Numerical simulation of post-flame oxidation of hydrocarbons in spark ignition engines

About 50-90 percent of the hydrocarbons that escape combustion during flame passage in spark-ignition engine operation are oxidized in the cylinder before leaving the system. The process involves the transport of unreacted fuel from cold walls towards the hotter burned gas regions and subsequent reaction. In order to understand controlling factors in the process, a transient one-dimensional reactive-diffusive model has been formulated for simulating the oxidation processes taking place in the reactive layer between hot burned gases and cold unreacted air/fuel mixture, with initial and boundary conditions provided by the emergence of hydrocarbons from the piston top land crevice. Energy and species conservation equations are solved for the entire process, using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for propane. Simulation results show that the post-flame oxidation process takes place within a reactive layer where intermediate hydrocarbon products are formed at temperatures above 1100-1200 K, followed by a carbon monoxide conversion region closer to the hot burned gases. Model results show that most of hydrocarbons leaving the crevice are completely oxidized inside the cylinder. The largest contribution of remaining hydrocarbons are those leaving the crevice at temperatures below 1400 K. The largest fraction of non-fuel (intermediate) hydrocarbons results from hydrocarbons leaving the crevice when core temperatures are around 1400 K Copyright © 1997 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Development of a time and space resolved sampling probe diagnostic for engine exhaust hydrocarbons

In order to understand how unburned hydrocarbons emerge from SI engines and, in particular, how non-fuel hydrocarbons are formed and oxidized, a new gas sampling technique has been developed. A sampling unit, based on a combination of techniques used in the Fast Flame Ionization Detector (FFID) and wall-mounted sampling valves, was designed and built to capture a sample of exhaust gas during a specific period of the exhaust process and from a specific location within the exhaust port. The sampling unit consists of a transfer tube with one end in the exhaust port and the other connected to a three-way valve that leads, on one side, to a FFID and, on the other, to a vacuum chamber with a high-speed solenoid valve. Exhaust gas, drawn by the pressure drop into the vacuum chamber, impinges on the face of the solenoid valve and flows radially outward. Once per cycle during a specified crank angle interval, the solenoid valve opens and traps exhaust gas in a storage unit, from which gas chromatography (GC) measurements are made. The port end of the transfer tube can be moved to different locations longitudinally or radially, thus allowing spatial resolution and capturing any concentration differences between port walls and the center of the flow stream. Further, the solenoid valve's opening and closing times can be adjusted to allow sampling over a window as small as 0.6 ms during any portion of the cycle, allowing resolution of a crank angle interval as small as 15°CA. Cycle averaged total HC concentration measured by the FFID and that measured by the sampling unit are in good agreement, while the sampling unit goes one step further than the FFID by providing species concentrations. Comparison with previous measurements using wall-mounted sampling valves suggests that this sampling unit is fully capable of providing species concentration information as a function of air/fuel ratio, load, and engine speed at specific crank angles. © Copyright 1996 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Extent of oxidation of hydrocarbons desorbing from the lubricant oil layer in spark-ignition engines

The extent of oxidation of hydrocarbons desorbing from the oil layer has been measured directly in a hydrogen-fueled, spark-ignited engine in which the lubricant oil was doped with a single component hydrocarbon. The amount of hydrocarbon desorbed and oxidized could be measured simultaneously as the dopant was only source of carbon-containing species. The fraction oxidized was strongly dependent on engine load, hydrogen fuel-air ratio and dopant chemical reactivity, but only modestly dependent on spark timing and nitrogen dilution levels below 20 percent. Fast FID measurements at the cylinder exit showed that the surviving hydrocarbons emerge late in the exhaust stroke. © Copyright 1996 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Presence of estrogenic activity from emission of fossil fuel combustion as detected by a recombinant yeast bioassay

