Un árbol con muchas verdades di Beatriz Eugenia Vallejo Franco: proposta di traduzione dallo spagnolo in italiano di un albo illustrato

L’elaborato si propone di analizzare e tradurre in italiano l’album illustrato per bambini dal titolo “Un árbol con muchas verdades” scritto e illustrato da Beatriz Eugenia Vallejo Franco, da anni impegnata con il Centro Nacional de la Memoria histórica e la Comisión para la verdad che lavorano per chiarire le cause del conflitto armato da che da anni affligge la Colombia, riconoscere i diritti delle vittime e gettare le basi per la costruzione di una pace duratura e stabile. L’elaborato è stato suddiviso in tre capitoli: il primo è dedicato all’analisi del testo di partenza (autrice, paratesto, personaggi, temi, tempo, spazio, stile), il secondo alla proposta di traduzione, il terzo alla traduzione della letteratura per l’infanzia e, nello specifico, alle strategie adottate per risolvere i problemi e le difficoltà di traduzione emersi durante il processo traduttivo.

Il controllo dell'informazione e la censura nel regime dittatoriale di Francisco Franco

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è mostrare, attraverso un’analisi storica degli anni della dittatura di Francisco Franco in Spagna, come la diffusione e la percezione dell’informazione e della produzione culturale possano mutare in diversi ambienti socio-politici. Prendendo in considerazione il periodo che va dalla seconda guerra mondiale alla fine degli anni '60, dividerò in diverse fasi il fenomeno della censura franchista per poterne analizzare le cause storiche, sociali e politche. Dopo aver fornito un contesto storico che possa fare da sfondo all'analisi, mi concentrerò sui criteri e i metodi dell'apparato di controllo e di censura. Infine, utilizzerò come punti cardine della mia analisi le due leggi sulla Stampa promulgate rispettivamente nel 1938 e nel 1966. La prima, vigente negli anni del ministro Gabriel Arias Salgado, molto più severa e rigorosa, la seconda, ideata dal ministro Manuel Fraga Ibarne, molto più flessibile e punto di partenza di un processo di parziale liberalizzazione del controllo all'informazione e della censura alla produzione culturale in Spagna.

Plano de ação educativa para o Programa Saúde na Escola -PSE, na Escola Municipal Newton Amaral Franco de Contagem/MG - o desafio diante da detecção de sobrepeso e obesidade

Em março de 2014 tive a oportunidade de ingressar no Programa de Valorização dos Profissionais da Atenção Básica; fui alocada em Contagem -Minas Gerais no Distrito Sanitário do bairro Petrolândia onde iniciei minhas atividades no Programa Saúde na Escola. No decorrer do processo de trabalho, foi escolhida a Escola Municipal Newton Amaral Franco onde se detectou que alguns alunos estão fora do que é recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde com índice de massa corporal alterados. Outro agravante é que as crianças e adolescentes em questão viraram alvo de "bullving" para os colegas, acabam por isolar já que não se interessam pelas atividades físicas desenvolvidas na escola por não se adequarem ao padrão dos colegas. Os distúrbios de sobrepeso e obesidade causam desinteresse por parte dos alunos nas atividades físicas, sedentarismo, desconhecimento de educação alimentar saudável e falta de incentivo às atividades físicas, tanto por parte da escola quanto por parte dos profissionais de saúde. Observou-se também que os mesmos possuíam hábitos alimentares irregulares tanto na escola como relatos de hábitos irregulares em casa. Chegavam à escola com balas, biscoitinhos, refrigerante e dificilmente participavam das refeições que eram servidas na escola por nutricionista visando uma alimentação balanceada. Após identificar o problema fiz contato com a Equipe de Saúde da família marcamos reunião para definir os projetos que iriam ser desenvolvidos no território. Foi proposto um projeto de intervenção através de atividades educativas, como palestras junto à escola definindo dia e horário para execução. A escola abraçou e achou muito importante o projeto, disponibilizando seus profissionais para desempenhar atividades educativas juntos com os profissionais da Equipe de saúde da família. Iniciamos o projeto e deixamos para que a escola trabalhe junto com seu público durante todo o ano, trabalharemos com educação em saúde por tempo indeterminado sendo a equipe de saúde da família apoiadora do projeto.

