Germinação de sementes e otimização de técnicas de micropropagação de umbuzeiro (spondias tuberosa, arr.) anacardiaceae

The brazilian-plum (Spondias tuberosa, His) is a tropical fruit tree that has been consolidated in the market for agribusiness processing, due to its characteristic flavor of fruit. Accordingly, studies to optimize the propagation of plants are necessary for production of seedlings with agronomic and quality assurance measures. This study aimed at determining the efficient techniques for uniform seed germination, as brazilian-plum seed present mechanical dormancy, and establish optimal culture media for multiplication of shoots from the in vitro micropropagation. Firstly, in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, was evaluated the influence of different methods of breaking dormancy in the emergence of seedlings of brazilian-plum and speed of germination (IVG) of seeds. After 60 days of cultivation, it was found that splay in the distal portion of the seed was the best treatment, with rates of 85.33% in germinability and 3.415 of IVG, compared with the treatment of seed-soaking in water for 12h + humus and the control group. Subsequently, new sources of seedling explants were obtained in studies of tissue culture. Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology that the university, was used stem apex, nodal segments and internodes in search of decontamination with various concentrations of calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and micropropagation, inoculating them in half WPM (1980) with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). We used 10 sample units with three replications for different concentrations of [Ca(OCl)2], BAP and explants type. After thirty days, which was observed for the control of contamination, during the establishment in vitro, concentrations of [Ca(OCl)2] between 0.5% and 2.0% were effective in combating exogenous contamination of the apex. In nodal segments and internodes, concentrations of [Ca(OCl)2] between 1.0% and 2.0% and 1.5% and 2.0% were respectively, sufficient to reduce the percentage of losses in these infestations explants. For micropropagation, the culture medium supplemented with 0.1 mg.L-1 BAP promotes better development of multiple shoots per explants from nodal segment. However, success does not get to shoot training in internodal segment

Calculable lepton masses, seesaw relations, and four neutrino mixings in a 3-3-1 model with an extra U(1) symmetry

We propose a scheme in which the masses of the heavier leptons obey seesaw type relations. The light lepton masses, except the electron and the electron neutrino ones, are generated by one loop level radiative corrections. We work in a version of the 3-3-1 electroweak model that predicts singlets (charged and neutral) of heavy leptons beyond the known ones. An extra U(1)(Omega) symmetry is introduced in order to avoid the light leptons getting masses at the tree level. The electron mass induces an explicit symmetry breaking at U(1)(Omega). We discuss also the mixing matrix among four neutrinos. The new energy scale required is not higher than a few TeV.

Superação de dormência das sementese controle químico de plantas de Momordicacharantia L

This experiment were performed to evaluate methods of seeds scarification for overcoming dormancy and the efficacy of six herbicides registered for sugarcane to control adult plants of Mcharantia. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications in both trials. The first trial is a factorial 2x8 (two times of seeds collection (2006 and 2007) with eight methods of breaking dormancy (mechanical scarification; 100% and 50% concentrated sulfuric acid; 2% potassium nitrate for three and six hours; heat dried at 60 degrees C; hot water at 60 degrees C and an untreated control). In the second trial evaluated the control of M. charantia through six different herbicides: Imazapic, Metsulfuron-methyl, Metribuzin, 2,4-D, Amicarbazone, Paraquat and a control without herbicide application. Thus, it can be concluded that the seeds were immersed in concentrated sulfuric acid for three minutes and potassium nitrate for three hours gave a higher percentage and germination speed and the herbicide Metribuzin reached, albeit belatedly, a total control of M. charantia.

Métodos de superação de dormência em sementes de Ipomoea e Merremia

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos de métodos de superação de dormência sobre a germinação das sementes de Ipomoea grandifolia, I. hederifolia, I. nil, I. quamoclit, Merremia aegyptia e M. cissoides. Os tratamentos consistiram em ácido sulfúrico concentrado, nitrato de potássio, água quente e calor seco (50 ºC), lixa e fogo. Constatou-se que o ácido sulfúrico promoveu aumento na germinação das sementes de I. grandifolia (58, 37, 22 e 34%), I. hederifolia (76, 49, 82 e 55%), I. quamoclit (43, 33, 66 e 35%), I. nil (69, 79, 72 e 62%), M. cissoides (8, 19, 35 e 57%) e M. aegyptia (24, 64, 56 e 63%) após períodos de imersão de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos, respectivamente. A água (20 e 40 minutos), o calor seco (20 e 40 minutos) e o fogo melhoraram a germinação de I. grandifolia (68, 59, 62, 67 e 59%), M. cissoides (50, 52, 18, 25 e 46%) e M. aegyptia (54, 47, 21, 21 e 45%), respectivamente. O calor seco de 20 e 40 minutos melhorou a germinação de I. nil (49 e 36%), e o de 40 minutos, a de I. hederifolia (70%). O uso de nitrato de potássio e lixa não proporcionou melhoria na germinação das sementes.

