Asthma action plan

This action plans allow each child (or parent/carer) to record his or her asthma treatment to help manage their asthma when they are well, when their symptoms get worse and when they are suffering an asthma attack.

Weaning made easy moving from milk to family meals (English and translations)

As a parent you want the best start for your baby. What your child eats and drinks is important for his/her health now and in the future. The information in this leaflet may be quite different from what you have read before, or what your friends or family may tell you they did. New research is constantly being carried out into infant nutrition and the information and advice in this leaflet is based on up-to-date scientific evidence. It will help you make sure that your child is getting a good start. (Note: translations are of the 2007 version)

Immunisation guidance notes for professionals (2015 edition)

Informed consent – which can be either written or oral (depending on local Trust policy) – must be obtained and recorded in the notes at the time of each immunisation, after the child’s fitness and suitability have been established. It is important that the person giving consent is fully informed about the vaccine at the time they give consent. Written material is available to assist in this, but is not a substitute for an opportunity to discuss the issues with a health professional. Consent is given by the person with parental responsibility; however, this person does not necessarily need to be present at the time the immunisation is given. Although the decision to immunise must be taken by the person with parental responsibility, they can arrange for someone else (eg grandparent or childminder) to bring the child to be immunised. You do not need consent in writing – if they have received all the relevant information and arranged for another person to bring the child, the circumstances indicate they have consented. A child under 16 years may give consent provided he or she understands fully the benefits and risks involved. If a competent child consents to treatment, a parent cannot override that consent. Obviously they should be encouraged to involve the person with parental responsibility in the decision. Legally, a parent can consent if a competent child refuses �

The girl from the Church of the Sacrament: a case of congenital syphilis in XVIII century Lisbon

Syphilis is a sexually or congenitally transmitted infectious disease with an impact on the health of human populations that has undergone important cycles in different countries and periods of history. Its presence was first diagnosed in Europe in the late XIV century. In Portugal, although there are various written records of the infection in the last centuries, there are rare references to it in archeological findings (mummified bodies are also rare in Portugal). The current study describes a probable case of congenital syphilis in an 18-month-old girl buried in the Church of the Sacrament in Lisbon. Her body, dating to the XVIII century, was found mummified together with dozens of others, still not studied. Symmetrical periostitis of the long bones, osteitis, metaphyseal lesions, left knee articular, and epiphyseal destruction, and a rarefied lesion with a radiological appearance compatible with Wimberger's sign all point to a diagnosis of congenital syphilis. The diagnosis of this severe form of the infection, possibly related to the cause of death in this upper-class girl, calls attention to the disease's presence in XVIII century Lisbon and is consistent with the intense mobilization at the time in relation to the risks posed by so-called heredosyphilis. It is the first case of congenital syphilis in a child reported in archeological findings in Portugal, and can be correlated with other cases in skeletons of adults buried in cemeteries in Lisbon (in the XVI to XVIII centuries) and Coimbra (XIX century). Finally, this finding highlights the need to study the entire series of mummified bodies in the Church of the Sacrament in order to compare the paleopathological findings and existing historical documents on syphilis, so as to expand the paleoepidemiological knowledge of this infection in XVIII century Lisbon.

Prevention and Early Intervention in Children and Young People’s Services- Child Health and Development

IPH developed this report for the Centre for Effective Services (CES). The report explores learning from evaluations of 10 programmes operated as part of the Prevention and Early Intervention Initative funded by Atlantic Philanthropies and others. The report provides insights into the outcomes of prevention and early intervention initiatives relevant to early child development, school-based programmes and the integration of child services. A briefing paper is also available.

First detection of a human astrovirus type 8 in a child with diarrhea in Belém, Brazil: comparison with other strains worldwide and identification of possible three lineages

This study describes the genetic relationships of the first human astrovirus type-8 (HAstV-8) detected in Belém-Brazil, during a public hospital-based study. This strain was compared with other HAstV-8 strains identified elsewhere which have sequences available at GeneBank. The regions ORF1a (primers Mon348/Mon340) and ORF2 (primers Mon269/Mon270) were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and a high similarity rate was observed among the Belém strain and other HAstV-8 strains. In ORF1a, homology values of 93-100% were detected, and in ORF2 96-99%. Considering the sequence variation (7%) observed in ORF2 region, it was suggested that HAstV-8 strains could be divided in three different lineages.

Fecundity of ant queens in relation to their age and the mode of colony founding

The change over time in the fecundity and weight of queens was investigated in three monogynous, independent colony founding species,Lasius niger, Camponotus ligniperda andC. herculaneus, and two polygynous dependent colony founding species,Plagiolepis pygmaea andIridomyrmex humilis. Queens of the three species founding independently exhibited a similar pattern with a significant loss of weight between mating and the emergence of the first workers. In contrast, weights of queens of the species employing dependent colony founding remained more stable. Fecundity of queens founding independently increased slowly with time whereas fecundity of queens founding dependently reached the maximum level some weeks after the beginning of the first reproductive season. These results are discussed in relation to some differences in the life history (e.g., life-span) between queens utilizing independent and dependent colony founding.

