Sensing and Actuation from Biology to Electronics

We introduce an in vitro diagnostic magnetic biosensing platform for immunoassay and nucleic acid detection. The platform has key characteristics for a point-of-use (POU) diagnostic: portability, low-power consumption, low cost, and multiplexing capability. As a demonstration of capabilities, we use this platform for the room temperature, amplification-free detection of a 31 bp DNA oligomer and interferon-gamma (a protein relevant for tuberculosis diagnosis). Reliable assay measurements down to 100 pM for the DNA and 1 pM for the protein are demonstrated. We introduce a novel "magnetic freezing" technique for baseline measurement elimination and to enable spatial multiplexing. We have created a general protocol for adapting integrated circuit (IC) sensors to any of hundreds of commercially available immunoassay kits and custom designed DNA sequences.

We also introduce a method for immunotherapy treatment of malignant gliomas. We utilize leukocytes internalized with immunostimulatory nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates to localize and retain immune cells near the tumor site. As a proof-of-principle, we develop a novel cell imaging and incubation chamber for in vitro magnetic motility experiments. We use the apparatus to demonstrate the controlled movement of magnetically loaded THP-1 leukocytes.

Finally, we introduce an IC transmitter and power ampli er (PA) that utilizes electronic digital infrastructure, sensors, and actuators to self-heal and adapt to process, dynamic, and environmental variation. Traditional IC design has achieved incredible degrees of reliability by ensuring that billions of transistors on a single IC die are all simultaneously functional. Reliability becomes increasingly difficult as the size of a transistor shrinks. Self-healing can mitigate these variations.

Tecnologias não-invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica no suporte físico à parturiente: critérios e efeitos esperados

Este estudo buscou identificar os critérios utilizados pelas enfermeiras obstétricas para empregar as tecnologias não-invasivas de cuidado no suporte físico à parturiente e quais são seus efeitos esperados. Para tanto, se realizou uma pesquisa quantitativa exploratória do tipo survey, que abordou as práticas/cuidados fornecidas pelas enfermeiras obstétrica durante a assistência ás parturientes que tinham relação com o suporte físico. Estas foram agrupadas em: suporte relacionado ao ambiente; suporte ao posicionamento (livre movimentação e adoção de posturas verticais, deambulação, movimentos pélvicos, posição de cócoras, e posição de quatro apoios); suporte aos estímulos táteis (massagens, compressas frias/mornas, banho morno de aspersão e imersão); e suporte energético (oferta de alimento). Para tanto, utilizou-se um questionário, que foi disponibilizado via internet, após a criação de um domínio e web site próprio para tal finalidade. A população-alvo constituiu-se de enfermeiras obstétricas que atuam no cuidado da parturiente em território nacional, sendo que estas foram convidadas a participar, entre os meses de julho e setembro de 2009, através de e-mails survey individuais ou coletivos. Participaram do estudo120 profissionais, sendo que 45,8% foram excluídos automaticamente pelo sistema, pois não possuíam os critérios de inclusão. Dos participantes elegíveis (65), 33,8% responderam somente o teste de elegibilidade, 4,6% responderam parcialmente e 61,6% responderam completamente o questionário. Os resultados demonstraram que alguns aspectos relacionados ao conceito ainda encontram-se pouco compreendidos pelas profissionais da área, entretanto este não é um entrave para que práticas/cuidados relacionados a esta nova terminologia sejam utilizadas durante a assistência à parturiente. De acordo com os objetivos propostos, conseguiu-se determinar os critérios e efeitos esperados pelas enfermeiras obstétricas ao utilizarem as tecnologias não-invasivas de cuidado estudadas, entretanto também se evidenciou brechas no conhecimento científico. Assim conclui-se que as enfermeiras obstétricas utilizam práticas/cuidados relacionadas as tecnologias não-invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica no suporte físico à parturiente, pautadas em critérios e efeitos esperados que em sua maioria possuem bases científicas que os comprove. Considera-se que a utilização destas são uma ferramenta importante para a desmedicalização do processo de parto e consequentemente, para a diminuição dos índices de morbimortalidade materna e neonatall. Portanto, é necessário estimular à assistência ao parto por enfermeiras obstétricas, de modo a suplantar o modelo de assistência tecnocrático, ainda hegemônico no país.

