Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society

This research project focuses on contemporary eagle-taming falconry practice of the Altaic Kazakhs animal herding society in Bayan Ulgii Province in Western Mongolia. It aims to contributing both theoretical and empirical criteria for cultural preservation of Asian falconry. This cultural as well as environmental discourse is illustrated with concentrated field research framed by ecological anthropology and ethno-ornithology from the viewpoint of “Human-Animal Interaction (HAI)” and “Human-Animal Behavior (HAB)”. Part I (Chapter 2 & 3) explores ethno-archaeological and ethno-ornithological dimensions by interpretive research of archaeological artefacts which trace the historical depth of Asian falconry culture. Part II (Chapter 4 & 5) provides an extensive ethnographic narrative of Altaic Kazakh falconry, which is the central part of this research project. The “Traditional Art and Knowledge (TAK)” in human-raptor interactions, comprising the entire cycle of capture, perch, feeding, training, hunting, and release, is presented with specific emphasis on its relation to environmental and societal context. Traditional falconry as integral part of a nomadic lifestyle has to face some critical problems nowadays which necessitate preventing the complete disappearance of this outstanding indigenous cultural heritage. Part III (Chapter 6 & 7) thus focuses on the cultural sustainability of Altaic Kazakh falconry. Changing livelihoods, sedentarisation, and decontextualisation are identified as major threats. The role of Golden Eagle Festivals is critically analysed with regard to positive and negative impact. This part also intends to contribute to the academic definition of eagle falconry as an intangible cultural heritage, and to provide scientific criteria for a preservation master plan, as well as stipulate local resilience by pointing to successive actions needed for conservation. This research project concludes that cultural sustainability of Altaic Kazakh falconry needs to be supported from the angles of three theoretical frameworks; (1) Cultural affairs for protection based on the concept of nature-guardianship in its cultural domain, (2) Sustainable development and improvement of animal herding productivity and herder’s livelihood, (3) Natural resource management, especially supporting the population of Golden Eagles, their potential prey animals, and their nesting environment.

Thread Scheduling Mechanisms for Multiple-Context Parallel Processors

Scheduling tasks to efficiently use the available processor resources is crucial to minimizing the runtime of applications on shared-memory parallel processors. One factor that contributes to poor processor utilization is the idle time caused by long latency operations, such as remote memory references or processor synchronization operations. One way of tolerating this latency is to use a processor with multiple hardware contexts that can rapidly switch to executing another thread of computation whenever a long latency operation occurs, thus increasing processor utilization by overlapping computation with communication. Although multiple contexts are effective for tolerating latency, this effectiveness can be limited by memory and network bandwidth, by cache interference effects among the multiple contexts, and by critical tasks sharing processor resources with less critical tasks. This thesis presents techniques that increase the effectiveness of multiple contexts by intelligently scheduling threads to make more efficient use of processor pipeline, bandwidth, and cache resources. This thesis proposes thread prioritization as a fundamental mechanism for directing the thread schedule on a multiple-context processor. A priority is assigned to each thread either statically or dynamically and is used by the thread scheduler to decide which threads to load in the contexts, and to decide which context to switch to on a context switch. We develop a multiple-context model that integrates both cache and network effects, and shows how thread prioritization can both maintain high processor utilization, and limit increases in critical path runtime caused by multithreading. The model also shows that in order to be effective in bandwidth limited applications, thread prioritization must be extended to prioritize memory requests. We show how simple hardware can prioritize the running of threads in the multiple contexts, and the issuing of requests to both the local memory and the network. Simulation experiments show how thread prioritization is used in a variety of applications. Thread prioritization can improve the performance of synchronization primitives by minimizing the number of processor cycles wasted in spinning and devoting more cycles to critical threads. Thread prioritization can be used in combination with other techniques to improve cache performance and minimize cache interference between different working sets in the cache. For applications that are critical path limited, thread prioritization can improve performance by allowing processor resources to be devoted preferentially to critical threads. These experimental results show that thread prioritization is a mechanism that can be used to implement a wide range of scheduling policies.

Generating Communications Systems Through Shared Context

In a distributed model of intelligence, peer components need to communicate with one another. I present a system which enables two agents connected by a thick twisted bundle of wires to bootstrap a simple communication system from observations of a shared environment. The agents learn a large vocabulary of symbols, as well as inflections on those symbols which allow thematic role-frames to be transmitted. Language acquisition time is rapid and linear in the number of symbols and inflections. The final communication system is robust and performance degrades gradually in the face of problems.

