Fusion weld metal solidification:Continuum from weld interface to centerline

We present a brief résumé of the history of solidification research and key factors affecting the solidification of fusion welds. There is a general agreement of the basic solidification theory, albeit differing - even confusing - nomenclatures do exist, and Cases 2 and 3 (the Chalmers' basic boundary conditions for solidification, categorized by Savage as Cases) are variably emphasized. Model Frame, a tool helping to model the continuum of fusion weld solidification from start to end, is proposed. It incorporates the general solidification models, of which the pertinent ones are selected for the actual modeling. The basic models are the main solidification Cases 1…4. These discrete Cases are joined with Sub-Cases: models of Pfann, Flemings and others, bringing needed Sub-Case variables into the model. Model Frame depicts a grain growing from the weld interface to its centerline. Besides modeling, the Model Frame supports education and academic debate. The new mathematical modeling techniques will extend its use into multi-dimensional modeling, introducing new variables and increasing the modeling accuracy. We propose a model: melting/solidification-model (M/S-model) - predicting the solute profile at the start of the solidification of a fusion weld. This Case 3-based Sub-Case takes into account the melting stage, the solute back-diffusion in the solid, and the growth rate acceleration typical to fusion welds. We propose - based on works of Rutter & Chalmers, David & Vitek and our experimental results on copper - that NEGS-EGS-transition is not associated only with cellular-dendritic-transition. Solidification is studied experimentally on pure and doped copper with welding speed range from 0 to 200 cm/min, with one test at 3000 cm/min. Found were only planar and cellular structures, no dendrites - columnar or equiaxed. Cell sub structures: rows of cubic elements we call "cubelettes", "cell-bands" and "micro-cells", as well as an anomalous crack morphology "crack-eye", were detected, as well as microscopic hot crack nucleus we call "grain-lag cracks", caused by a grain slightly lagging behind its neighbors in arrival to the weld centerline. Varestraint test and R-test revealed a change of crack morphologies from centerline cracks to grainand cell boundary cracks with an increasing welding speed. High speed made the cracks invisible to bare eye and hardly detectable with light microscope, while electron microscope often revealed networks of fine micro-cracks.

Dokumentinhallinta verkottuneessa teollisuusympäristössä

Dokumentinhallintajärjestelmien kehittyessä vuosi vuodelta voi yritykselle tulla aiheelli-seksi vaihtaa jo käytössä oleva dokumentinhallinjärjestelmä uuteen. Tällaisessa tilanteessa katsotaan uuden järjestelmän hyödyn olevan suurempi kuin dokumentinhallinjärjestelmän vaihdosta koituvat kustannukset. Myös yhtiön sisäisen rakenteen tai toimintamallien muu-tos voi aiheellistaa dokumentinhallintajärjestelmän vaihtoon. Suurimpia haasteita dokumentinhallijärjestelmästä toiseen siirtymisessä oli dokumentin mukana tulevien ominaisuuksien (attributes) muuntamisessa uuden dokumentinhallijärjes-telmän mukaisiksi. Ominaisuuksien muuttamisella optimoidaan hyötyä, jota dokumentin-hallintajärjestelmän vaihdosta saadaan. Tämä kuitenkin pidentää dokumentinhallijärjestel-mien siirtoaikaa. Jotta siirtoaikaa voitaisiin lyhentää, oli luotava muunnostaulukoita joiden mukaan teknisten dokumenttien ominaisuuksia muutetaan uuteen muotoon. Näitä muunnostaulukoita tulkit-sevat pääasiassa muunnokseen kehitetyt ohjelmat, mutta vaikeissa tapauksissa muunnok-sen joutuu hoitamaan ihminen. Siirron yhteydessä päätavoitteena on kuitenkin informaati-on säilyminen tai jopa sen kasvattaminen, vaikka se työtä hidastaisikin. Kasvavassa teollisuusyrityksessä teknisten dokumenttien versiointivauhti on kova ja koska dokumentteja versioi yleensä myös jokin ulkopuolinen taho, on dokumenttien liikenne suurta myös yrityksen dokumentinhallintajärjestelmän ulkopuolella. Dokumentit voivat liikkua joko kahden eri verkossa olevan dokumentinjärjestelmän välillä tai dokumenteilla voi olla jokin ulkoinen sijoituspaikka versioinnin aikana. Täten on yrityksen otettava huo-mioon myös dokumentinhallijärjestelmän ulkopuolinen dokumentinhallinta.