Estrogenic activities of emission samples generated by fossil fuel combustion were investigated with human estrogen receptor (ER) recombinant yeast bioassay. The results showed that there were weak but clear estrogenic activities in combustion emissions of fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and diesel. The estrogenic relative potency (RP) of fossil fuel combustion was the highest in petroleum-fired car, followed by coal-fired stove, diesel-fired agrimotor, coal-fired electric power station. On the other hand, the estrogenic relative inductive efficiency (RIE) was the highest in coal-fired stove and coal-fired electric power station, followed by petroleum-fired car and diesel-fired agrimotor. The estrogenic activities in the sub-fractions from chromatographic separation of emitted materials were also determined. The results indicated that different chemical fractions in these complex systems have different estrogenic potencies. The GC/MS analysis of the emission showed that there were many aromatic carbonyls, big molecular alcohol, PAHs and derivatives, and substituted phenolic compounds and derivatives which have been reported as environmental estrogens. The existence of estrogenic substances in fossil fuel combustion demands further investigation of their potential adverse effects on human and on the ecosystem. The magnitude of pollution due to global usage of fossil fuels makes it imperative to understand the issue of fossil fuel-derived endocrine activities and the associated health risks, particularly the aggregated risks stemmed from exposure to toxicants of multiple sources. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantitative structure-property relationship study on reductive dehalogenation of selected halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediment slurries

In this study, by the use of partial least squares (PLS) method and 26 quantum chemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamiltonian, a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was developed for reductive dehalogenation rate constants of 13 halogenated aliphatic compounds in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions. The model can be used to explain the dehalogenation mechanism. Halogenated aliphatic compounds with great energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E-lumo), total energy (TE), electronic energy (EE), the smallest bond order of the carbon-halogen bonds (BO) and the most positive net atomic charges on an atom of the molecule (q(+)) values tend to be reductively dehalogenated slow, whereas halogenated aliphatic compounds with high values of molecular weight (Mw), average molecular polarizability (a) and core-core repulsion energy (CCR) values tend to be reductively dehalogenated fastest. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons

A procedure for purifying single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) synthesized by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons has been developed. Based on the results from SEM observations, EDS analysis and Raman measurements, it was found that amorphous carbon, catalyst particles, vapor-grown carbon nanofibers and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were removed from the ropes of SWNTs without damaging the SWNT bundles, and a 40% yield of the SWNTs with a purity of about 95% was achieved after purification. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Ru addition to CO/SiO2/HZSM-5 catalysts on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of gasoline-range hydrocarbons

Microporous HZSM-5 zeolite and mesoporous SiO2 supported Ru-Co catalysts of various Ru adding amounts were prepared and evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of gasoline-range hydrocarbons (C-5-C-12). The tailor-made Ru-Co/SiO2/HZSM-5 catalysts possessed both micro- and mesopores, which accelerated hydrocracking/hydroisomerization of long-chain products and provided quick mass transfer channels respectively during FTS. In the same time. Ru increased Cor reduction degree by hydrogen spillover, thus CO conversion of 62.8% and gasoline-range hydrocarbon selectivity of 47%, including more than 14% isoparaffins, were achieved simultaneously when Ru content was optimized at 1 wt% in Ru-Co/SiO2/HZSM-5 catalyst.

Hydrate dissociation conditions for gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and hydrocarbons using SAFT

A new method, a molecular thermodynamic model based on statistical mechanics, is employed to predict the hydrate dissociation conditions for binary gas mixtures with carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and hydrocarbons in the presence of aqueous solutions. The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) equation of state is employed to characterize the vapor and liquid phases and the statistical model of van der Waals and Platteeuw for the hydrate phase. The predictions of the proposed model were found to be in satisfactory to excellent agreement with the experimental data.

植物细胞色素P450对土壤PAHs污染早期诊断研究

以高等植物为试验材料，建立了细胞色素P450含量的测定方法。在此基础上通过对5种植物（小麦、玉米、白菜、萝卜、大豆）的筛选试验，最终选择小麦绿苗和玉米黄化苗作为供试材料，进行土壤菲、芘单一与复合污染条件下，细胞色素P450含量与多环芳烃污染的量-效关系生态毒理诊断研究。同时为比较不同指标对污染物生态毒性敏感性，进行了相同剂量条件下，SOD、POD、CAT活性,高等植物种子发芽与根伸长抑制率与菲、芘单一与复合污染诱导的剂量-效应关系试验研究。 细胞色素P450含量污染诱导研究结果表明，在较低的浓度下，土壤菲、芘单一暴露与小麦和玉米幼苗P450含量具有显著的污染诱导剂量-效应关系，菲、芘复合污染对小麦和玉米的P450产生协同毒性作用。两种植物P450含量对菲、芘污染指示较为敏感。 SOD、POD、CAT活性比较试验结果表明，SOD、POD、CAT活性对菲、芘污染具有响应，但响应敏感性不及植物色素P450，有些不能进行定量诊断，但可用于定性诊断。 发芽率和根伸长抑制率试验比较结果表明，在同样的供试浓度范围内，小麦发芽率和根伸长与对照相当，未出现明显诱导或抑制的响应。植物色素P450含量对菲、芘单一与复合污染的指示作用比植物种子发芽率和根伸长抑制率更为敏感。 植物细胞色素P450这一敏感指标可以作为生物标记物，与化学分析及抗氧化酶系指标结合起来进行土壤PAHs早期诊断。既有助于提高指标的准确性和敏感性，推动形成完善的土壤污染生态毒理诊断方法，还可从生理和分子水平使污染诱发障碍的机理等得到破译。

