La vuelta de España a América Latina ¿reconquista o comunidad de intereses? (Artículos Varios)

Este artículo describe el crecimiento de las inversiones e intercambio comercial de España con América Latina. El autor se pregunta si esta tendencia, cada vez más evidente en la última década, no significaría un nuevo proceso de reconquista, esta vez económica, y en un contexto mundial de globalización, o si, por el contrario, se podría entender este proceso como el arranque de una nueva etapa en las relaciones entre España y América Latina, basada en una comunidad de intereses.

Los orígenes de la Revolución de Quito en 1809 (Debates)

La Revolución de Quito de 1809 no fue un movimiento por la independencia. Lejos de ello, se trató de una reacción local ante la crisis de la monarquía española. A lo largo del siglo XVIII, el Reino de Quito experimentó un declive económico, político y jurídico. Supeditado a las capitales de dos virreinatos –Lima y Santa Fe–, Quito buscaba el estatus de una capitanía general independiente con el fin de liberarse del dominio de Nueva Granada y Perú. Convencido de que España estaba perdida y de que los españoles en Quito traicionarían al reino y aceptarían el gobierno francés, un grupo de quiteños tomó el control del gobierno y puso en práctica un programa que garantizara la autonomía y que promoviera sus intereses económicos. No obstante, otras provincias del reino, cuyos intereses se vieron amenazados, se opusieron a Quito y unieron fuerzas con los virreyes de Perú y Nueva Granada para extinguir el levantamiento que duró unos tres meses.

Collaboration between infection control and occupational health in three continents: a success story with international impact

Globalization has been accompanied by the rapid spread of infectious diseases, and further strain on working conditions for health workers globally. Post-SARS, Canadian occupational health and infection control researchers got together to study how to better protect health workers, and found that training was indeed perceived as key to a positive safety culture. This led to developing information and communication technology (ICT) tools. The research conducted also showed the need for better workplace inspections, so a workplace audit tool was also developed to supplement worker questionnaires and the ICT. When invited to join Ecuadorean colleagues to promote occupational health and infection control, these tools were collectively adapted and improved, including face-to-face as well as on-line problem-based learning scenarios. The South African government then invited the team to work with local colleagues to improve occupational health and infection control, resulting in an improved web-based health information system to track incidents, exposures, and occupational injury and diseases. As the H1N1 pandemic struck, the online infection control course was adapted and translated into Spanish, as was a novel skill-building learning tool that permits health workers to practice selecting personal protective equipment. This tool was originally developed in collaboration with the countries from the Caribbean region and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Research from these experiences led to strengthened focus on building capacity of health and safety committees, and new modules are thus being created, informed by that work. The products developed have been widely heralded as innovative and interactive, leading to their inclusion into “toolkits” used internationally. The tools used in Canada were substantially improved from the collaborative adaptation process for South and Central America and South Africa. This international collaboration between occupational health and infection control researchers led to the improvement of the research framework and development of tools, guidelines and information systems. Furthermore, the research and knowledge-transfer experience highlighted the value of partnership amongst Northern and Southern researchers in terms of sharing resources, experiences and knowledge.

Los orígenes jurídicos del sistema político imperial español y su influencia en las Américas (Estudios)

Este ensayo examina la naturaleza jurídica y política del imperio español en América y sus orígenes medievales. Con el fin de ofrecer un nuevo enfoque para estudiar la relación entre España y sus posesiones americanas, este trabajo propone una revisión de la tradición jurídica española. El estudio de la evolución de los conceptos de soberanía, representación y jurisdicción permite dilucidar los elementos constitutivos de las relaciones entre las diversas entidades políticas como mecanismo de comprensión del desarrollo de la cultura política de América Latina. De acuerdo a las características del sistema jurídico político en la época virreinal, la dispensación de la justicia y la práctica judicial constituyeron el eje de las relaciones entre la autoridad imperial y sus periferias. El artículo sostiene que la práctica judicial estuvo llena de sentido político y se convirtió en un medio de inclusión y representación.