Konepajateollisuuden komponenttitoimittajasta järjestelmätoimittajaksi

Konepajateollisuuden suurasiakkaiden kansainvälistymisen myötä on noussut esiin uusia haasteita ja tarpeita, joihin yritysten tulisi pystyä vastaamaan kilpailukyvyn säilyttämiseksi. Konepajateollisuudessa tämä tarkoittaa entistä tiukempaa keskittymistä ydinosaamisalueisiin, kilpailuedun säilyttämistä, kustannustason sekä laadun hallintaa ja tehtävien jakoa päämiehiltä omille toimittajilleen verkostossa. Toimittajaverkostoissa toimii lukuisa määrä erikokoisia ja - tasoisia alihankkijoita, joista päämiesten lähimpinä toimittajina ovat niin kutsutut järjestelmätoimittajat. Tässä diplomityössä on tutkittu verkostoitumista ja sen perusteita lähinnä konepajateollisuuden kannalta, alan alihankintaverkostoa yleisesti sekä paikallisesti eteläisessä Kymenlaaksossa. Järjestelmätoimittajuuteen on kiinnitetty erityistä huomiota. Työssä on haettu sellaisia pk-yrityksiltä vaadittavia toimenpiteitä ja ominaisuuksia, jotta nouseminen jonkun päähankkijan komponenttitoimittajasta järjestelmätoimittajaksi olisi mahdollista. Aihetta on tarkasteltu teoreettisesti tutkimusten, julkaisujen ja kirjallisuuden avulla. Tämän lisäksi on suoritettu benchmarkkauksia muutamille menestyneille, konepajateollisuudessa toimiville ja järjestelmätoimittajiksi kehittyneille yrityksille. Näiden kerättyjen tietojen perusteella on tehty johtopäätöksiä ja niistä edelleen käytännön kehitystoimenpiteiden ja vaatimusten kartoitus sekä toimintasuunnitelma eräälle Kymenlaakson seudulta olevalle metallialan pk-yritykselle, jolla on tunnistettu olevan mahdollisuudet kehittyä järjestelmätoimittajaksi ja mitä liiketoimintamallia yrityksen johto pitää varteenotettavana vaihtoehtona ja kiinnostavana mahdollisuutena.

On the Analysis and Control of a Linear Synchronous Servomotor with a Flexible Load

Industry's growing need for higher productivity is placing new demands on mechanisms connected with electrical motors, because these can easily lead to vibration problems due to fast dynamics. Furthermore, the nonlinear effects caused by a motor frequently reduce servo stability, which diminishes the controller's ability to predict and maintain speed. Hence, the flexibility of a mechanism and its control has become an important area of research. The basic approach in control system engineering is to assume that the mechanism connected to a motor is rigid, so that vibrations in the tool mechanism, reel, gripper or any apparatus connected to the motor are not taken into account. This might reduce the ability of the machine system to carry out its assignment and shorten the lifetime of the equipment. Nonetheless, it is usually more important to know how the mechanism, or in other words the load on the motor, behaves. A nonlinear load control method for a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor is developed and implemented in the thesis. The purpose of the controller is to track a flexible load to the desired velocity reference as fast as possible and without awkward oscillations. The control method is based on an adaptive backstepping algorithm with its stability ensured by the Lyapunov stability theorem. As a reference controller for the backstepping method, a hybrid neural controller is introduced in which the linear motor itself is controlled by a conventional PI velocity controller and the vibration of the associated flexible mechanism is suppressed from an outer control loop using a compensation signal from a multilayer perceptron network. To avoid the local minimum problem entailed in neural networks, the initial weights are searched for offline by means of a differential evolution algorithm. The states of a mechanical system for controllers are estimated using the Kalman filter. The theoretical results obtained from the control design are validated with the lumped mass model for a mechanism. Generalization of the mechanism allows the methods derived here to be widely implemented in machine automation. The control algorithms are first designed in a specially introduced nonlinear simulation model and then implemented in the physical linear motor using a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) application. The measurements prove that both controllers are capable of suppressing vibration, but that the backstepping method is superior to others due to its accuracy of response and stability properties.