Melhoria da Atenção à Pessoa com Hipertensão e ou Diabetes na UBS Jesus Franco Pereira Município Alegrete/RS

Parrado Garcia, Isleydi. Melhoria da Atenção ao Hipertenso e ao Diabético na UBS Jesus Franco Pereira Município Alegrete/RS. Ano 2015, fl 121. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família) - Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Ano 2015. A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e a Diabetes Mellitus são doenças crônicas não transmissíveis muito frequentes nos adultos. A grande quantidade dos usuarios que sofrem destas doenças e a pouca qualidade na atenção destes foi o motivo de escolha para realização da intervenção na UBS Jesus Franco Pereira, Município Alegrete/RS. O objetivo geral foi melhorar a atenção ao usuário com hipertensão e ou diabetes, num período de duração de 12 semanas, do 13 de abril de 2015 até 4 de junho de 2015, o público alvo foram os usuários de 20 anos ou mais que tenham hipertensão e ou diabetes e que pertenciam à área de abrangência da Unidade. Para guiar o cuidado foi adotado o protocolo do Ministério da Saúde Atenção a Hipertensão e Diabetes do Ministério da Saúde, Brasil, 2013. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas ficha espelho específica, bem como planilhas eletrônicas. Foram realizadas várias ações durante a intervenção como ampliar a cobertura do programa de atenção ao hipertenso e ao diabético, exame clínico pela médica clínica geral e a enfermagem, indicação e avaliação de exames laboratoriais de acordo com o protocolo, estratificação de risco cardiovascular, prescrição de medicamentos da Farmácia Popular/HIPERDIA, busca de usuarios faltos a consulta e orientações, sobre alimentação saudável, importância da prática regular de atividade física, higiene bucal e riscos do tabagismo, avaliação bucal pelo dentista, palestras na comunidade onde foi possível trabalhar a sensibilização da comunidade, bem como os familiares sobre a importância da equipe estar desenvolvendo este trabalho de priorização no cuidado através dos grupos de educação em saúde na comunidade. Foram avaliados um total de 573 usuários destes 568 tinham hipertensão e 95 tinham diabetes, as metas propostas para a intervenção era ampliar a cobertura do programa no caso da hipertensão foi acompanhado 93% dos hipertensos e diabéticos 63%, sendo que as metas não foram atingidas já que a intervenção deveria ter uma duração de 16 semanas e depois foi reduzido para 12 semanas, os demais indicadores de qualidade avaliados foram de 100%, os resultados obtidos melhoraram a qualidade da atenção destes usuarios, a comunidade que pertence a área de abrangência da Unidade conseguiu perceber as mudanças na atenção e ficaram agradecidas por ter tido a oportunidade de aprender mais um pouco sobre os cuidados que tem direito a receber cuidados que devem ter com sua saúde, para os trabalhadores foi uma oportunidade de aprender e uma experiência inesquecível, sendo esta ação implementada na rotina da UBS. Palavras-chave: Saúde da família; Atenção Primaria à Saúde; Doença Crônica; Diabetes Mellitus; Hipertensão.

An Isoflavone From Dipteryx Alata Vogel Is Active Against The In Vitro Neuromuscular Paralysis Of Bothrops Jararacussu Snake Venom And Bothropstoxin I, And Prevents Venom-induced Myonecrosis.

Snakebite is a neglected disease and serious health problem in Brazil, with most bites being caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops. Although serum therapy is the primary treatment for systemic envenomation, it is generally ineffective in neutralizing the local effects of these venoms. In this work, we examined the ability of 7,8,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (TM), an isoflavone from Dipteryx alata, to neutralize the neurotoxicity (in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations) and myotoxicity (assessed by light microscopy) of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in vitro. The toxicity of TM was assessed using the Salmonella microsome assay (Ames test). Incubation with TM alone (200 μg/mL) did not alter the muscle twitch tension whereas incubation with venom (40 μg/mL) caused irreversible paralysis. Preincubation of TM (200 μg/mL) with venom attenuated the venom-induced neuromuscular blockade by 84% ± 5% (mean ± SEM; n = 4). The neuromuscular blockade caused by bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), the major myotoxic PLA2 of this venom, was also attenuated by TM. Histological analysis of diaphragm muscle incubated with TM showed that most fibers were preserved (only 9.2% ± 1.7% were damaged; n = 4) compared to venom alone (50.3% ± 5.4% of fibers damaged; n = 3), and preincubation of TM with venom significantly attenuated the venom-induced damage (only 17% ± 3.4% of fibers damaged; n = 3; p < 0.05 compared to venom alone). TM showed no mutagenicity in the Ames test using Salmonella strains TA98 and TA97a with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. These findings indicate that TM is a potentially useful compound for antagonizing the neuromuscular effects (neurotoxicity and myotoxicity) of B. jararacussu venom.

