negative organisms, synergism was observed mainly with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole against Serratia marcescens (5/5 isolates), Proteus spp. (2/5) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (2/5), with aztreonam against S. maltophilia (3/5), with cefepime and imipenem against Enterobacter cloacae (3/5), with ceftazidime against Morganella morganii (3/5), and with ceftriaxone against Klebsiella pneumoniae (3/5). The only case of antagonism occurred against one S. marcescens with the tigecycline/imipenem combination. Selected time-kill assays confirmed the bacteriostatic interactions observed by the chequerboard method. Moreover, they revealed a bactericidal synergism of tigecycline with piperacillin/tazobactam against one penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and with amikacin against Proteus vulgaris. CONCLUSIONS: Combinations of tigecycline with other antimicrobials produce primarily an indifferent response. Specific synergisms, especially against enterococci and problematic gram-negative isolates, might be worth investigating in in vitro models and/or in animal models simulating the human environment.

Indução e cultivo in vitro de gemas adventícias em segmentos de epicótilo de laranja-azeda

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a indução e a formação de gemas adventícias em explantes de laranja-azeda, pelo uso de fitorreguladores. Em experimentos de organogênese in vitro foram avaliados 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ) e cinetina (CIN), em diferentes concentrações e sob duas condições de luminosidade; BAP e CIN combinados ou não com ácido naftalenoacético (ANA); e BAP e CIN isoladamente ou combinados entre si. Segmentos de epicótilo de 1 cm de comprimento, provenientes de plântulas de laranja-azeda germinadas in vitro, foram utilizados como explantes. Para induzir a formação de gemas, os segmentos foram cultivados em meio MT com ou sem adição de fitorreguladores. O material foi cultivado a 27ºC em ausência de luz por 30 dias, seguidos de fotoperíodo de 16 horas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro ou cinco repetições, a depender do experimento e, cada repetição foi constituída de placa de Petri com 20 explantes. Após 60 ou 70 dias de cultivo foram avaliados o percentual de explantes responsivos e o número de gemas por explante. A adição de BAP ao meio de cultura, combinada ou não com ANA, e em combinações com CIN promovem melhor resposta organogênica.