Respostas de híbridos de milho ao nicosulfuron: I - aspectos biológlcos e da produção

Um ensaio de campo foi conduzido em 1994/95, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (UNESP) de Jaboticabal, SP, sendo os objetivos do trabalho comparar aspectos biológicos e produtivos de nove diferentes híbridos de milho, resultantes da aplicação da dose de 80 g.ha-1 de nicosulfuron {2- [[[[4,6-dimetoxi-2-pirimidina) amina] carboxil] amina] sulfonil] -N,N-dimetil-3-piridinacarboxiamida} em relação a plantas não tratadas. Verificou-se que o herbicida afetou significativamente alguns dos aspectos biológicos estudados (altura de plantas e de espigas, número de folhas, comprimento e largura de folhas e estande final) e não afetou os relacionados com a posição relativa das espigas, o diâmetro do colmo, as porcentagens de acamamento e de quebramento. A produtividade estimada dos híbridos tratados não foi afetada pela aplicação do produto, com exceção da estimada para o híbrido HT 2X.

Break: o grito corporal da periferia

In order to question a sociology as it considers appropriate the body dimensions, which contributes in a mean singular in relation to body, not only as a matter, but mainly as a producer of knowledge, our research shows a reflection on corporality as the production of knowledge and to understand different perspectives and social logic here in contemporaneity, whose rationality seems to be placed in question through a performance expressed, a lot of 'breaks', including the space, which the dancer break appropriates of a reversed form and not more than linear. Our problem is the possibility of a greater understanding of this young body with dance the break, is not only 'breaking' his body, but fluent in their own body fragments, producing probably a break in relation to a dominant power established, by creating a kind of 'social resistance' to provide another sense for his life, out of the senses by the dominant of a social field. This is the area of production of knowledge, of the 'body' that cries keep our eyes, the challenge of dive in the depth of gestures, beyond the physical structure, restoring in a strong political constitution and cultural in so far as this body faces. The body as spectacular becomes 'cause and effect' of communication, this body is not only individual, it is not expression only for itself; when the young dance outside their walls individuals, makes it relational, turning to relate with the other, with the space, time and the world. The methodological point of view, to study this corporality in element break, the body as language of senses, we considered withdrawals in the field, observations of movements of the universe of break creative dance, performance and analysis of "attitudes" (expression peculiar world hip hop ), as well as my experience with dancing in the street interventions through 'urban' and our own attitudes to the object of research which challenges us academically and, it all, existentially

Níveis nutricionais de cálcio para aves de corte ISA Label criadas sob semiconfinamento

Determinaram-se os níveis nutricionais de cálcio (Ca) para aves, machos e fêmeas, da linhagem ISA Label, nas fases inicial (um a 28 dias), crescimento (28 a 56 dias) e final (56 a 84 dias). Foram realizados três ensaios, um para cada fase, e, em cada ensaio, 480 aves com idade correspondente à fase de criação foram alojadas em 24 unidades experimentais com áreas de abrigo e de pastejo. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (Ca e sexo), totalizando oito tratamentos com três repetiç ões de 20 aves. Avaliaram-se: ganho de peso (GP); consumo de dieta (CD); conversão alimentar (CA); teores de fósforo (PT), de cálcio (CaT) e de cinzas na tíbia (CT) e resistência à quebra óssea (RQO). Na fase inicial, recomenda-se 1,16% de Ca na dieta, para aves de ambos os sexos, na fase de crescimento, 0,78 e 0,88% de Ca para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, e, na fase final, 0,69% de Ca na dieta para ambos os sexos.

Temporal variability of soil CO2 emission after conventional and reduced tillage described by an exponential decay in time model

A quantificação do impacto das práticas de preparo sobre as perdas de carbono do solo é dependente da habilidade de se descrever a variabilidade temporal da emissão de CO2 do solo após preparo. Tem sido sugerido que as grandes quantidades de CO2 emitido após o preparo do solo podem servir como um indicador das modificações nos estoques de carbono do solo em longo termo. Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo de duas partes baseado na temperatura e na umidade do solo e que inclui um termo exponencial decrescente do tempo que é eficiente no ajuste das emissões intermediárias após preparo: arado de disco seguido de uma passagem com a grade niveladora (convencional) e escarificador de arrasto seguido da passagem com rolo destorroador (reduzido). As emissões após o preparo do solo são descritas utilizando-se estimativa não linear com um coeficiente de determinação (R²) tão alto quanto 0.98 após preparo reduzido. Os resultados indicam que nas previsões da emissão de CO2 após o preparo do solo é importante considerar um termo exponencial decrescente no tempo após preparo.

