972 resultados para EROSION
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Field plots observations indicate that applying polyacrylamide to soil can reduce surface runoff by 18 4%~46 8%,decrease soil erosion by 13%~55%,and increase soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphate,available potassium in different degrees compared with not application.In addition,applying polyacrylamide can also increase corn yield by 540 5kg·ha -1 ,and net income by 240 5ha.
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The coupling between patch dynamics - described by the patch growth (horizontal and vertical), patch mortality, and life-history of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers., and the disturbance caused by the migration of subaqueous dunes over the plants was examined in a shallow NW Mediterranean bay (Alfacs Bay) where this species maintains a patchy cover. C. nodosa shoots survived substantial burial rates (up to 2.4 mm/day) by growing vertically at rates proportional to, albeit four-fold slower than, burial rates. Patch death was caused by erosion as large subaqueous dunes migrated pass the plant patch. Patch growth was fastest over the progressing slope of the dunes ( similar to 2.5 m year super(-1)) and flowering was also stimulated by sand accretion. The time interval between the passage of consecutive dunes, which sets the time window available for patch development, ranged between 2 and 6 years. This time interval allowed C. nodosa to recolonize bare substrata, with patch formation occurring about half a year after the disturbance, and also allowed established shoots to complete their life-cycle and produce seeds and thus enable subsequent recolonization. The time windows available for patch development also set an upper limit to patch size of about 26 m. Significant cross correlations between dune topography and patch dynamics and plant flowering frequency provide evidence that the spatial heterogeneity in the vegetation is closely associated with the disturbance imposed by the migration of sand dunes. The migration of subaqueous dunes maintains C. nodosa in a continuous state of colonization involving spatially asynchronous patch growth and subsequent mortality, which is ultimately responsible for the characteristic patchy landscape of this Bay.
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The vertical growth of shoots of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig in four meadows, along a range of exposure to waves, in the Mexican Caribbean was examined to elucidate its magnitude and its relationship to sediment dynamics. Average internodal length varied between 0.17 and 12.75 mm, and was greatest in the meadow which experienced the greatest burial by sand waves moved by Hurricane Gilbert (September 1988). Internodal length showed annual cycles, confirmed by the flower scars always preceding or coinciding with the annual minimum internodal length. These annual cycles on the shoot allowed estimation of annual leaf production, which varied, on average, between 14.2 and 19.3 leaves per shoot year-1. High vertical shoot growth was associated with long internodes and high leaf production rate, which increased with increasing vertical shoot growth to a maximum of approximately 25 leaves per shoot year-1, with vertical growth of about 30 mm year-1 or more. Average internodal length showed substantial interannual differences from perturbations derived from the passage of Hurricane Gilbert. The growth response of the plants surviving moderate burial and erosion after the hurricane involved enhanced vertical growth and increased leaf production, and reduced vertical growth, respectively, after 1988. The variability in shoot vertical growth of T testudinum can be separated into seasonal changes in plant growth, and long-term variability associated with episodic perturbations involving sediment redistribution by hurricanes.
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通过野外天然降雨产流及人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同植被对坡面土壤侵蚀及土壤铜元素流失的影响及降雨过程中铜元素的流失规律。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿、绿豆、荒草3种植被覆盖小区的年径流量为5183.8,5 366.2,3 867.3 m~3/km~2,比裸地减少33%,30.8%和50.1%;侵蚀模数为379.18.482.3,15.78 t/km~2,比裸地减少34.7%,16.4%和97.2%;全年全铜流失量为12.9,25.5,0.46 kg/km~2,有效铜流失量为6.22,11.01,0.15 kg/ km~2,分别比裸地减少67.3%,35.3%,98.8%和54.6%,19.6%,98.9%;(2)在模拟降雨过程中,农地小区的产流产沙强度过程呈现波动上升趋势,产沙过程波动较产流过程剧烈。铜元素流失强度过程与产流产沙强度过程相似,但其峰值多于产流产沙过程,且最高峰出现时间不同。有效铜流失强度变化率略高于全铜。
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根据安塞水土保持试验站1993~2002年林地径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料及2002年土壤含水量资料,分析了不同树种对坡面尺度降雨产流产沙及土壤水分的影响。结果表明:场降雨径流小区的产流量、产沙量与降雨量具有较好的相关性;多元回归分析表明,场降雨产流量和产沙量与降雨量和最大30min雨强的乘积呈正相关,与植被覆盖度呈负相关,场降雨产沙量回归方程复相关系数为0.253,各处理场降雨产流量回归方程复相关系数的变化范围为0.465~0.723,均达到了极显著的水平(P<0.01)。同时,各树种均具有良好的减流减沙功能,与农地相比,年均产流量和产沙量分别减少4.8%~52.9%和26.8%~86.0%;沙棘纯林及其混交林的减流减沙效益优于油松纯林。同时,沙棘纯林及其各混交林在造林初期就表现出良好的减流减沙效益,随着树龄的增长,其作用更加明显;而油松纯林在造林初期作用不明显,甚至出现产流量和产沙量大于农地的现象,但随着树龄的增长,减流减沙作用逐渐呈现并增大。沙棘纯林及其混交林30cm以下土壤含水量在整个生长季中均呈递减趋势,生长季初(4月份)土壤含水量最高,而生长季末(10月份)降到最低值。2002年沙棘纯林的...
