Pattern formation in polymer films under the mask

This paper presents a straightforward method for patterning thin films of polymers, i.e. a prepatterned mask is used to induce self-assembly of polymers and the resulting pattern is the same as the lateral structures in the mask on a submicrometre length scale, The patterns can be formed at above T-g + 30 degreesC in a short time and the external electric field is not crucial. Electrostatic force is assumed to be the driving force for the pattern transfer. Viscous fingering and novel stress-relief lateral morphology induced under the featureless mask are also observed and the formation mechanisms are discussed.

Surface morphology control of immiscible polymer-blend thin films

The effects of the molecular weights (molecular weight of polystyrene, M-w,M-PS, varying from 2.9 to 129 k) on the surface morphologies of spin-coated and annealed polystyrene/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA = 50/50, w/w) blend films were investigated by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For the spin-coated films, when the M-w,M-PS varied from 2.9 to 129 k, three different kinds of surface morphologies (a nanophase-separated morphology, a PMMA cellular or network-like morphology whose meshes filled with PS, a sea-island like morphology) were observed and their formation mechanisms are discussed, respectively. Upon annealing, two different morphology-evolution processes were observed. It is found that a upper PS-rich phase layer is formed when M-w,M-PS < 4 k, and this behavior is mainly attributed to the low interfacial tension between PS and PMMA component. When M-w,M-PS > 4 k, the PS-rich phase forms droplets on top of the PMMA-rich phase layer which wets the SiOx substrate. These results indicate that the surface morphology of the polymer blend films can be controlled by the polymer molecular weight and annealing conditions.

A strategy for constructing a hybrid bilayer membrane based on a carbon substrate

We construct a hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) on a new substrate-carbon electrode. It is an extension of HBM based on other substrates. Primary alkylamine was chemically modified onto the surface of a carbon electrode by electrochemical scans; thus, a monolayer was formed on the electrode. Because the alkane chains section is toward the outside, a hydrophobic surface was constructed. Then a lipid monolayer was spread on the hydrophobic surface of the carbon electrode. The formed HBM was characterized by electrochemical and ATR-FT-IR methods. From ATR-FT-IR results, the lipid order parameter (S) of 0.73 was obtained. This kind of hybrid membrane has the advantages of a lipid/alkanethiol HBM. A potential application of this HBM as a biosensor (detecting K+) was given.

Site-selective self-assembly of MPA-bridged CuHCF multilayers on APTMS-supported gold colloid electrodes

(3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS)-supported gold colloid electrode was constructed by virtue of a recently developed solution-based self-assembly strategy. The preparing procedure of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-bridged copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) multilayers on a planar macroelectrode (Bharathi et al. Langmuir 2001, 17, 7468) was copied to the as-prepared colloid electrode. The optical spectra, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemistry demonstrate successful copy of the multilayer system on a macroelectrode to the as-prepared colloid electrode. Remarkably, it was found that multilayer growth is highly selective to the nanoscale sites where gold nanoparticles are immobilized, and multilayer growth does not take place on the sites without nanoparticles. Interestingly, a preliminary electrochemical investigation indicates that electrochemical properties of multilayers systems on the colloid electrode are different from their counterparts on a planar macroelectrode, which might be due to high curvature effects of the gold nanoparticles. This indicates a different motif of multilayers on the colloid electrode from that on a planar macroelectrode.

Preparation of gold nanoparticles protected with polyelectrolyte

Gold nanoparticles were synthesized through the reduction of tetrachlorauric acid (HAuCl4) by NaBH4, with polyethyleneimine(PEI) as stabilizer. The nanoparticles were characterized by LTV-vis spectroscopy and atomic. force microscopy(AFM).

Ring-opening polymerization and block copolymerization of L-lactide with divalent samarocene complex

Divalent samarocene complex [(C5H9C5H4)(2)Sm(tetrahydrofuran)(2)] was prepared and characterized and used to catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide (L-LA) and copolymerization of L-LA with caprolactone (CL). Several factors affecting monomer conversion and molecular weight of polymer, such as polymerization time, temperature, monomer/catalyst ratio, and solvent, were examined. The results indicated that polymerization was rapid, with monomer conversions reaching 100% within 1 h, and the conformation of L-LA was retained. The structure of the block copolymer of CL/L-LA was characterized by NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphological changes during crystallization of poly(caprolactone) (PCL)-b-P(L-LA) copolymer were monitored with real-time hot-stage atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of temperature on the morphological change and crystallization behavior of PCL-b-P(L-LA) copolymer was demonstrated through AFM observation.