Multiple Desmoid Tumors In A Patient With Gardner's Syndrome - Report Of A Case.

Desmoid tumor (DT) is a common manifestation of Gardner's Syndrome (GS), although it is a rare condition in the general population. DT in patients with GS is usually located in the abdominal wall and/or intra-abdominal cavity. We report a case of a 32 years-old female patient with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), who was already submitted to total colectomy and developed multiple DT, located in the abdominal wall and in the left breast. The patient underwent several surgical procedures, with a multidisciplinary team of surgeons. Wide surgical resections of the left breast and the abdominal wall tumors were performed in separate steps. Polypropylene mesh reconstruction and muscle flaps were needed to cover the defects of the thoracic and abdominal walls. After partial necrosis of the adipose-cutaneous flap in the abdomen that required a new skin graft, she had a satisfactory outcome with complete healing of the surgical incisions. DT is frequent in GS, however, breast localization is very rare, with few cases reported in the literature. Recurrence of DT is not negligible, even after a wide surgical resection. GS patients must be followed up closely, and clinical examination, associated with imaging studies, should be performed to detect any signs of tumor. DT represents one of the most significant causes of the morbidity and mortality that affects FAP patients following colectomy. In general, the surgical procedures to excise DT are highly complex, requiring a multidisciplinary team.

Defective Apoptosis In Intestinal And Mesenteric Adipose Tissue Of Crohn's Disease Patients.

Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with complex pathogenic pathways involving defects in apoptosis mechanisms. Recently, mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) has been associated with CD ethiopathology, since adipose thickening is detected close to the affected intestinal area. However, the potential role of altered apoptosis in MAT of CD has not been addressed. To evaluate apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa and MAT of patients with CD. Samples of intestinal mucosa and MAT from patients with ileocecal CD and from non-inflammatory bowel diseases patients (controls) were studied. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay and correlated with the adipocytes histological morphometric analysis. The transcriptional and protein analysis of selected genes and proteins related to apoptosis were determined. TUNEL assay showed fewer apoptotic cells in CD, when compared to the control groups, both in the intestinal mucosa and in MAT. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) correlated significantly with the area and perimeter of the adipose cells in MAT. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveal a significantly lower transcript and protein levels of Bax in the intestinal mucosa of CD, compared to the controls; low protein levels of Bax were found localized in the lamina propria and not in the epithelium of this tissue. Furthermore, higher level of Bcl-2 and low level of Caspase 3 were seen in the MAT of CD patients. The defective apoptosis in MAT may explain the singular morphological characteristics of this tissue in CD, which may be implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease.

Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors Induce Apoptosis In Non-tumorigenic Melan-a Cells Associated With Inhibition Of Mitochondrial Respiration.

The metabolic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) is responsible for the endogenous synthesis of palmitate, a saturated long-chain fatty acid. In contrast to most normal tissues, a variety of human cancers overexpress FASN. One such cancer is cutaneous melanoma, in which the level of FASN expression is associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis. We previously reported that two FASN inhibitors, cerulenin and orlistat, induce apoptosis in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Here, we investigated the effects of these inhibitors on non-tumorigenic melan-a cells. Cerulenin and orlistat treatments were found to induce apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation, in addition to inducing the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activating caspases-9 and -3. Transfection with FASN siRNA did not result in apoptosis. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that treatment with the FASN inhibitors did not alter either the mitochondrial free fatty acid content or composition. This result suggests that cerulenin- and orlistat-induced apoptosis events are independent of FASN inhibition. Analysis of the energy-linked functions of melan-a mitochondria demonstrated the inhibition of respiration, followed by a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the stimulation of superoxide anion generation. The inhibition of NADH-linked substrate oxidation was approximately 40% and 61% for cerulenin and orlistat treatments, respectively, and the inhibition of succinate oxidation was approximately 46% and 52%, respectively. In contrast, no significant inhibition occurred when respiration was supported by the complex IV substrate N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). The protection conferred by the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine indicates that the FASN inhibitors induced apoptosis through an oxidative stress-associated mechanism. In combination, the present results demonstrate that cerulenin and orlistat induce apoptosis in non-tumorigenic cells via mitochondrial dysfunction, independent of FASN inhibition.