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黄土丘陵区是水土流失治理的重点区,由于大规模以植被恢复重建的生态建设和以石油资源开发引起的山区道路建设对本地区侵蚀环境和侵蚀动力机制产生了巨大影响,坡面水土流失与道路水土流失对比发生了新变化,在坡面侵蚀得到初步治理的新环境下,水土流失源于道路侵蚀则上升为主要地位。本文分析了2005年7月2日次降雨引起的支道山路(植物路)、干道山路、石油运输道路和农林草地小区、小支沟的径流、泥沙系统监测结果,提出在本次降雨条件下,三类道路的产沙强度分别为:支道山路500 t.km-2、干道山路3163 t.km-2和运油道路13500 t.km-2,而农林草地下垫面的产沙强度则仅为:5.68~184.38 t.km-2,道路产沙强度远大于农林草地的产沙强度,道路产沙量占流域总产沙量的42%。而灌草地侵蚀产沙仅占流域的26.7%。进而提出黄土高原丘陵区水土流失治理应该重点放在道路防蚀的观点,成果有助于社会主义新农村建设。
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该文以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区普遍发育的地表和地上两种生物结皮为研究对象,分别以3种非生物结皮(无结皮、物理结皮、去除生物结皮)为对照,使用盘式入渗仪测定其饱和导水率。结果表明:与无结皮土壤相比,两种类型生物结皮均可极显著降低土壤饱和导水率;与去除生物结皮土壤相比,两种类型生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低均不显著;与有物理结皮发育的土壤相比,地表生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低不显著,而地上生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低显著。一方面,两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率均有明显降低作用,预示生物结皮在降雨活动中可能会增加径流、降低入渗,阻碍研究区水分亏缺条件下的植被恢复和生态与环境建设。另一方面,与不同的对照相比,生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响截然不同,该结论可在一定程度上解释当前有关生物结皮影响土壤水分入渗方面所存在的分歧。
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模型验证和数据库组建基础上,用WinEPIC模型定量模拟研究了黄土高原半湿润区长武、半干旱区固原和半干旱偏旱区海原20~30年内苜蓿草地水分生产潜力、10m土层土壤有效含水量和土壤湿度剖面分布特征的动态变化.结果表明:长武、固原和海原苜蓿草地水分生产潜力模拟值随降水量变化而呈现波动性降低趋势,其平均值分别为8.81、3.83和2.48t.hm-2;长武、固原和海原苜蓿草地10m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值均呈现明显的波动性降低趋势,模拟初期,4~8年生苜蓿草地土壤干燥化趋势十分强烈,此后,随降水量变化长期在较低水平上波动;随着苜蓿生长年限的延长,苜蓿草地土壤干层逐年加深、加厚,长武、固原和海原土壤干层分布深度达到10m所需时间依次为6、6和4年,此后苜蓿草地降水渗深以下土层长期维持较为稳定的干燥化状态;苜蓿草地水分持续利用的合理年限为半湿润区8~10年,半干旱区6~8年,半干旱偏旱区4~6年.