Nanometer scale mechanical study on well defined nanostructured chain aggregation of polyethylene

Two kinds of polyethylene chain aggregation with chain axis perpendicular and parallel to the supported substrate were designed and successfully obtained from melt under an electric field and by melt-drawn method

AFM studies of DNA structures on mica in the presence of alkaline earth metal ions

As counterions of DNA on mica, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were used for,clarifying whether DNA molecules equilibrate or are trapped on mica surface. End to end distance and contour lengths were determined from statistical analysis of AFM data. It was revealed that DNA molecules can equilibrate on mica when Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ are counterions. When Ba2+ is present, significantly crossovered DNA molecules indicate that it is most difficult for DNA to equilibrate on mica and the trapping degree is different under different preparation conditions. In the presence of ethanol, using AFM we have also observed the dependence of B A conformational transition on counterion identities. The four alkaline earth metal ions cause the B-A transition in different degrees, in which Sr2+ induces the greatest structural transition.

Photochromic behavior and luminescent properties of novel hybrid organic-inorganic film doped with Preyssler's heteropoly acid H-12[EuP5W30O110] and polyvinylpyrrolidone

A novel hybrid photochromic composite film composed of Preyssler's heteropoly acid H-12[EuP5W30O110] (EuP5W30) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was prepared by dip-coating method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface topography. The change of characteristic peak in the infrared spectra (IR) was investigated. The TG curve showed three steps of weight loss and approximately revealed the composition of the hybrid film. Ultraviolet-visible adsorption spectra (UV-VIS) and electron resonance spectrum (ESR) were used to investigate the photochromic behavior and mechanism of hybrid film. The photoluminescent behavior of the film at room temperature was investigated to show the characteristic Eu3+ emission pattern of D-5(o)-F-7(J). The occurrence of photoluminescent activity confirms the potential for creating luminescent thin film with polyoxometalates (POMs).

Conformation change of horseradish peroxidase in lipid membrane

The electrochemical behavior of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The direct electron transfer of HRP was observed in the DMPC bilayer. Only a small cathodic peak was observed for HRP on the bare GC electrode. The electron transfer of HRP in the DMPC membrane is facilitated by DMPC membrane. UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to study the interaction between HRP and DMPC membrane. On binding to the DMPC membrane the secondary structure of HRP remains unchanged while there is a substantial change in the conformation of the heme active site. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) was first applied for the investigation on the structure of HRP adsorbed on supported phospholipid bilayer on the mica and on the bare mica. HRP molecules adsorb and aggregate on the mica without DMPC bilayer. The aggregation indicates an attractive interaction among the adsorbed molecules. The molecules are randomly distributed in the DMPC bilayer. The adsorption of HRP in the DMPC bilayer changes drastically the domains and defects in the DMPC bilayer due to a strong interaction between HRP and DMPC films.

Fabrication of metalloporphyrin-polyoxometalyte hybrid film by layer-by-layer method and its catalysis for dioxygen reduction

Through layer-by-layer method [tetrakis(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrinato] cobalt (CoTMPyP) and polyoxometalyte were alternately deposited on 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) modified glassy carbon electrode. The resulting organic-inorganic hybrid films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was proved that the multilayer films are uniform and stable. CoTMPyP-containing multilayer films exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of O-2. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetry confirm that P2W18/CoTMPyP multilayer films can catalyze the four-electron almost reduction of O-2 to water in pH > 4.0 buffer solution, while SiW12/CoTMPyP multilayer films catalyze about two-electron reduction of O-2 to H2O2 in pH 1 - 6 buffer solutions. The kinetic constants for O-2 reduction were comparatively investigated at P2W18/CoTMPyP and SiW12/CoTMPyP multilayer films electrodes.