Optoelectronic quotient-selected modified signed-digit division

A novel optoelectronic quotient-selected modified signed-digit division technique is proposed. This division method generates one quotient digit per iteration involving only one shift operation, one quotient selection operation and one addition/subtraction operation. The quotient digit can be selected by observing three most significant digits of the partial remainder independent of the divisor. Two algorithms based on truth-table look-up and binary logic operations are derived. For optoelectronic implementation, an efficient shared content-addressable memory based architecture as well as compact logic array processor based architecture with an electron-trapping device is proposed. Performance evaluation of the proposed optoelectronic quotient-selected division shows that it is faster than the previously reported convergence division approach. Finally, proof-of-principle experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Paranormal operator on a Hilbert space

In this thesis an extensive study is made of the set P of all paranormal operators in B(H), the set of all bounded endomorphisms on the complex Hilbert space H. T ϵ B(H) is paranormal if for each z contained in the resolvent set of T, d(z, σ(T))//(T-zI)^-1 = 1 where d(z, σ(T)) is the distance from z to σ(T), the spectrum of T. P contains the set N of normal operators and P contains the set of hyponormal operators. However, P is contained in L, the set of all T ϵ B(H) such that the convex hull of the spectrum of T is equal to the closure of the numerical range of T. Thus, N≤P≤L.

If the uniform operator (norm) topology is placed on B(H), then the relative topological properties of N, P, L can be discussed. In Section IV, it is shown that: 1) N P and L are arc-wise connected and closed, 2) N, P, and L are nowhere dense subsets of B(H) when dim H ≥ 2, 3) N = P when dimH ˂ ∞ , 4) N is a nowhere dense subset of P when dimH ˂ ∞ , 5) P is not a nowhere dense subset of L when dimH ˂ ∞ , and 6) it is not known if P is a nowhere dense subset of L when dimH ˂ ∞.

The spectral properties of paranormal operators are of current interest in the literature. Putnam [22, 23] has shown that certain points on the boundary of the spectrum of a paranormal operator are either normal eigenvalues or normal approximate eigenvalues. Stampfli [26] has shown that a hyponormal operator with countable spectrum is normal. However, in Theorem 3.3, it is shown that a paranormal operator T with countable spectrum can be written as the direct sum, N ⊕ A, of a normal operator N with σ(N) = σ(T) and of an operator A with σ(A) a subset of the derived set of σ(T). It is then shown that A need not be normal. If we restrict the countable spectrum of T ϵ P to lie on a C²-smooth rectifiable Jordan curve G_o, then T must be normal [see Theorem 3.5 and its Corollary]. If T is a scalar paranormal operator with countable spectrum, then in order to conclude that T is normal the condition of σ(T) ≤ G_o can be relaxed [see Theorem 3.6]. In Theorem 3.7 it is then shown that the above result is not true when T is not assumed to be scalar. It was then conjectured that if T ϵ P with σ(T) ≤ G_o, then T is normal. The proof of Theorem 3.5 relies heavily on the assumption that T has countable spectrum and cannot be generalized. However, the corollary to Theorem 3.9 states that if T ϵ P with σ(T) ≤ G_o, then T has a non-trivial lattice of invariant subspaces. After the completion of most of the work on this thesis, Stampfli [30, 31] published a proof that a paranormal operator T with σ(T) ≤ G_o is normal. His proof uses some rather deep results concerning numerical ranges whereas the proof of Theorem 3.5 uses relatively elementary methods.

On the set of eigenvalues of a class of equimodular matrices

The structure of the set ϐ(A) of all eigenvalues of all complex matrices (elementwise) equimodular with a given n x n non-negative matrix A is studied. The problem was suggested by O. Taussky and some aspects have been studied by R. S. Varga and B.W. Levinger.

