Marginalisation of dental students in a shared medical and dental education programme

OBJECTIVES: Internationally, there are a number of universities at which medical and dental education programmes share common elements. There are no studies about the experiences of medical and dental students enrolled in different programmes who share significant amounts of learning and teaching. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 36 students and staff in a learning programme shared between separate medical and dental faculties. They were transcribed and an iterative process of interpretation and analysis within the theoretical framework of the contact hypothesis and social identity theory was used to group data into themes and sub-themes. RESULTS: Dental students felt 'marginalised' and felt they were treated as 'second-class citizens' by medical students and medical staff in the shared aspects of their programmes. Contextual factors such as the geographical location of the two schools, a medical : dental student ratio of almost 3 : 1, along with organisational factors such as curriculum overload, propagated negative attitudes towards and professional stereotyping of the dental students. Lack of understanding by medical students and faculty of dental professional roles contributed further. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations for reducing the marginalisation of dental students in this setting include improving communication between faculties and facilitating experiential contact. This might be achieved through initiating a common orientation session, stronger social networks and integrated learning activities, such as interprofessional problem-based learning and shared clinical experiences.

Improving student-industry engagement through project oriented curriculum

Industry expects a creative and innovative academic practice that provides students with valuable practical knowledge focused on graduate ready skills for future careers. The learning environment in engineering is inadequate for students to become a skillful graduate. The practical role of engineering is gained through working on real world problems in an industry collaborative environment through projects. Industry academia collaboration seems to be actively increasing in the development of engineering education in various parts of the globe. The close relationship between industry and academia is a vital component of the engineering pedagogy to improve student engagement in industry through projects. By engaging students with industry, students will acquire global perspective about the core attributes expected in future engineering jobs. In today’s large-scale industrial market, companies tend to prefer graduates with design skills attained through the project approach. Thus, universities should open their doors and accept the challenges of interacting with students with industrial experiences and expectations. This paper is focused on improving student industry engagement through project/design oriented curriculum. Through quantitative and qualitative research, the paper shows the industry perspectives and students views on university and industry collaboration. The research results show that students and industry can possibly maintain their engagement by providing regular feedback, reviewing goals and objectives, improving communication, keeping focused, and sharing a similar vision.

Sparse adaptive multi-hyperplane machine

The Adaptive Multiple-hyperplane Machine (AMM) was recently proposed to deal with large-scale datasets. However, it has no principle to tune the complexity and sparsity levels of the solution. Addressing the sparsity is important to improve learning generalization, prediction accuracy and computational speedup. In this paper, we employ the max-margin principle and sparse approach to propose a new Sparse AMM (SAMM). We solve the new optimization objective function with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Besides inheriting the good features of SGD-based learning method and the original AMM, our proposed Sparse AMM provides machinery and flexibility to tune the complexity and sparsity of the solution, making it possible to avoid overfitting and underfitting. We validate our approach on several large benchmark datasets. We show that with the ability to control sparsity, the proposed Sparse AMM yields superior classification accuracy to the original AMM while simultaneously achieving computational speedup.

The Value of Using Interns in the Academic Library

Graduate programs in library and information science programs provide strong theoretical foundations in information systems, library organization, library history, management, collection management to support user needs, reference, information literacy instruction, and specialized information resources. While practical course projects create approximations of professional librarianship, the best hands-on learning experiences include work-based learning through internship placements in actual libraries. Internships immerse students in valuable hands-on practical work in real-workd settings. Internships also learn from the interns' perspectives on library processes and challenges, while also providing library professionals with enriching opportunities to mentor library students and convey knowledge to future generations of professionals.