Gold nanoparticles as fine tuners of electrochemical properties of the electrode/solution interface

Recently, a novel approach for preparing SERS and SPR substrates was developed, which indicates a potential application in tailoring the interfacial structure of an electrode surface. In this study, (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was selected as a polymeric adhesive layer, and a low concentration of colloid Au solution was used to achieve a more accurate control over interface morphology at nanoscale dimensions due to slow self-assembling kinetics of gold nanoparticle's. Subsequent seeding growth of these MPTMS-supported submonolayers of gold nanoparticles in Au3+/NH2OH aqueous solution enlarges particle size and eventually results in the generation of conductive gold films (similar to previous (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane-supported gold films). Such tunable interface structure was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, ac impedance spectroscopy (ACIS) and cyclic voltammograms were performed to evaluate electrochemical properties of the as-prepared interfaces by using Fe(CN)(6) (3-/4-) couples as a probe. Furthermore, relevant theories of microarray electrodes were introduced into this study to explain the highly tunable electrochemical properties of the as-prepared interfaces. As a result, it is concluded that the electrochemical properties toward Fe(CN)(6) (3-/4-) couples are highly dependent on the active nanoelectrode (nanoparticles) area fraction and nanoparticles are fine-tuners of interfacial properties because the number density. (numbers/unit area) and size of nanoparticles are highly tunable by self-assembling and seeding growth time scale control. This is in agreement with the theoretical expectations for a microarray electrode if a single nanoparticle tethered to a blocking SAM is taken as a nanoelectrode and 2-D nanoparticle assemblies are taken as nanoelectrode arrays.

In situ study of nanostructure and morphological development during the crystal-mesophase transition of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) and poly(di-n-butylsilane) by X-ray and hot-stage AFM

Nanostructure and morphology and their development of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) (PDHS) and poly(di-n-butylsilane) (PDBS) during the crystal-mesophase transition are investigated using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide angle X-ray diffraction and hot-stage atomic force microscopy. At room temperature, PDHS consists of stacks of lamellae separated by mesophase layers, which can be well accounted using an ideal two-phase model. During the crystal-mesophase transition, obvious morphological changes are observed due to the marked changes in main chain conformation and intermolecular distances between crystalline phase and mesophase. In contrast to PDHS, the lamellae in PDBS barely show anisotropy in dimensions at room temperature. The nonperiodic structure and rather small electronic density fluctuation in PDBS lead to the much weak SAXS. The nonperiodic structure is preserved during the crystal-mesophase transition because of the similarity of main chain conformation and intermolecular distances between crystalline phase and mesophase.

Branched crystal morphology of linear polyethylene crystallized in a two-dimensional diffusion-controlled growth field

The branched crystal morphology of linear polyethylene formed at various temperatures from thin films has been studied by atomic-force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED) pattern and polymer decoration technique. Two types of branched patterns, i.e. dendrite and seaweed patterns, have been visualized. The fractal dimension d(f) = 1.65 of both dendrite and some of seaweed patterns was obtained by using the box-counting method, although most of the seaweed patterns are compact. Selected-area ED patterns indicate that the fold stems tilt about 34.5degrees around the b-axis and polymer decoration patterns show that the chain folding direction and regularity in two (200). regions are quite different from each other. Because of chain tilting, branched crystals show three striking features: 1) the lamella-like branches show two (200) regions with different thickness; 2) the crystals usually bend towards the thin region; 3) the thick region grows faster by developing branches, thus branches usually occur outside the thick region. The branched patterns show a characteristic width w, which gives a linear relationship with the crystallization temperature on a semilogarithmic plot.

Morphology and structure of nylon-2,14 single crystals from dilute solution

A perfect single crystal of nylon-2,14 was prepared from 0.02% (w/v) 1,4-butanediol solution by a "self-seeding" technique and isothermal crystallization at 120 and 145 degreesC. The morphology and structure features were examined by transmission electron microscopy with both image and diffraction modes, atomic force microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The nylon-2,14 single crystal grown from 1,4-butanediol at 145 degreesC inhabited a lathlike shape with a lamellar thickness of about 9 nm. Electron diffraction and WAXD data indicated that nylon-2,14 crystallized in a triclinic system with lattice dimensions a = 0.49 nm, b = 0.51 nm, c = 2.23 nm, alpha = 60.4degrees, beta = 77degrees, and gamma = 59degrees. The crystal structure is different from that of nylon-6,6 but similar to that of other members of nylon-2Y.