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以黄土高原陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域为例,研究了该区以苔藓为主要成分的沙土和黄土两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:(1)两种生物结皮均能显著增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量,降低容重和饱和导水率,其中沙土生物结皮还可明显粘化0~25cm土壤质地;(2)两种生物结皮均能不同程度的增加土壤全量养分、速效养分以及有机质含量,降低pH值,但其影响多数集中在表层或结皮层;(3)土壤化学性质中,全氮、速效磷和有机质受生物结皮影响程度较大,而全氮、速效钾和有机质受生物结皮影响土层较深;(4)沙土生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响程度大于黄土生物结皮。两种类型生物结皮对所研究土壤理化性质的影响总体有利于该区生态环境的改善,且沙土生物结皮较黄土生物结皮具有更为重要的生态功能。
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鉴于至今还没有一个有效获取流域侵蚀产沙量的方法,在分析悬移质泥沙与侵蚀泥沙之间的数量与粒配关系的基础上,阐述了应用输沙量推演流域侵蚀量在理论上的可能性,但却存在着难点,且主要表现在水文站数量不足与区域分布不均、流域内的生态环境复杂与区域差异大、水文站输沙量观测记录起始时间不同步、及新技术应用存在时空条件的局限性。结合与侵蚀产沙和泥沙输移比相关的定性与定量指标,提出了应用输沙量推演流域侵蚀量的方法,即"层次类剔法",来计算与评估流域侵蚀量和泥沙输移比,具体的操作过程是首先制作一幅流域地貌类型地块图,然后是逐类型、逐类型地块的侵蚀量计算和沟道流域泥沙输移比的判断,最终获取流域不同地块的侵蚀强度和流域泥沙输移比。本研究结果可为水土流失监测点的选择提供科学依据,同时对解决流域的泥沙问题也有重要的启迪作用。
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为了给区域尺度的水土流失治理、规划及评价提供科学的依据,将"风险评价"的概念引入水土保持学科之中,定义了区域水土流失生态风险评价的概念,提出了评价的方法与步骤,构建了区域水土流失生态风险评价模型框架,并以延河流域为例进行了应用。结果表明:延河中游及安塞县和宝塔区为优先治理区;证明区域水土流失生态风险评价可以为政府水土保持管理决策提供参考。
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研究黄土高原沟壑区不同树种幼林的水土保持效益及其适应性。【方法】以草地为对照,对黄土高原沟壑区刺槐、油松、沙棘、侧柏纯林及其混交林径流小区的产流产沙情况、土壤水分状况及各树种的生理特性进行了分析。【结果】造林初期,各树种及其不同造林方式的水土保持效益均比较差,处于水土保持功能低下阶段,土壤侵蚀的差异主要是由植被的不同覆盖度引起的,二者呈二次多项式关系;回归分析表明,当覆盖度达53%时土壤侵蚀较为轻微。草地和各树种林下0~250 cm土层土壤水分变化较大,其中以刺槐消耗土壤水分最多,其次是侧柏,油松、沙棘和草地之间差异不明显;刺槐纯林与其混交林下土壤水分的差异比较明显,而其他树种不同造林方式下的土壤水分无明显差异。各树种叶片的水分利用效率表现为侧柏>油松≈沙棘>刺槐,油松与沙棘混交造林后两者的水分利用效率都有显著提高;各树种叶片的蒸腾速率表现为刺槐≈沙棘>油松>侧柏,沙棘与油松或刺槐混交后,油松与刺槐的蒸腾速率均有所降低,而沙棘变化不显著。【结论】综合考虑树种的水保效益及其适应性可以发现,沙棘与油松混交可能是黄土高原沟壑区较为适宜的一种造林方式。
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人工模拟放水冲刷试验研究结果表明 ,随放水冲刷强度的增大 ,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧 ,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少 ;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时 ,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的 0 .9%~ 3 .5 %和 8.2 %~ 19.7% ,硝酸铵主要随径流流失 ,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微 ;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与 >2 0 μm团聚体相关系数分别为 -0 .893 5、-0 .792 8和 -0 .815 1,2 0 μm直径的团聚体是区分土壤有机质和全氮流失的标准
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1991、 1996、 1997和 1998年的几次洪灾 ,造成了 6171亿元的直接经济损失。除气象因素外 ,水土流失是引发洪灾的一个极为主要的因素。加强领导 ,强化管理 ,加大执法力度 ,加强防洪工程建设 ,坚持综合治理 ,良化生态环境 ,搞好小流域治理是保持水土、治理江河的根本措施
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研究结果表明 ,土壤有机质和全氮与 <1 0μm土壤颗粒相关系数分别为 0 .63 1 4和 0 .6750 ,与 <1 μm粘粒的相关系数分别达到 0 .72 54和 0 .73 2 9;有机质和全氮在泥沙中的富集现象主要由侵蚀泥沙 <1 μm粘粒富集造成 ;坡度与侵蚀泥沙粘粒、有机质和全氮的富集率的相关系数分别为 -0 .983 2、-0 .93 95和-0 .81 46。