AAERO : ambiente de aprendizado para o ensino de redes de computadores orientado a problemas

Atualmente, a sociedade tem experimentado uma grande transformação devido à crescente incorporação da tecnologia em seu cotidiano. Estas mudanças demonstram o grande avanço tecnológico experimentado nas últimas décadas, principalmente na área de Redes e Telecomunicações. Este contexto tem gerado uma crescente procura por profissionais desta área, com um perfil que privilegie, além do conhecimento técnico, outras habilidades consideradas importantes, como o pensamento crítico, o auto-aprendizado e a habilidade para trabalhar em equipe, habilidades estas que não são normalmente focadas nos cursos atuais. Estas habilidades são estimuladas nas abordagens centradas nos alunos, com destaque ao Problem-Based Learning (PBL), uma abordagem na qual o aluno é exposto a problemas, sem nenhum conhecimento prévio, e que, para resolvê-los, precisa pesquisar e analisar novas informações, visando sua aplicação na solução dos mesmos. Apesar da grande utilização do PBL em diversas instituições no mundo, existem poucas ferramentas de software que dão apoio para sua total aplicação. Por outro lado, mesmo sendo bem estruturado, o PBL não sugere indicações de como assimilar melhor novas experiências, de como buscar o conhecimento em experiências anteriores e como desenvolver problemas atuais e interessantes com características reais. Estas dificuldades podem ser minimizadas com a utilização do CBR (Case-Based Reasoning). Entre as aplicações CBR desenvolvidas especificamente na área de Redes de Computadores, pode-se destacar o sistema DUMBO, um sistema CBR, desenvolvido na UFRGS, especificamente para o diagnóstico de problemas em Redes de Computadores. A integração com o DUMBO permite à abordagem PBL ser aplicada com maior eficiência, utilizando sua biblioteca de casos como ferramenta de pesquisa e para a sugestão de novos problemas a partir de casos reais e atuais. Com base nestas afirmações, este trabalho apresenta a proposta e o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de ambiente de aprendizado para o ensino de Redes de Computadores, utilizando a abordagem PBL em conjunto com a abordagem CBR através do sistema DUMBO.

In search of academic identity : physical education, sport science and the field of human movement studies

This thesis addresses the problem of the academic identity of the area traditionally referred to as physical education. The study is a critical examination of the argu ments for the justi cation of this area as an autonomous branch of knowledge. The investigation concentrates on a selected number of arguments. The data collection comprised articles books and proceedings of conferences. The preliminary assessment of these materials resulted in a classi cation of the arguments into three groups. The rst group comprises the arguments in favour of physical education as an academic discipline. The second includes the arguments supporting a science of sport. The third consists of the arguments in favour of to a eld of human movement study. The examination of these arguments produced the following results. (a) The area of physical education does not satisfy the conditions presupposed by the de nition of academic discipline. This is so because the area does not form an integrated system of scienti c theories. (b) The same di culty emerges from the examination of the ar guments for sport science. There is no science of sport because there is no integrated system of scienti c theories related to sport. (c) The arguments in favour of a eld of study yielded more productive results. However di culties arise from the de nition of human movement. The analysis of this concept showed that its limits are not well demarcated. This makes it problematic to take human movement as the focus of a eld of studies. These aspects led to the conclusion that such things as an academic discipline of physical education sport science and eld of human movement studies do not exist. At least there are not such things in the sense of autonomous branches of knowledge. This does not imply that a more integrated inquiry based on several disciplines is not possible and desirable. This would enable someone entering phys ical education to nd a more organised structure of knowledge with some generally accepted problem situations procedures and theories on which to base professional practice.

Um currículo de física para as primeiras séries do ensino fundamental

A presente dissertação oferece o relato de um programa desenvolvido para crianças de idades entre sete e dez anos, às quais foi oferecida a oportunidade de aprender Física através de atividades experimentais do tipo mão-na-massa (hands-on) como parte de um ensino baseado em pesquisa (inquiry-based). Este programa foi desenvolvido na Escola Panamericana de Porto Alegre, além de ter incluído, em 2003, uma série de oficinas de Física com uma turma de quarta série do Colégio Bom Conselho, também de Porto Alegre. O referencial teórico que dá suporte a esse trabalho é o Construtivismo, com destaque aos estágios de desenvolvimento de Piaget, a importância da interação social de Vygotsky e os Campos Conceituais de Vergnaud. Os resultados colhidos ao longo desse período de quatro anos mostram, além do entusiasmo da maioria das crianças, um claro desenvolvimento em suas capacidades de observar fenômenos, propor teorias baseadas em suas observações e analisar criticamente essas teorias à luz de novas situações e novos dados observados. Também tem sido observada uma atitude continuamente mais independente por parte dessas crianças, que passaram a tomar a iniciativa de desenvolver projetos de pesquisa, construir modelos e propor testes experimentais às suas próprias teorias. Também são discutidas opções para o desenvolvimento de programas semelhantes em outras escolas.