Avaluació i intervenció psicoeducativa en les relacions materno/paterno-filials en famílies desestructurades

Anàlisi, avaluació i intervenció psicoeducativa en un programa assistencial i de suport a les relacions materno/paternofilials en famílies desestructurades. Els usuaris són els pares i les mares separats o divorciats (i els seus fills menors) amb conflictes entre ells i on ha estat el jutge qui ha establert el règim de visites. Es dóna suport i orientació als progenitors i als menors que acudeixen al centre per a fer l'intercanvi o l'estada del menor amb el progenitor no custodi, per a facilitar i millorar la relació entre les parts (menors, part custòdia i part no-custòdia).

Relation of heart rate to percent VO2 peak during submaximal exercise in the heat.

We tested the hypothesis that elevation in heart rate (HR) during submaximal exercise in the heat is related, in part, to increased percentage of maximal O(2) uptake (%Vo(2 max)) utilized due to reduced maximal O(2) uptake (Vo(2 max)) measured after exercise under the same thermal conditions. Peak O(2) uptake (Vo(2 peak)), O(2) uptake, and HR during submaximal exercise were measured in 22 male and female runners under four environmental conditions designed to manipulate HR during submaximal exercise and Vo(2 peak). The conditions involved walking for 20 min at approximately 33% of control Vo(2 max) in 25, 35, 40, and 45 degrees C followed immediately by measurement of Vo(2 peak) in the same thermal environment. Vo(2 peak) decreased progressively (3.77 +/- 0.19, 3.61 +/- 0.18, 3.44 +/- 0.17, and 3.13 +/- 0.16 l/min) and HR at the end of the submaximal exercise increased progressively (107 +/- 2, 112 +/- 2, 120 +/- 2, and 137 +/- 2 beats/min) with increasing ambient temperature (T(a)). HR and %Vo(2 peak) increased in an identical fashion with increasing T(a). We conclude that elevation in HR during submaximal exercise in the heat is related, in part, to the increase in %Vo(2 peak) utilized, which is caused by reduced Vo(2 peak) measured during exercise in the heat. At high T(a), the dissociation of HR from %Vo(2 peak) measured after sustained submaximal exercise is less than if Vo(2 max) is assumed to be unchanged during exercise in the heat.

Regards croisés sur l'évolution de la relation thérapeutique au cours d'une psychothérapie psychodynamique brève

Le cas de Julia est extrait d'une recherche sur le développement de l'alliance thérapeutique au cours d'une psychothérapie psychodynamique brève, mesurée après chaque séance par le patient et le thérapeute. Le profit d'évolution de l'alliance chez Julia présente plusieurs épisodes décrits dans la littérature comme des épisodes de ruptures-résolutions. L'article expose la comparaison de cette mesure quantitative de l'alliance tout au long du processus thérapeutique avec une évaluation quantitative et qualitative par le thérapeute du processus relationnel transféro-contre-transférentiel. Les résultats révèlent plusieurs types de covariations dans les évaluations de Julia et celles de son thérapeute, qui jettent un éclairage nouveau sur des questions importantes comme le lien entre alliance et transfert ou le lien entre perceptions de la relation du patient et du thérapeute. L'intérêt de ce type d'étude de cas pour la recherche et la clinique est discuté. Nous recommandons tout particulièrement l'utilisation routinière d'une mesure d'alliance thérapeutique dans la pratique courante.

Opening Education Beyond the Property Relation: From Commons to Communism

Open Education, and specifically the OER movement, seeks to provide universal access to knowledge, undermining the historical enclosure and the increasing privatisation of the public education system. In this paper we examine this aspiration by submitting the implicit theoretical assumptions of Open Education to the test of critical political economy. We acknowledge the Open Education movement's revolutionary potential but outline the inherent limitations of its current focus on the commons (property relations) rather than the social relations of capitalist production (wage work, the company) and because of this, argue that it will only achieve limited, rather than revolutionary, impact.

Estimation of time of death in relation to gastric contents

Introduction: Estimation of the time since death based on the gastric content is still a controversy subject. Many studies have been achieved leaving the same incertitude: the intra- and inter-individual variability. Aim: After a homicidal case where a specialized gastroenterologist was cited to estimate the time of death based on the gastric contents and his experience in clinical practice. Consequently we decided to make a review of the scientific literature to see if that method was more reliable nowadays. Material and methods: We chose articles from 1979 that describe the estimation of the gastric emptying rate according to several factors and the forensic articles about the estimation of the time of death in relation with the gastric content. Results: Most of the articles cited by the specialized gastroenterologist were studies about living healthy people and the effects of several factors (medication, supine versus upside-down position, body mass index or different type of food). Forensic articles frequently concluded that the estimation of the time since death by analyzing the gastric content can be used but not as the unique method. Conclusion: Estimation of the time since death by analyze of the gastric contents is a method that can be used nowadays. But it cannot be the only method as the inter- and intra-individual variability remains an important bias.