Context Interchange as a Scalable Solution to Interoperating Amongst Heterogeneous Dynamic Services

Many online services access a large number of autonomous data sources and at the same time need to meet different user requirements. It is essential for these services to achieve semantic interoperability among these information exchange entities. In the presence of an increasing number of proprietary business processes, heterogeneous data standards, and diverse user requirements, it is critical that the services are implemented using adaptable, extensible, and scalable technology. The COntext INterchange (COIN) approach, inspired by similar goals of the Semantic Web, provides a robust solution. In this paper, we describe how COIN can be used to implement dynamic online services where semantic differences are reconciled on the fly. We show that COIN is flexible and scalable by comparing it with several conventional approaches. With a given ontology, the number of conversions in COIN is quadratic to the semantic aspect that has the largest number of distinctions. These semantic aspects are modeled as modifiers in a conceptual ontology; in most cases the number of conversions is linear with the number of modifiers, which is significantly smaller than traditional hard-wiring middleware approach where the number of conversion programs is quadratic to the number of sources and data receivers. In the example scenario in the paper, the COIN approach needs only 5 conversions to be defined while traditional approaches require 20,000 to 100 million. COIN achieves this scalability by automatically composing all the comprehensive conversions from a small number of declaratively defined sub-conversions.

Context Mediation in the Semantic Web: Handling OWL Ontology and Data Disparity through Context Interchange

The COntext INterchange (COIN) strategy is an approach to solving the problem of interoperability of semantically heterogeneous data sources through context mediation. COIN has used its own notation and syntax for representing ontologies. More recently, the OWL Web Ontology Language is becoming established as the W3C recommended ontology language. We propose the use of the COIN strategy to solve context disparity and ontology interoperability problems in the emerging Semantic Web – both at the ontology level and at the data level. In conjunction with this, we propose a version of the COIN ontology model that uses OWL and the emerging rules interchange language, RuleML.

Reasoning about Temporal Context using Ontology and Abductive Constraint Logic Programming

The underlying assumptions for interpreting the meaning of data often change over time, which further complicates the problem of semantic heterogeneities among autonomous data sources. As an extension to the COntext INterchange (COIN) framework, this paper introduces the notion of temporal context as a formalization of the problem. We represent temporal context as a multi-valued method in F-Logic; however, only one value is valid at any point in time, the determination of which is constrained by temporal relations. This representation is then mapped to an abductive constraint logic programming framework with temporal relations being treated as constraints. A mediation engine that implements the framework automatically detects and reconciles semantic differences at different times. We articulate that this extended COIN framework is suitable for reasoning on the Semantic Web.

Reasoning about Temporal Context using Ontology and Abductive Constraint Logic Programming

The underlying assumptions for interpreting the meaning of data often change over time, which further complicates the problem of semantic heterogeneities among autonomous data sources. As an extension to the COntext INterchange (COIN) framework, this paper introduces the notion of temporal context as a formalization of the problem. We represent temporal context as a multi-valued method in F-Logic; however, only one value is valid at any point in time, the determination of which is constrained by temporal relations. This representation is then mapped to an abductive constraint logic programming framework with temporal relations being treated as constraints. A mediation engine that implements the framework automatically detects and reconciles semantic differences at different times. We articulate that this extended COIN framework is suitable for reasoning on the Semantic Web.

Reasoning about Temporal Context using Ontology and Abductive Constraint Logic Programming

The underlying assumptions for interpreting the meaning of data often change over time, which further complicates the problem of semantic heterogeneities among autonomous data sources. As an extension to the COntext INterchange (COIN) framework, this paper introduces the notion of temporal context as a formalization of the problem. We represent temporal context as a multi-valued method in F-Logic; however, only one value is valid at any point in time, the determination of which is constrained by temporal relations. This representation is then mapped to an abductive constraint logic programming framework with temporal relations being treated as constraints. A mediation engine that implements the framework automatically detects and reconciles semantic differences at different times. We articulate that this extended COIN framework is suitable for reasoning on the Semantic Web.

Reasoning about Temporal Context using Ontology and Abductive Constraint Logic Programming

The underlying assumptions for interpreting the meaning of data often change over time, which further complicates the problem of semantic heterogeneities among autonomous data sources. As an extension to the COntext INterchange (COIN) framework, this paper introduces the notion of temporal context as a formalization of the problem. We represent temporal context as a multi-valued method in F-Logic; however, only one value is valid at any point in time, the determination of which is constrained by temporal relations. This representation is then mapped to an abductive constraint logic programming framework with temporal relations being treated as constraints. A mediation engine that implements the framework automatically detects and reconciles semantic differences at different times. We articulate that this extended COIN framework is suitable for reasoning on the Semantic Web.

La Participació estudiantil a la universitat com a oferta docent. L'experiència pilot de la UPF en un context institucional de canvis

Aquesta ponència tracta sobre la baixa participació estudiantil a les universitats públiques catalanes i l’experiència d’una assignatura pilot sobre participació estudiantil a la Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF). Primer, es fa una diagnosi de l’estat de la participació estudiantil per plantejar, entre algunes de les mesures per intentar incrementar la participació, la formació en aquest àmbit. En segon lloc, s’explica l’experiència pilot de la realització d’una assignatura de lliure elecció sobre participació estudiantil a la universitat des del procés d’elaboració del programa fins la implementació en dos cursos acadèmics. Es conclou amb una avaluació de l’experiència docent destacant els aspectes positius i les seves limitacions

Experiències d'innovació docent en el context de l'EEES: estan preparats els nostres estudiants per al canvi cultural?