Diagnóstico de enfermagem: estratégia educativa fundamentada na aprendizagem baseada em problemas

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma estratégia de ensino sobre diagnósticos de enfermagem, fundamentada na aprendizagem, baseada em problemas no desempenho do raciocínio clínico e julgamento diagnóstico dos discentes de graduação. É estudo experimental, realizado em duas fases: validação de conteúdo dos problemas e aplicação da estratégia educativa. Os resultados mostraram melhora na capacidade de agrupamento dos dados dos discentes do grupo experimental. Conclui-se que houve influência positiva da estratégia implementada

Nas asas de Ícaro: uma análise da Pedagogia Freinet do 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental na perspectiva da ação docente continuada

Célestin Freinet was one of the most memorable educators of the twentieth century. He presented some educational alternatives that had the objective of stimulating the construction of pedagogic actions to promote the social development of the student based upon a work centered on the free expression as the way to self-structure the knowledge. With a permanent proposal of research based on the enquiry-based learning, Freinet set human capacity (cognitive, social-affective, psychometrical) taking cooperation in consideration on the processes of knowledge construction. Based on this referential, this present work has the objective to show Freinet s pedagogy in a continuous teaching action from 2nd to 5th grade focusing the teacher s discourse and also the educative practice of the students of a city public school in Natal. The observed work revealed the teacher s discourse and educative experience and delineated the students development while immersed into Freinet s educational practice. By virtue of the nature and specificity of the theme that guided our research, we chose a qualitative approach to it, as a way of conducting ourselves during our investigative process. We observed and analyzed the method that was used to conduct the activities in the classroom, as well as the ways of expression that the children used through drawings, words (oral text), or through writing. We highlight, among the written texts, the individual and collective texts, and also letters and notes, which during some moments served as a base to express a diversity of languages. The results, after a analyzing the research data, point towards a teaching practice that favors the construction of a significant learning process through the grasping of the school environment, on which all these factors are based: society, knowledge acquisition, abilities, attitudes and values. This learning process also strengthens human solidarity bonds and mutual tolerance, on which the student s social life is seated.

O impacto das tarefas de aprendizagem mediadas pela lousa digital interativa na motivação situacional de aprendizes de inglês

Some authors have suggested that learning tasks conducted in L2 classes can motivate learners in different ways. Similarly, Interactive Whiteboards (IWB) have already been linked as drivers to engagement and enthusiasm in L2 classes, which may cause some impact on affective variables that influence learning (e.g. motivation). This crosssectional mixed-methods study aims to understand how situational motivation caused by learning tasks mediated by the IWB impact participants. We seek to answer the following research questions: (1) How does motivation as a personality trait of the learner relate to his/her additional language learning performance?, (2) How does the type of learning task mediated by the IWB impact the learner s motivation?, (3) How does motivation vary along the learning task mediated by the IWB? and (4) What is the relation between the learning task motivation and the learners perception about the task mediated by the IWB? Data collection lasted four months with 29 learners from a private language school. The instruments used were the following: (a) an initial questionnaire (adapted from the Attitudes/Motivation Test Battery by GARDNER, 2004), (b) situation-specific on-line scales to assess learners motivation in three moments: before, during and after the task, and analyze how motivation varies along the task; (c) class observations and field notes resulting from these observations, (d) participants end-of-course grades to understand the connection between academic success and their motivational profiles and (e) a final questionnaire with the qualitative purpose to know learners perceptions about the tasks mediated by the IWB. Our theoretical framework is based on Task-Based Learning and cognitive aspects present in tasks (WILLIS, 1996; SKEHAN, 1996), theories on motivation and second language learning (GARDNER, 2001; DÖRNYEI e OTTÓ, 1998; DÖRNYEI, 2000; 2002) and conceptions about L2 learning mediated by technology (GIBSON, 2001; OLIVEIRA, 2001; MILLER et al, 2005). Our results do not point out to a significative correlation between learners end-of-course grades and their motivational profiles. However, they indicate that there is some variability in situational motivation along the tasks, even among learning tasks from the same type. Furthermore, they show that learners report different perceptions for each learning task and that the impact of the IWB on participants did not have a large proportion