Nature of the Epidemic Threshold for the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Dynamics in Networks

We develop an analytical approach to the susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic model that allows us to unravel the true origin of the absence of an epidemic threshold in heterogeneous networks. We find that a delicate balance between the number of high degree nodes in the network and the topological distance between them dictates the existence or absence of such a threshold. In particular, small-world random networks with a degree distribution decaying slower than an exponential have a vanishing epidemic threshold in the thermodynamic limit.

Statistical mechanics of multi-edge networks

Statistical properties of binary complex networks are well understood and recently many attempts have been made to extend this knowledge to weighted ones. There are, however, subtle yet important considerations to be made regarding the nature of the weights used in this generalization. Weights can be either continuous or discrete magnitudes, and in the latter case, they can additionally have undistinguishable or distinguishable nature. This fact has not been addressed in the literature insofar and has deep implications on the network statistics. In this work we face this problem introducing multiedge networks as graphs where multiple (distinguishable) connections between nodes are considered. We develop a statistical mechanics framework where it is possible to get information about the most relevant observables given a large spectrum of linear and nonlinear constraints including those depending both on the number of multiedges per link and their binary projection. The latter case is particularly interesting as we show that binary projections can be understood from multiedge processes. The implications of these results are important as many real-agent-based problems mapped onto graphs require this treatment for a proper characterization of their collective behavior.

Spectral properties of the Laplacian of multiplex networks.

One of the more challenging tasks in the understanding of dynamical properties of models on top of complex networks is to capture the precise role of multiplex topologies. In a recent paper, Gómez et al. [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 028701 (2013)], some of the authors proposed a framework for the study of diffusion processes in such networks. Here, we extend the previous framework to deal with general configurations in several layers of networks and analyze the behavior of the spectrum of the Laplacian of the full multiplex. We derive an interesting decoupling of the problem that allow us to unravel the role played by the interconnections of the multiplex in the dynamical processes on top of them. Capitalizing on this decoupling we perform an asymptotic analysis that allow us to derive analytical expressions for the full spectrum of eigenvalues. This spectrum is used to gain insight into physical phenomena on top of multiplex, specifically, diffusion processes and synchronizability.

A systems biology approach identifies molecular networks defining skeletal muscle abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an inflammatory process of the lung inducing persistent airflow limitation. Extensive systemic effects, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction, often characterize these patients and severely limit life expectancy. Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of muscle degeneration in COPD is still a matter of intense debate. In this study, we have applied a network biology approach to model the relationship between muscle molecular and physiological response to training and systemic inflammatory mediators. Our model shows that failure to co- ordinately activate expression of several tissue remodelling and bioenergetics pathways is a specific landmark of COPD diseased muscles. Our findings also suggest that this phenomenon may be linked to an abnormal expression of a number of histone modifiers, which we discovered correlate with oxygen utilization. These observations raised the interesting possibility that cell hypoxia may be a key factor driving skeletal muscle degeneration in COPD patients.

Structural Brain Connectivity in School-Age Preterm Infants Provides Evidence for Impaired Networks Relevant for Higher Order Cognitive Skills and Social Cognition.

Extreme prematurity and pregnancy conditions leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affect thousands of newborns every year and increase their risk for poor higher order cognitive and social skills at school age. However, little is known about the brain structural basis of these disabilities. To compare the structural integrity of neural circuits between prematurely born controls and children born extreme preterm (EP) or with IUGR at school age, long-ranging and short-ranging connections were noninvasively mapped across cortical hemispheres by connection matrices derived from diffusion tensor tractography. Brain connectivity was modeled along fiber bundles connecting 83 brain regions by a weighted characterization of structural connectivity (SC). EP and IUGR subjects, when compared with controls, had decreased fractional anisotropy-weighted SC (FAw-SC) of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop connections while cortico-cortical association connections showed both decreased and increased FAw-SC. FAw-SC strength of these connections was associated with poorer socio-cognitive performance in both EP and IUGR children.