L’adaptació a l’EEES comporta un canvi cultural per a les universitats de l’estat espanyol. Desde la perspectiva de la gestió del canvi organitzatiu, marc teòric en el que es sustenta aquest estudi, aquest canvi es pot categoritzar com una reorientació segons la classificació de Nadler i Tushman (1995), donat que es tracta d’un canvi profund, discontinu i radical que s’anticipa als canvis i necessitats de l’entorn. Aquest tipus de canvis requereixen d’una introducció gradual, donat que la seva magnitud qüestiona la identitat i cultura de l’organització, generant moltes resistències. Des d’aquesta literatura es recomana fer un diagnòstic de les forces que afecten al canvi per tal de garantir el seu èxit. En aquest sentit, l’objectiu del present estudi és la identificació de les forces inhibidores del canvi cultural en la URV a partir d’una anàlisi introspectiva de les experiència d’innovació docent en l’assignatura de Pràctiques Integrades I. La metodologia utilitzada per aquest estudi ha estat la introspecció personal subjectiva (Brown & Reid , 1997; Patterson et al., 1998; Holbrook, 2005). L’experiència consistia en l’avaluació de certes competències de saber, saber fer, i saber ser i estar, a través de diferents mètodes d’avaluació docent. Les dades de satisfacció dels estudiants amb la metodologia de l’assignatura es van recollir mitjançant un informe d’opinió anònim i no estructurat que se’ls demanava entregar l’últim dia de classe. Opinions més generals sobre el canvi a l’EEES es van recollir a l’inici de l’assignatura a través d’una sessió de focus group amb cada un dels grups d’activitat de l’assignatura. Son múltiples els estudis que afirmen la conveniència de posar en pràctica noves metodologies i formes d’innovació docent que situïn a l’alumne com a eix central de l’aprenentatge i que avaluïn els seus aprenentatges en funció de l’adquisició de competències (Apodaca, 2006, Bautista et al. 2007, Margalef i Canabal, 2007, Brown i Glasner, 2003). No obstant, els resultats del nostre estudi posen en evidència que una de les principals forces inhibidores per a la gestió del canvi en el sistema docent universitari son les actituds dels alumnes, i en especial les d’aquells alumnes que combinen simultàniament estudis amb l’activitat laboral. Com a resultat de l’anàlisi, es proposen mesures per neutralitzar o eliminar les resistències identificades i es duu a terme una reflexió sobre com s’està duent a terme la gestió del canvi en la universitat

Les Proves d'elecció múltiple en el context de l'avaluació universitària: percepcions i avaluacions d'una mostra d'estudiants de Publicitat i Relacions Públiques

En aquesta comunicació es descriu el procés d’introducció de dos formats de prova d’elecció múltiple (PEM), concretament, el de 3 alternatives de resposta i el format k, a més del format tradicional, en una de les proves d’avaluació que conformaven el sistema d’avaluació continuada de l’assignatura de Teoria de la Imatge corresponent als estudis de Publicitat i Relacions Públiques durant el curs 2006-07. L’objectiu de la prova que es va aplicar va ser el d’augmentar el grau de comprensió dels alumnes matriculats a aquesta assignatura d’uns determinats conceptes i teories, així com la seva competència en l’aplicació d’aquests continguts. Juntament amb la prova, es va demanar als alumnes que responguessin una enquesta que tenia com a objectiu conèixer la seva opinió respecte de cadascun dels formats de les preguntes així com saber quin havia de ser, al seu criteri, el format o formats de la última prova d’avaluació de l’assignatura. Els resultats obtinguts pels estudiants van diferir de forma significativa amb les notes obtingudes en les dues proves anteriors que havien realitzat i que havien estat dissenyades amb un format PEM tradicional. No obstant això, aquestes diferències no varen ser gaire elevades. De les respostes dels alumnes a l’enquesta es dedueix que no estaven massa d’acord amb la introducció d’un canvi en el tipus d’examen respecte del què ja estaven acostumats a fer. Curiosament, però, el percentatge dels què consideraven que la següent prova d’avaluació hauria d’estar dissenyada amb dos formats és més elevat en comparació amb els que defensaven un únic format. Un altre factor important a tenir en compte és el seu gran pragmatisme, és a dir, malgrat admetre que els nous formats requereixen d’uns nivells d’aprenentatge que van més enllà del record, varen demanar que el proper examen inclogués preguntes dissenyades amb un format tradicional. Els resultats obtinguts a partir d’aquesta experiència evidencien la importància de tenir en compte les percepcions i avaluacions dels alumnes respecte dels processos avaluatius. Així mateix, aquests resultats seran discutits en funció del seu grau de contribució a la reflexió sobre els procediments d’avaluació en general i sobre les diferents dinàmiques que poden emergir en el grup-classe com a conseqüència de la introducció d’un o altre procediment d’avaluació

Influence of the friends' network in drug use and violent behavior among young people in the nightlife recreational context

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

The cultural context of children's learning and identity in England, France and Denmark

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n