土壤低浓度PAHs胁迫下赤子爱胜蚓差异表达基因初步筛选

为探索土壤低浓度多环芳烃污染的生态毒性及其对土壤生物的致毒机理，本论文初步研究了菲、芘、荧蒽和苯并[a]芘等四种多环芳烃人工土壤污染在0.1mg.kg-1~10.0mg.kg-1浓度水平对赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）产卵量、体重变化、排卵激素annetocin基因和翻译控制肿瘤蛋白（translationally controlled tumor protein, TCTP）转录水平的影响，发现在相同的低浓度水平下，只有苯并[a]芘对蚯蚓annetocin前体基因和TCTP基因的表达有显著影响，故其对生物体的生殖风险和致癌风险可能最大。另一方面，低浓度苯并[a]芘对蚯蚓体重和产茧量并无显著影响，这表明基因表达水平作为污染生态监测指标比宏观观测指标更灵敏。 为进一步研究土壤PAHs污染的生态毒性效应，在上述研究基础上，我们采用SSH-PCR的方法构建了人工土壤1.0mg.kg-1苯并[a]芘胁迫下的蚯蚓与对照组蚯蚓之间的消减cDNA文库，随机挑取上调文库301个克隆及下调文库283个克隆进行测序，与NCBI蛋白数据库比对结果表明，其中有391个克隆与已知的75种蛋白质基因显著匹配（期望值< 10-5），其余克隆匹配不显著（期望值> 10-5）或找不到匹配蛋白。显著匹配的基因序列包括：一相解毒酶细胞色素P450，二相解毒酶谷胱甘肽硫转移酶，蛋白质合成所需的核糖体蛋白亚基，参与新合成肽链折叠的热休克蛋白，线粒体基因组编码的呼吸链复合酶体亚基，过氧化物还原蛋白，铁蛋白，钙结合蛋白，半胱氨酸蛋白酶等。表明低浓度苯并[a]芘胁迫引起蚯蚓的生理变化是非常复杂的，涉及污染物降解与解毒、抗氧化保护、能量代谢、蛋白质合成、金属离子调节与蛋白质降解等过程。 Real-time PCR检测验证消减文库中部分差异基因对不同剂量BaP胁迫响应结果表明，各检验基因序列受1.0 mg∙kg-1 BaP 胁迫影响均与消减结果一致，且影响程度均高于0.1 mg∙kg-1浓度水平的BaP；其中，在0.1 mg∙kg-1 BaP胁迫下，过氧化物还原酶PRDX和类似Cyp2R1的P450基因表达未见明显变化。其余的HSP70、HSP90、rpL10、COXⅡ、SCBP、Ferritin等基因在0.1 mg∙kg-1 BaP胁迫组蚯蚓中均有检测到预期表达变化，说明虽然从消减文库中获得的基因在一定的污染物浓度范围内均表现浓度效应，但各个基因对污染物的响应浓度不尽相同。 Real-time PCR检测消减文库中部分差异基因对不同PAHs胁迫响应结果表明，1.0 mg∙kg-1 浓度水平的荧蒽、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘对差异表达基因的影响不尽相同，主要有以下三种情况：(1)广谱响应型：蚯蚓线粒体编码的亚基COXⅡ、可溶性钙结合蛋白、铁蛋白等基因对荧蒽、菲、芘及苯并[a]芘的胁迫均有相似的响应；(2)随芳烃环数而变化型：热休克蛋白HSP70和过氧化物还原酶PRDX表现出响应程度随胁迫多环芳烃的环数增加而提高的现象；(3)仅在苯并[a]芘中有响应型：核糖体蛋白亚基L10和细胞色素P450（类似Cyp2R1）基因，在1.0 mg∙kg-1浓度条件下，它们仅受BaP诱导表达，而芘、菲和荧蒽却没有显示诱导作用。 上述结果表明，在土壤中的低浓度的多环芳烃污染胁迫对蚯蚓的影响是多方面的，这些影响至少涉及能量代谢、污染物降解与解毒、蛋白质合成与修复、信号转导、细胞凋亡、排卵生殖、个体发育等多方面的生理功能。目前蚯蚓基因组还未有完整测序，本文论述的多个差异表达基因是首次在蚯蚓中发现的，这些新发现的基因序列在为低浓度PAHs的生态毒性机理研究提供依据的同时，也为以蚯蚓为模式生物的土壤污染生物监测提供了备选的生物分子标记。另一方面，由于蚯蚓基因组未完整测序，本研究构建的消减文库中仍不少未知功能基因，其功能与调控有待进一步研究。