If every matrix equimodular with A is non-singular, then A is called regular. A new proof of the P. Camion-A.J. Hoffman characterization of regular matrices is given.

The set ϐ(A) consists of m ≤ n closed annuli centered at the origin. Each gap, ɤ, in this set can be associated with a class of regular matrices with a (unique) permutation, π(ɤ). The association depends on both the combinatorial structure of A and the size of the a_ii. Let A be associated with the set of r permutations, π₁, π₂,…, π_r, where each gap in ϐ(A) is associated with one of the π_k. Then r ≤ n, even when the complement of ϐ(A) has n+1 components. Further, if π(ɤ) is the identity, the real boundary points of ɤ are eigenvalues of real matrices equimodular with A. In particular, if A is essentially diagonally dominant, every real boundary point of ϐ(A) is an eigenvalues of a real matrix equimodular with A.

Several conjectures based on these results are made which if verified would constitute an extension of the Perron-Frobenius Theorem, and an algebraic method is introduced which unites the study of regular matrices with that of ϐ(A).

Multiplication in Riesz spaces

A.G. Vulih has shown how an essentially unique intrinsic multiplication can be defined in certain types of Riesz spaces (vector lattices) L. In general, the multiplication is not universally defined in L, but L can always be imbedded in a large space L^# in which multiplication is universally defined.

If ф is a normal integral in L, then ф can be extended to a normal integral on a large space L₁(ф) in L^#, and L₁(ф) may be regarded as an abstract integral space. A very general form of the Radon-Nikodym theorem can be proved in L₁(ф), and this can be used to give a relatively simple proof of a theorem of Segal giving a necessary and sufficient condition that the Radon-Nikodym theorem hold in a measure space.

In another application, the multiplication is used to give a representation of certain Riesz spaces as rings of operators on a Hilbert space.

Stationary absolute distributions for chains of infinite order

Let {Ƶ_n}^∞_{n = -∞} be a stochastic process with state space S₁ = {0, 1, …, D – 1}. Such a process is called a chain of infinite order. The transitions of the chain are described by the functions

Q_i(i⁽⁰⁾) = Ƥ(Ƶ_n = i | Ƶ_{n - 1} = i ⁽⁰⁾₁, Ƶ_{n - 2} = i ⁽⁰⁾₂, …) (i ɛ S₁), where i⁽⁰⁾ = (i⁽⁰⁾₁, i⁽⁰⁾₂, …) ranges over infinite sequences from S₁. If i⁽ⁿ⁾ = (i⁽ⁿ⁾₁, i⁽ⁿ⁾₂, …) for n = 1, 2,…, then i⁽ⁿ⁾ → i⁽⁰⁾ means that for each k, i⁽ⁿ⁾_k = i⁽⁰⁾_k for all n sufficiently large.

Given functions Q_i(i⁽⁰⁾) such that

(i) 0 ≤ Q_i(i⁽⁰) ≤ ξ ˂ 1

(ii)D – 1/Ʃ/i = 0 Q_i(i⁽⁰⁾) Ξ 1

(iii) Q_i(i⁽ⁿ⁾) → Q_i(i⁽⁰⁾) whenever i⁽ⁿ⁾ → i⁽⁰⁾,

we prove the existence of a stationary chain of infinite order {Ƶ_n} whose transitions are given by

Ƥ (Ƶ_n = i | Ƶ_{n - 1}, Ƶ_{n - 2}, …) = Q_i(Ƶ_{n - 1}, Ƶ_{n - 2}, …)

With probability 1. The method also yields stationary chains {Ƶ_n} for which (iii) does not hold but whose transition probabilities are, in a sense, “locally Markovian.” These and similar results extend a paper by T.E. Harris [Pac. J. Math., 5 (1955), 707-724].

Included is a new proof of the existence and uniqueness of a stationary absolute distribution for an Nth order Markov chain in which all transitions are possible. This proof allows us to achieve our main results without the use of limit theorem techniques.