Dendritic Spine Abnormalities in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Underlying Memory Deficits in the SAMP8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

SAMP8 is a strain of mice with accelerated senescence. These mice have recently been the focus of attention as they show several alterations that have also been described in Alzheimer"s disease (AD) patients. The number of dendritic spines, spine plasticity, and morphology are basic to memory formation. In AD, the density of dendritic spines is severely decreased. We studied memory alterations using the object recognition test. We measured levels of synaptophysin as a marker of neurotransmission and used Golgi staining to quantify and characterize the number and morphology of dendritic spines in SAMP8 mice and in SAMR1 as control animals. While there were no memory differences at 3 months of age, the memory of both 6- and 9-month-old SAMP8 mice was impaired in comparison with age-matched SAMR1 mice or young SAMP8 mice. In addition, synaptophysin levels were not altered in young SAMP8 animals, but SAMP8 aged 6 and 9 months had less synaptophysin than SAMR1 controls and also less than 3-month-old SAMP8 mice. Moreover, while spine density remained stable with age in SAMR1 mice, the number of spines started to decrease in SAMP8 animals at 6 months, only to get worse at 9 months. Our results show that from 6 months onwards SAMP8 mice show impaired memory. This age coincides with that at which the levels of synaptophysin and spine density decrease. Thus, we conclude that together with other studies that describe several alterations at similar ages, SAMP8 mice are a very suitable model for studying AD.

Beyond contact-based transmission networks: the role of spatial coincidence.

Animal societies rely on interactions between group members to effectively communicate and coordinate their actions. To date, the transmission properties of interaction networks formed by direct physical contacts have been extensively studied for many animal societies and in all cases found to inhibit spreading. Such direct interactions do not, however, represent the only viable pathways. When spreading agents can persist in the environment, indirect transmission via 'same-place, different-time' spatial coincidences becomes possible. Previous studies have neglected these indirect pathways and their role in transmission. Here, we use rock ant colonies, a model social species whose flat nest geometry, coupled with individually tagged workers, allowed us to build temporally and spatially explicit interaction networks in which edges represent either direct physical contacts or indirect spatial coincidences. We show how the addition of indirect pathways allows the network to enhance or inhibit the spreading of different types of agent. This dual-functionality arises from an interplay between the interaction-strength distribution generated by the ants' movement and environmental decay characteristics of the spreading agent. These findings offer a general mechanism for understanding how interaction patterns might be tuned in animal societies to control the simultaneous transmission of harmful and beneficial agents.

Sähkönjakelun luotettavuusindeksit ja laskenta

Tässä kandidaatintyössä on käsitelty sähkönjakelun luotettavuusanalysointia, laskentaa sekä luotettavuusindeksejä. Työssä on esitelty luotettavuusanalysoinnin perusperiaatteet ja keskitytty sähkönjakelun luotettavuuden tarkasteluun analyyttisin menetelmin ja yksinkertaisin esimerkein. Lisäksi on esitelty yleisimmät käytössä olevat luotettavuusindeksit. Luotettavuusanalysoinnilla on kasvava merkitys verkkoliiketoiminnan, sen sääntelyn sekä verkoston suunnittelun ja kehittämisen kannalta nyky-yhteiskunnassa, jossa vaaditaan yhä luotettavampaa ja keskeytyksettömämpää sähkönjakelua. Suomessa sähkönjakeluverkon säteittäisen käyttöperiaatteen myötä luotettavuuslaskentaan tarvittavat yhtälöt yksinkertaistuvat muutamaan perusyhtälöön. Tällöin jo yksinkertaisilla laskutoimituksilla voidaan huomioida keskeytyskustannusten vaikutus verkoston optimoinnissa sekä hyödyntää luotettavuusindeksejä verkkoyhtiöiden sääntelymallissa laatukannustimena. Luotettavuusanalysoinnin ja sen osana suoritettavan laskennan tuloksena saatavien luotettavuutta eri tavoin kuvaavien indeksien laaja kirjo ja niiden kirjava soveltaminen eri maissa vaikeuttavat indeksien perusteella tehtävää keskinäistä vertailua. Suomessa viranomainen julkaisee tilastoitavat ja tarkasteltavat indeksit, jotka palvelevat näin ollen viranomaisen sääntelyn tarpeita kotimaisella tasolla sekä toimivat verkoston kehittämisen tukena.