土壤低剂量PAHs污染生态毒理诊断指标研究

本文探讨了蚯蚓细胞色素P450作为生物标记物诊断土壤低剂量PAHs污染的可行性，主要以蚯蚓P450含量和AHH活性二项指标为主，开展“土壤低剂量PAHs污染敏感生态毒理诊断指标研究”，并结合其它分子毒理诊断指标，通过指示敏感性比较，最终建立土壤低剂量PAHs污染早期诊断的敏感生物标记指标或指标组合，为土壤污染早期诊断奠定基础。 蚯蚓P450含量测定方法研究表明，在强化预处理的基础上，通过微粒体增溶、物理分离和解剖后内脏直接测定等去干扰手段均可实现P450含量的测定。通过三种方法的比较，最终确定内脏直接测定法为最佳方法。在此基础上，对CO通气量进一步优化，确保P450含量的准确定性和定量。 低剂量PAHs胁迫下蚯蚓细胞色素P450响应研究表明，P450含量和AHH活性两指标随暴露时间的增加总体上表现为“先诱导后抑制”的响应规律，且响应因PAHs的不同而存在差异，对芘的指示效应最强，荧蒽次之，菲最弱，与其毒性大小相关。其中，AHH对PAHs的指示作用优于P450含量，两指标的响应情况显示了它们作为生物标记物的可行性。为增强污染诊断的灵敏性和有效性，可将蚯蚓P450含量和特异性同工酶活性联合，彼此互为补充，共同应用于土壤污染生态毒理诊断中。 低剂量PAHs胁迫下，参比指标的响应情况与P450相比结果显示，P450含量和AHH活性的指示效应最明显；SOD和POD活性的指示次之；GST和CAT活性虽表现出指示效应，但并不是对三种PAHs都具有指示效果；MDA含量对低剂量PAHs的指示性最差。不同指标对污染物的指示敏感性存在差异，因而在进行土壤污染生态毒理诊断时，应选用多指标联合，彼此相互补充，以适应不同污染状况下的污染诊断。酶活性对毒物暴露的响应在时间上是一个动态变化过程，单一时段的暴露结果可能不足以揭示污染物的毒性效应，选择多时段检测对污染暴露的灵敏指示尤为重要。 应用蚯蚓生化指标对沈阳污灌区土壤进行毒性诊断，结果表明P450、AHH、GST、POD和CAT五个指标通过不同时段的检测均可对供试土壤显示出指示效应；而SOD和MDA两指标均出现“漏诊”现象。同实验室条件下低剂量污染情况相比，P450含量和POD的指示效果在两种情况下均较好；AHH、SOD在实验室条件下的指示更为优越；而GST、CAT和MDA更适合于污染物复杂的实际土壤诊断。研究结果从实际应用的角度再一次证实，任何一种指标若采用单时段的检测均存在其污染诊断的“盲区”。在进行实际环境污染诊断时，采用多指标和多时段检测是不可或缺的。