Teaching in the community: Changing and implementing a new curriculum

The Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu is changing to, and implementing a new curriculum aimed at integrating teaching and learning in the community. Emphasis is on preparing the community settings for teaching, learning and providing health care. A particular task is staff development with emphasis on problem-based learning (PBL) and training medical and nursing students in the leadership to participate in this process. The new curriculum includes the gradual introduction of clinical practice during First Year, integration of the basic sciences with clinical sciences, through integrated modules studied in small groups, and maintenance of the two year clerkship. The undergraduates are introduced gradually to the community: 8% of the total curriculum during First Year, 10% during Second Year, 10% during Third Year, 20% during Fourth Year, 30% during Fifth and Sixth Years. The basic health units at primary care level, and the regional specialty outpatients and hospitals at the second level, are the main teaching sites. An Education Development Committee was established to discuss the strategies for supporting the changes and to structure the planning for promoting the gradual transformation of staff development. After 18 months of implementation of the curriculum, there followed discussions and monitoring of the objectives of changes in medical education at our school. Successful implementation of the new curriculum would fail, if the objectives were not absorbed by every member of the implementation Committee.

Trabalhando com estratégias de ensino-aprendizado por descoberta na área da saúde: a problematização e a aprendizagem baseada em problemas.

Considering the changes in teaching in the health field and the demand for new ways of dealing with knowledge in higher learning, the article discusses two innovative methodological approaches: problem-based learning (PBL) and problematization. Describing the two methods' theoretical roots, the article attempts to identify their main foundations. As distinct proposals, both contribute to a review of the teaching and learning process: problematization, focused on knowledge construction in the context of the formation of a critical awareness; PBL, focused on cognitive aspects in the construction of concepts and appropriation of basic mechanisms in science. Both problematization and PBL lead to breaks with the traditional way of teaching and learning, stimulating participatory management by actors in the experience and reorganization of the relationship between theory and practice. The critique of each proposal's possibilities and limits using the analysis of their theoretical and methodological foundations leads us to conclude that pedagogical experiences based on PBL and/or problematization can represent an innovative trend in the context of health education, fostering breaks and more sweeping changes.

Grupo interdisciplinar: Construção de unidade educacional sistematizada em aprendizagem baseada em problemas

In 2003 the construction team of the 1st grade of the medical and nursing courses from a medical school began a work aiming at curriculum reconstruction, and restructured cognitive contents and the integration of basic and clinical aspects, in order to adapt to the incentive program for Curriculum Changes (PROMED) which allows for the continuity of curricular innovations. This team worked considering the group dynamics, a method already used in tutorial sessions which teachers have some familiarity with. For a good group performance the team participants were divided into two subgroups: one for constructing educational problems and the other for doing cognitive assessment exercises. The team and the subgroups met weekly, and every 15 days the group met for socialization of information, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the process and/or products. A good adhesion, an active involvement of participants and satisfaction expressed by each participant with their inclusion in the group were reflected in the final product and contributed to the subjects' commitment to the proposal. This way, in the process the individual transformations and relations in a situation requiring the collaboration of professionals were essential in the process of permanent curricular reconstruction.

Aprendizado baseado em problemas, um novo conceito para a formação do designer e a sustentabilidade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)