Full-range parallel Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography using sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometry

We demonstrate a full-range parallel Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) in which a tomogram free of mirror images as well as DC and autocorrelation terms is obtained in parallel. The phase and amplitude of two-dimensional spectral interferograms are accurately detected by using sinusoidal phase-modulating interferometry and a two-dimensional CCD camera, which allows for the reconstruction of two-dimensional complex spectral interferograms. By line-by-line inverse Fourier transformation of the two-dimensional complex spectral interferogram, a full-range parallel FD-OCT is realized. Tomographic images of two separated glass coverslips obtained with our method are presented as a proof-of-principle experiment.

Multiculturalismo e legado literário: a identidade de mestiças em Rhys, Windle e Bernardo Guimarães

A tese tem por objetivo primordial observar a construção identitária de mestiças fidalgas nos romances Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), de Jean Rhys, True Women (1993), de Janice Windle, e Rosaura: a enjeitada (1883), de Bernardo Guimarães, considerando três fatores distintos: o multiculturalismo e a interracialização no século XIX; a tentativa de as protagonistas se passarem como caucasianas perante elites locais; a reprimida identificação das mestiças escravocratas com classes menos abastadas. Observam-se os pontos de convergência e divergência entre as obras estudadas, uma vez que o autor brasileiro discute a identidade como fator hereditário e nacional, enquanto as demais autoras a interpretam como construto cultural subjetivo. De modo geral, a pesquisa demonstra como estes autores resistem ao cientificismo que vislumbra o mestiço como ser degenerado, metabólica e ontologicamente desequilibrado, procurando advogar-lhe a imagem de modo distinto. Visto que Wide Sargasso Sea e True Women são releituras de obras oitocentistas, o trabalho também contempla relações intertextuais em dois vetores: o primeiro, voltado para relação entre hipertexto e hipotexto, e o segundo, voltado para a eventual relação entre Guimarães e as obras relidas por Rhys e Windle

The Riesz space structure of an Abelian W*-algebra

Let M be an Abelian W*-algebra of operators on a Hilbert space H. Let M₀ be the set of all linear, closed, densely defined transformations in H which commute with every unitary operator in the commutant M’ of M. A well known result of R. Pallu de Barriere states that if ɸ is a normal positive linear functional on M, then ɸ is of the form T → (Tx, x) for some x in H, where T is in M. An elementary proof of this result is given, using only those properties which are consequences of the fact that ReM is a Dedekind complete Riesz space with plenty of normal integrals. The techniques used lead to a natural construction of the class M₀, and an elementary proof is given of the fact that a positive self-adjoint transformation in M₀ has a unique positive square root in M₀. It is then shown that when the algebraic operations are suitably defined, then M₀ becomes a commutative algebra. If ReM₀ denotes the set of all self-adjoint elements of M₀, then it is proved that ReM₀ is Dedekind complete, universally complete Riesz spaces which contains ReM as an order dense ideal. A generalization of the result of R. Pallu de la Barriere is obtained for the Riesz space ReM₀ which characterizes the normal integrals on the order dense ideals of ReM₀. It is then shown that ReM₀ may be identified with the extended order dual of ReM, and that ReM₀ is perfect in the extended sense.

Some secondary questions related to the Riesz space ReM are also studied. In particular it is shown that ReM is a perfect Riesz space, and that every integral is normal under the assumption that every decomposition of the identity operator has non-measurable cardinal. The presence of atoms in ReM is examined briefly, and it is shown that ReM is finite dimensional if and only if every order bounded linear functional on ReM is a normal integral.

Towards in situ Single Cell Systems Biology

Systems-level studies of biological systems rely on observations taken at a resolution lower than the essential unit of biology, the cell. Recent technical advances in DNA sequencing have enabled measurements of the transcriptomes in single cells excised from their environment, but it remains a daunting technical problem to reconstruct in situ gene expression patterns from sequencing data. In this thesis I develop methods for the routine, quantitative in situ measurement of gene expression using fluorescence microscopy.