Un manual de urbanidad para los hispanoamericanos (Dossier: Literaturas de la integración, el Sur y su diversidad)

Uno de los libros más leídos por los hispanoamericanos desde mediados del siglo XIX, es el Manuel de urbanidad, de Manuel Antonio Carreño. Hasta hace pocas décadas, fue texto de lectura obligatoria en la mayoría de las escuelas hispanohablantes de Latinoamérica. La familiaridad con el libro y con su autor, alimentó la creencia de que Carreño era nativo de la patria de origen de cada uno de esos receptores. El impacto que produjeron los consejos para orientar el desempeño de sus receptores en el espacio público, marcó la oferta de este letrado decimonónico desde el instante que apareció la obra. Sin lugar a dudas, el manual está señalado como un fenómeno editorial del continente, imposible de ignorar en nuestros días.

La expedición de límites de 1750 en la Guayana española: los logros de una tarea que nunca comenzó (Estudios)

This contribution addresses the implications of the boundary demarcation on basin of Orinoco and Amazon, during the second half of the 18th Century, beginning with the study of the expedition of the boundary between Spain and Portugal. This enterprise ended up in a surprise of games of omission, unfortunate and personal confrontations. The undesired task for the Spanish Guayana, however, marked a radically change in the geostrategic valuing and paved way to a latter colonial modernity thanks to the initiative of its commissioners. In this way, an important part of the territorial integrity was preserved against the geographical desires of lustanas and stopped the trafficking of indigenous salves towards the Amazon region.

Resistencia india, conciliación y estrategia militar en Quixos durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII (Estudios)

During the 18th Century, the northeast of the Amazonian region, especially the jurisdiction of Quixos, was one of the most ignored regions of South America. Its dominions, dependents in part to the Real Audiencia of Quito, did not enjoy sufficient attention from the monarchial administration; therefore, the territorial domination and its natives did not take shape in absolute terms given the difficulties of indigenous resistance against strategies to slowly subordinate and eventually dismantle the Spanish politics of border territories.

Comercio, conflictos y alianzas en la frontera luso-española: Capitanía de Río Negro y provincia de Maynas, 1780-1820 (Estudios)

In the colonial period, the Spanish politics towards the American frontiers was oriented not only to recognition and military protection of the borders, but also to control trade in the regions. During the demarcation of the boundaries in the 18th Century, the smuggling in the borders degenerated in various conflicts between the Spanish and Portuguese authorities. However, illegal trade played an important role en la satisfaction of the provisions in the zone, making possible the establishment of local alliances. This article addresses these questions taking as object the study the border Luso-Spanish in the Amazon Valley, between captaincy of Negro River and the province of Maynas, 1780-1820.

Diplomacia transfronteriza en tiempos de revolución: el Alto Río Negro iberoamericano, 1815-1820 (Estudios)

This article studies the impacts of the independence war in the regional border of the High Negro River, taking as it’s object of analysis the existing multiples connections between the inhabitants of both sides of the imaginary boundary line. From July 1817, the independence war in Venezuela changed the coordinates: the struggles between the republican patriots and those obedient to the King (Realistas), faithful to the restoration of the Spanish monarchy of Fernando VII, managed the great border region, and influenced the political, social and local dynamics, mainly the existing cross-border relations between both, impacted the ordinary life of the local population and affected the diplomacy between the Portuguese and Spanish American authorities, those faithful to the King (Realistas) and patriots.

La emergencia del intelectual en América Latina y el espacio público: el caso de Alfonso Reyes, 1927-1939 (Debates)

This article is a case study of the emergence of the intellectual in Spanish American: the trajectory of Alfonso Reyes. In Latin America modernity and the beginnings of the 20th Century contributed to circumstances and historical processes that permitted the 19th Century literates to progressively transform into intellectual: to be exact a ‘transitional intellectual’. This study looks at some of the dynamics that validated the intellectual as a new social actor during the period studied. The public visibility as it was never before, placed thinkers, and the use of means of communication of the time and the cultural elements like books and magazines, allowing that they be turned into public figures and to obtain some of their objectives.