Microbial Lipid Production: Screening With Yeasts Grown On Brazilian Molasses.

Rhodotorula glutinis CCT 2182, Rhodosporidium toruloides CCT 0783, Rhodotorula minuta CCT 1751 and Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70296 were evaluated for the conversion of sugars from Brazilian molasses into single-cell oil (SCO) feedstock for biodiesel. Pulsed fed-batch fermentations were performed in 1.65 l working volume bioreactors. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax), lipid productivity (Pr) and cellular lipid content were, respectively, 0.23 h(-1), 0.41 g l(-1) h(-1), and 41% for Rsp. toruloides; 0.20 h(-1), 0.27 g l(-1) h(-1), and 36% for Rta. glutinis; 0.115 h(-1), 0.135 g l(-1) h(-1), and 27 % for Rta. minuta; and 0.11 h(-1), 0.13 g l(-1) h(-1), and 32% for L. starkeyi. Based on their microbial lipid productivity, content, and profile, Rsp. toruloides and Rta. glutinis are promising candidates for biodiesel production from Brazilian molasses. All the oils from the yeasts were similar to the composition of plant oils (rapeseed and soybean) and could be used as raw material for biofuels, as well as in food and nutraceutical products.

Endocytosis Of Tight Junctions Caveolin Nitrosylation Dependent Is Improved By Cocoa Via Opioid Receptor On Rpe Cells In Diabetic Conditions.

Retinal pigment epithelium cells, along with tight junction (TJ) proteins, constitute the outer blood retinal barrier (BRB). Contradictory findings suggest a role for the outer BRB in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mechanisms involved in these alterations are sensitive to nitrosative stress, and if cocoa or epicatechin (EC) protects from this damage under diabetic (DM) milieu conditions. Cells of a human RPE line (ARPE-19) were exposed to high-glucose (HG) conditions for 24 hours in the presence or absence of cocoa powder containing 0.5% or 60.5% polyphenol (low-polyphenol cocoa [LPC] and high-polyphenol cocoa [HPC], respectively). Exposure to HG decreased claudin-1 and occludin TJ expressions and increased extracellular matrix accumulation (ECM), whereas levels of TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated, accompanied by increased nitric oxide levels. This nitrosative stress resulted in S-nitrosylation of caveolin-1 (CAV-1), which in turn increased CAV-1 traffic and its interactions with claudin-1 and occludin. This cascade was inhibited by treatment with HPC or EC through δ-opioid receptor (DOR) binding and stimulation, thereby decreasing TNF-α-induced iNOS upregulation and CAV-1 endocytosis. The TJ functions were restored, leading to prevention of paracellular permeability, restoration of resistance of the ARPE-19 monolayer, and decreased ECM accumulation. The detrimental effects on TJs in ARPE-19 cells exposed to DM milieu occur through a CAV-1 S-nitrosylation-dependent endocytosis mechanism. High-polyphenol cocoa or EC exerts protective effects through DOR stimulation.

Membrane Lipid Profile Monitored By Mass Spectrometry Detected Differences Between Fresh And Vitrified In Vitro-produced Bovine Embryos.

Summary This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitrification on membrane lipid profile obtained by mass spectrometry (MS) of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been used to obtain individual embryo membrane lipid profiles. Due to conditions of analysis, mainly membrane lipids, most favorably phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) have been detected. The following ions described by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and respective attribution presented increased relative abundance (1.2-20×) in the vitrified group: 703.5 [SM (16:0) + H]+; 722.5 [PC (40:3) + Na]+; 758.5 [PC (34:2) + H]+; 762.5 [PC (34:0) + H]+; 790.5 [PC (36:0) + H]+ and 810.5 [PC (38:4) + H]+ and/or [PC (36:1) + Na]+. The ion with a m/z 744.5 [PCp (34:1) and/or PCe (34:2)] was 3.4-fold more abundant in the fresh group. Interestingly, ions with m/z 722.5 or 744.5 indicate the presence of lipid species, which are more resistant to enzymatic degradation as they contain fatty acyl residues linked through ether type bonds (alkyl ether or plasmalogens, indicated by the lowercase 'e' and 'p', respectively) to the glycerol structure. The results indicate that cryopreservation impacts the membrane lipid profile, and that these alterations can be properly monitored by MALDI-MS. Membrane lipids can therefore be evaluated by MALDI-MS to monitor the effect of cryopreservation on membrane lipids, and to investigate changes in lipid profile that may reflect the metabolic response to the cryopreservation stress or changes in the environmental conditions.