The number of molecular species that can be measured simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy is limited by the pallet of spectrally distinct fluorophores. Thus, fluorescence microscopy is traditionally limited to the simultaneous measurement of only five labeled biomolecules at a time. The two methods described in this thesis, super-resolution barcoding and temporal barcoding, represent strategies for overcoming this limitation to monitor expression of many genes in a single cell. Super-resolution barcoding employs optical super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and combinatorial labeling via-smFISH (single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization) to uniquely label individual mRNA species with distinct barcodes resolvable at nanometer resolution. This method dramatically increases the optical space in a cell, allowing a large numbers of barcodes to be visualized simultaneously. As a proof of principle this technology was used to study the S. cerevisiae calcium stress response. The second method, sequential barcoding, reads out a temporal barcode through multiple rounds of oligonucleotide hybridization to the same mRNA. The multiplexing capacity of sequential barcoding increases exponentially with the number of rounds of hybridization, allowing over a hundred genes to be profiled in only a few rounds of hybridization.

The utility of sequential barcoding was further demonstrated by adapting this method to study gene expression in mammalian tissues. Mammalian tissues suffer both from a large amount of auto-fluorescence and light scattering, making detection of smFISH probes on mRNA difficult. An amplified single molecule detection technology, smHCR (single molecule hairpin chain reaction), was developed to allow for the quantification of mRNA in tissue. This technology is demonstrated in combination with light sheet microscopy and background reducing tissue clearing technology, enabling whole-organ sequential barcoding to monitor in situ gene expression directly in intact mammalian tissue.

The methods presented in this thesis, specifically sequential barcoding and smHCR, enable multiplexed transcriptional observations in any tissue of interest. These technologies will serve as a general platform for future transcriptomic studies of complex tissues.

Multi-channel 2-D pattern transfer model based on imaging optics for submarine laser uplink communication

An optical communication scheme of 2-D pattern transfer based on imaging optics for submarine laser uplink communication (SLUC) is suggested. Unlike the methods aiming at avoiding neighboring crosstalk used in traditional multi-channel optical beam transferring, we make full use of the overlapping of each spreading beam other than controlling divergence effect of each beam to avoid interference noise. The apparent parameters have been introduced to simplify theoretical analysis of optical pattern transfer problem involving underwater condition, with the help of which the complex beam propagation inside two kinds of mediums can be easily reduced to brief beam transfer only inside air medium. In this paper, optical transmission path and receiver terminal optics geometry have been described in detail. The link range equation and system uplink performance analysis have also been given. At last, results of a proof-of-concept experiment indicate good feasibility of the proposed SLUC model. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

On the uniqueness of singular solutions to boundary-initial value problems in linear elastodynamics

This investigation deals with certain generalizations of the classical uniqueness theorem for the second boundary-initial value problem in the linearized dynamical theory of not necessarily homogeneous nor isotropic elastic solids. First, the regularity assumptions underlying the foregoing theorem are relaxed by admitting stress fields with suitably restricted finite jump discontinuities. Such singularities are familiar from known solutions to dynamical elasticity problems involving discontinuous surface tractions or non-matching boundary and initial conditions. The proof of the appropriate uniqueness theorem given here rests on a generalization of the usual energy identity to the class of singular elastodynamic fields under consideration.

Following this extension of the conventional uniqueness theorem, we turn to a further relaxation of the customary smoothness hypotheses and allow the displacement field to be differentiable merely in a generalized sense, thereby admitting stress fields with square-integrable unbounded local singularities, such as those encountered in the presence of focusing of elastic waves. A statement of the traction problem applicable in these pathological circumstances necessitates the introduction of "weak solutions'' to the field equations that are accompanied by correspondingly weakened boundary and initial conditions. A uniqueness theorem pertaining to this weak formulation is then proved through an adaptation of an argument used by O. Ladyzhenskaya in connection with the first boundary-initial value problem for a second-order hyperbolic equation in a single dependent variable. Moreover, the second uniqueness theorem thus obtained contains, as a special case, a slight modification of the previously established uniqueness theorem covering solutions that exhibit only finite stress-discontinuities.