A questão do petróleo em terras indígenas: uma análise constitucional à luz do desenvolvimento sustentável

Recognizing the need to preserve a national ethnic minority, the Constitution, inspired by the pluralistic values of the Constitutional Law State, stipulated a series of rights and guarantees for the conservation of indigenous cultural singularity, disciplining in article 231 the Indians right to maintain their social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions, as well as safeguarding the rights to the lands they traditionally occupy, and the exclusive use of the wealth existing in them, premise of ensuring their physical and cultural continuity, breaking decisively with the paradigm the assimilation of the Indian national civilization. However, despite the Indian policy of ethnic and cultural preservation, the Constitution allowed the exploitation of minerals in aboriginal territory, incorporated herein hydrocarbons, provided they meet certain predetermined requirements, leaving it to the legislature the discipline of ordinary matter. However, this law has not yet been published, with some projects in the National Congress, leaving thus precluding the indigenous subsurface oil exploration until the enactment of enabling legislation. Meanwhile, this paper carries out an integrated analysis of the constitutional protection of ethnic and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples, Convention Nº 169 of the International Labour Organization and the bill presented by Deputy Eduardo Valverde, in an attempt to consolidate sustainable development practices in the sector, through developing a system of social and environmental responsible oil exploration, aligning with national energy needs to maintain a balanced environment and preservation of socio-cultural organization of a minority so weakened and beaten over five centuries of domination

Caracterização ecofisiológica de sementes de espécies lenhosas da Caatinga

Dormancy is an inherent property of the seeds that define the environmental conditions in which they are able to germinate and their presence is an adaptive trait common in species inhabiting semiarid regions. Moreover, the ability of seedling establishment in these environments has been related to the size, strength and chemical characteristics of the seeds. This study investigated patterns of dormancy and germination speed in tree species of the Caatinga, exploring how the seed size influence the processes of germination, seedling size and biomass allocation. In addition, we aim to investigate the chemical characteristics of the reserves, to verify a possible relationship between nutritional content and the process of seed germination. Therefore, seeds were collected from ten species of woody Caatinga for tests of breaking dormancy, germination and biochemical characterization. Overall, the results show that the scarification treatments mechanical and chemical, and thermal shock influenced the percentage and speed of germination in 50 % of the species, suggesting that they have some level of physical dormancy in the seeds. Biochemical characterization showed the existence of large amounts of carbohydrates in the seeds of all species, low proportion of protein and low amounts of neutral lipids. Using linear regression, we demonstrated the existence of a significant relationship between seed size and the ratio of root/shoot where the largest seeds invested a greater amount of resources for shoot growth. The relationship between germination speed and non-reducing sugar content was also significant, so these compounds is related to the maintenance of physiological seed quality. These results confirm some relationships discussed in the literature for cultivated species, but can be applied to the species native to the Caatinga

Influence of early quantitative food restriction on long bone growth at different environmental temperatures in broiler chickens

1. This investigation was carried out to study the influence of early quantitative food restriction (40% of ad libitum intake from 7 to 14 d of age) and environmental rearing temperature (thermoneutral, cold and hot) on long bone (tibia, femur and humerus) development in broiler chickens.2. Tibia, femur and humerus were obtained at the ages of 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 d; and the variables studied were: length and width (mm, expressed as absolute values), bone breaking strength (kgf) and bone weight/bone length index (BW/BL, mg/mm).3. All bone variables increased with bird age. Food restriction reduced bone length and width but did not affect bone weight. High environmental rearing temperature reduced bone length and width at 42 d of age. Bone strength was not affected by environmental temperature but the calculated BW/BL index was reduced by heat exposure.4. The findings suggest that food restriction and high environmental rearing temperature reduce long bone growth; bone breaking strength was affected by bird age but not by food restriction nor rearing ambient temperature.

A formação do enfermeiro na reflexividade

The study proposes an understanding of nurses training in reflexivity and the overcome the limits of biomedical formation model, from the thought of John Dewey, inserted in the panorama of the reflective practitioner introduced by Donald Schön and dialoguing with the perspective of the transforming action of Paulo Freire. We used a qualitative approach to collect empirical data through focus groups conducted with nursing students from 3rd to 5th year in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Trairi / UFRN in the year 2012. Data analysis occurred through the technique of thematic content analysis constituted of three stages: pre-analysis, exploration of the material, treatment of results, inference and interpretation of the material. Thus, the categories formulated by organizing, classifying and aggregating the the content of the speeches to groups who shared opinions approximations of thought generating a set of categories of analysis designed from the contents. The results present the experiences of nursing students and their reflections, demonstrating that the process of reflection permeates the journey of life. It is inferred that the knowledge acquired in these experiences do not always participate in this dialogue in this formative process, reducing previous experiences in the field of exemplification of everyday situations. We conclude that it is necessary to consolidate innovative pedagogical proposals that allow the continuous dialogue with reality, breaking with the decontextualized teaching process from reality insertion of the university. Rethinking of the structures is recommended, reinforcing the break with the biomedical model and the integration of knowledge dynamically