Reduced Plasma Angiotensin Ii Levels Are Reversed By Hydroxyurea Treatment In Mice With Sickle Cell Disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) pathogenesis leads to recurrent vaso-occlusive and hemolytic processes, causing numerous clinical complications including renal damage. As vasoconstrictive mechanisms may be enhanced in SCD, due to endothelial dysfunction and vasoactive protein production, we aimed to determine whether the expression of proteins of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may be altered in an animal model of SCD. Plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) was measured in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and mice with SCD by ELISA, while quantitative PCR was used to compare the expressions of the genes encoding the angiotensin-II-receptors 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R) and the angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE1 and ACE2) in the kidneys, hearts, livers and brains of mice. The effects of hydroxyurea (HU; 50-75mg/kg/day, 4weeks) treatment on these parameters were also determined. Plasma Ang II was significantly diminished in SCD mice, compared with WT mice, in association with decreased AT1R and ACE1 expressions in SCD mice kidneys. Treatment of SCD mice with HU reduced leukocyte and platelet counts and increased plasma Ang II to levels similar to those of WT mice. HU also increased AT1R and ACE2 gene expression in the kidney and heart. Results indicate an imbalanced RAS in an SCD mouse model; HU therapy may be able to restore some RAS parameters in these mice. Further investigations regarding Ang II production and the RAS in human SCD may be warranted, as such changes may reflect or contribute to renal damage and alterations in blood pressure.

Central Auditory Processing Outcome After Stroke In Children.

To investigate central auditory processing in children with unilateral stroke and to verify whether the hemisphere affected by the lesion influenced auditory competence. 23 children (13 male) between 7 and 16 years old were evaluated through speech-in-noise tests (auditory closure); dichotic digit test and staggered spondaic word test (selective attention); pitch pattern and duration pattern sequence tests (temporal processing) and their results were compared with control children. Auditory competence was established according to the performance in auditory analysis ability. Was verified similar performance between groups in auditory closure ability and pronounced deficits in selective attention and temporal processing abilities. Most children with stroke showed an impaired auditory ability in a moderate degree. Children with stroke showed deficits in auditory processing and the degree of impairment was not related to the hemisphere affected by the lesion.

Long-term Prospects For The Environmental Profile Of Advanced Sugar Cane Ethanol.

This work assessed the environmental impacts of the production and use of 1 MJ of hydrous ethanol (E100) in Brazil in prospective scenarios (2020-2030), considering the deployment of technologies currently under development and better agricultural practices. The life cycle assessment technique was employed using the CML method for the life cycle impact assessment and the Monte Carlo method for the uncertainty analysis. Abiotic depletion, global warming, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, and eutrophication were the environmental impacts categories analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed improvements (especially no-til farming-scenarios s2 and s4) would lead to environmental benefits in prospective scenarios compared to the current ethanol production (scenario s0). Combined first and second generation ethanol production (scenarios s3 and s4) would require less agricultural land but would not perform better than the projected first generation ethanol, although the uncertainties are relatively high. The best use of 1 ha of sugar cane was also assessed, considering the displacement of the conventional products by ethanol and electricity. No-til practices combined with the production of first generation ethanol and electricity (scenario s2) would lead to the largest mitigation effects for global warming and abiotic depletion. For the remaining categories, emissions would not be mitigated with the utilization of the sugar cane products. However, this conclusion is sensitive to the displaced electricity sources.

Whole Cortical And Default Mode Network Mean Functional Connectivity As Potential Biomarkers For Mild Alzheimer's Disease.

The search for an Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker is one of the most relevant contemporary research topics due to the high prevalence and social costs of the disease. Functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode network (DMN) is a plausible candidate for such a biomarker. We evaluated 22 patients with mild AD and 26 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. All subjects underwent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 3.0 T scanner. To identify the DMN, seed-based FC of the posterior cingulate was calculated. We also measured the sensitivity/specificity of the method, and verified a correlation with cognitive performance. We found a significant difference between patients with mild AD and controls in average z-scores: DMN, whole cortical positive (WCP) and absolute values. DMN individual values showed a sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 70%. DMN and WCP values were correlated to global cognition and episodic memory performance. We showed that individual measures of DMN connectivity could be considered a promising method to differentiate AD, even at an early phase, from normal aging. Further studies with larger numbers of participants, as well as validation of normal values, are needed for more definitive conclusions.