Revisão sistemática sobre os estudos de prevalência de infecção do colo do útero pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) no Brasil

O câncer do colo do útero é responsável por 7% do total dos óbitos por câncer entre a população feminina brasileira e tem uma incidência estimada de 20/100 mil para todo o país. Evidências científicas comprovam que o papilomavírus humano (HPV) é causa necessária para a ocorrência deste tipo de câncer. Ações de prevenção e controle recomendadas têm se baseado no conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia da doença. Os estudos realizados no Brasil sobre a prevalência da infecção por HPV disponíveis na literatura têm características variadas que ainda não foram analisadas em conjunto e de modo sistematizado. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática dos artigos sobre prevalência do HPV em mulheres brasileiras considerando as prevalências globais e entre aquelas com exame citológico cervical normal. Foram selecionados todos os artigos após busca nas bases de dados Medline e BVS, tomando-se como termos human papillomavirus, HPV, prevalence Brazil. Entre 1989 e 2008, foram selecionados 155 artigos, sendo 133 nas bases de dados e 22 referências secundárias. Após leitura de título e resumo, 82 artigos foram incluídos, e a seguir submetidos à leitura integral dos textos, sendo enfim selecionados 14 artigos, os quais representaram estudos de quatro grandes regiões brasileiras (Sudeste 43,0%, Sul 21,4%, Nordeste 21,4% e Norte 7,1%). Em sua maioria (64,5%), trata-se de artigos que relatam desenho transversal. Com referência ao método de identificação do HPV nas mulheres, em oito (57,1%) artigos, há relato do emprego de PCR para tipagem do HPV e, em sete (50,0%) artigos, houve emprego de HC para detecção do HPV. As amostras variaram de 49 a 2329 mulheres. A prevalência global de infecção do colo do útero pelo HPV variou entre 13,7 e 54,3%, e para as mulheres com citologia normal, a prevalência de infecção pelo HPV no colo do útero varia entre 10 e 24,5%. Os resultados obtidos permitiram criar um panorama das prevalências e da distribuição da infecção pelo HPV e principais tipos em mulheres com citologia cervical normal e assim contribuir para a compreensão da distribuição da infecção pelo HPV no país, auxiliando na orientação de outros estudos bem como de políticas voltadas para a saúde da mulher e prevenção do câncer do colo do útero.

OntoFeed um leitor de Feeds com extensão ontológica.

O problema que justifica o presente estudo refere-se à falta de semântica nos mecanismos de busca na Web. Para este problema, o consórcio W3 vem desenvolvendo tecnologias que visam construir uma Web Semântica. Entre estas tecnologias, estão as ontologias de domínio. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é discutir as possibilidades de se imprimir semântica às buscas nos agregadores de notícia da Web. O objetivo específico é apresentar uma aplicação que usa uma classificação semi-automática de notícias, reunindo, para tanto, as tecnologias de busca da área de recuperação de informação com as ontologias de domínio. O sistema proposto é uma aplicação para a Web capaz de buscar notícias sobre um domínio específico em portais de informação. Ela utiliza a API do Google Maps V1 para a localização georreferenciada da notícia, sempre que esta informação estiver disponível. Para mostrar a viabilidade da proposta, foi desenvolvido um exemplo apoiado em uma ontologia para o domínio de chuvas e suas consequências. Os resultados obtidos por este novo Feed de base ontológica são alocados em um banco de dados e disponibilizados para consulta via Web. A expectativa é que o Feed proposto seja mais relevante em seus resultados do que um Feed comum. Os resultados obtidos com a união de tecnologias patrocinadas pelo consórcio W3 (XML, RSS e ontologia) e ferramentas de busca em página Web foram satisfatórios para o propósito pretendido. As ontologias mostram-se como ferramentas de usos múltiplos, e seu valor de análise em buscas na Web pode ser ampliado com aplicações computacionais adequadas para cada caso. Como no exemplo apresentado nesta dissertação, à palavra chuva agregaram-se outros conceitos, que estavam presentes nos desdobramentos ocasionados por ela. Isto realçou a ligação do evento chuva com as consequências que ela provoca - ação que só foi possível executar através de um recorte do conhecimento formal envolvido.