土壤中PAHs和矿物油污染的生物修复调控研究

通过室内模拟和室外盆栽实验方法。进行了污染土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）和矿物油生物修复调控研究；表面活性剂吐温－80对土壤多环芳烃生物修复作用研究及植物根际对土壤多环芳烃和矿物油的生物修复研究。结果如下：1、，对土壤PAHs（萘、芴、厄稀、菲、蒽、芘、苯（a)蒽和屈）生物修复调控研究表明，温度对PAHs降解影响最大，湿度其次，表面活性剂作为调控因素，对PAHs降解的影响最小，然而，研究发现，当TW－80的浓度在200－500ppm时，PAHs降解率最高，说明表面活性剂对土壤PAHs降解有调控作用。2、表面活性剂对土壤PAHs生物修复作用研究表明，TW－80能显著增加土壤PAHs降解率，30天内降解率达90％，比对照高30％。但是，土壤中TW－80浓度过高对微生物活性有抑制作用。研究还发现，含吐温－80的土壤中的大量微生物菌群，经鉴定，优势真菌为常见青霉、嚅形青霉、淡紫青霉和顶孢头孢霉。3、苜蓿草植物土壤对PAHs生物修复调控研究表明，在旱地好氧条件下，植物可加快土壤PAHs的降解，120天后，11种多环芳烃（萘、芴、厄稀、菲、蒽、萤蒽、芘、苯（a）蒽、屈、苯（a）萤蒽和苯（k）萤蒽））的总降解率96.3%。而30天后将植物去除，，降解率为94.4％。土壤有机肥对PAHs的降解有影响，土壤有机肥含量与PAH降解率增加成正比，但降解主要对较低分子量PAH起作用。有机肥对PAH降解的作用也被在高浓度PAHs污染土壤生物修复所证实。此外，将从油和PAH污染土壤中分离出来的真菌加入到苜蓿草土壤中，PAH降解率明显提高。但对无植物对照土壤作用不明显。4、苜蓿草土壤中矿物油的生物修复调控研究表明，在旱地好氧条件下，植物明显影响土壤矿物油的降解。经过120天，矿物油的降解率78.7％。比对照提高18％。实验还表明，增加土壤有机肥和特性降解真菌能明显促进矿物油降解。5、水稻土壤PAH生物降解调控研究表明，在淹水厌氧条件下，土壤PAH降解受到明显抑制，120天后，11种多环芳烃总降解率平均值为50％，本明显低于苜蓿草土壤。但研究还表明，增加土壤有机肥，可提高水稻的生物量，同时也提高PAH的降解率。投加特性降解真菌，有使PAH的降解率提高的趋势，特性降解细菌对提高PAH降解率无效。6、水稻土壤中矿物油生物降解搞控研究表明，在淹水厌氧条件下，经过120天后，矿物油降解率平均值为54.7％，明显低于旱地好氧土壤－植物系统。土壤的厌氧条件是导致降解速度低的主要原因。7、通过测定吸呼作用发现，苜蓿旱土壤的呼吸作用一般大于水稻土壤，表明好氧好氧条件下的微生物活性大于厌氧条件。此外，增加土壤有机质土壤呼吸强度出现猛增，表明有机质对土壤呼吸强度有明显影响。苜蓿草土壤的呼吸强度一般都高于无植物对照土壤，说明植物对土壤微生物的增强有作用。8、通过以上实验结果进行R值计算表明，对苜蓿草土壤，矿物油和PAH降解的主要调控因子是有机肥和污染物浓度。对水稻土壤，有机肥起重要作用。对无植物对照土壤，主要调控因子是浓度其次是有机肥。

石油烃污染土壤植物-微生物联合修复及机理研究

运用土壤学、微生物学、生态学和统计学方法，系统地开展了石油污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复研究，对植物-微生物修复的生态影响进行了分析，并从根际微生物区系变化与根分泌物特性两个角度深入探讨了污染土壤植物一微生物联合修复的机理。室内模拟、室外盆栽、田间微区实验的结果表明：（1）植物-微生物联合修复对不同浓度石油烃污染土壤有较好的修复效果，125d的修复周期中对土壤中石油污染物的降解率为7.1％-69.8％，随污染物浓度的升高，联合修复对土壤中污染物的降解作川增强；（2）植物一微生物联合修复作用可能会长期持续，并对难降解物质PAHs存在修复潜力；（3）在本实验条件下，采用经济作物与降解微生物联合修复会降低土壤有机质含量，对土壤生态系统的结构和功能不会产生严重的干扰，对土壤生态环境的影响可以在短时间恢复；（4）植物一微生物联合作用方式在于植物与微生物的相互作用，作用区为植物根际，微生物在植物根际区域的种类数量和生化特征存在差异；植物分泌物对于微生物具有调节作用，促使污染物的生物降解。并以本试验研究为例，进一步探讨石油污染土壤植物一微生物联合修复的机理，利石油污染土壤的植物一微生物联合修复的影响因子进行调控研究，联合修复的主要影响因子是营养因子，其次是污染物浓度。石油污染土壤的植物一微生物联合修复研究，对土壤微生物群落，植物根际效应及潜在自然生物降解获得了进一步的理解，为污染土壤修复技术提供了科学依据和理论支持。