I. Studies on bacteriophage DNA's and minicircular DNA's in M. lysodeikticus and E. coli 15. II. Flow dichroism of DNA solutions

Part I

Chapter 1.....A physicochemical study of the DNA molecules from the three bacteriophages, N1, N5, and N6, which infect the bacterium, M. lysodeikticus, has been made. The molecular weights, as measured by both electron microscopy and sedimentation velocity, are 23 x 10⁶ for N5 DNA and 31 x 10⁶ for N1 and N6 DNA's. All three DNA's are capable of thermally reversible cyclization. N1 and N6 DNA's have identical or very similar base sequences as judged by membrane filter hybridization and by electron microscope heteroduplex studies. They have identical or similar cohesive ends. These results are in accord with the close biological relation between N1 and N6 phages. N5 DNA is not closely related to N1 or N6 DNA. The denaturation T_m of all three DNA's is the same and corresponds to a (GC) content of 70%. However, the buoyant densities in CsCl of Nl and N6 DNA's are lower than expected, corresponding to predicted GC contents of 64 and 67%. The buoyant densities in Cs₂SO₄ are also somewhat anomalous. The buoyant density anomalies are probably due to the presence of odd bases. However, direct base composition analysis of N1 DNA by anion exchange chromatography confirms a GC content of 70%, and, in the elution system used, no peaks due to odd bases are present.

Chapter 2.....A covalently closed circular DNA form has been observed as an intracellular form during both productive and abortive infection processes in M. lysodeikticus. This species has been isolated by the method of CsC1-ethidium bromide centrifugation and examined with an electron microscope.

Chapter 3.....A minute circular DNA has been discovered as a homogeneous population in M. lysodeikticus. Its length and molecular weight as determined by electron microscopy are 0.445 μ and 0.88 x 10⁶ daltons respectively. There is about one minicircle per bacterium.

Chapter 4.....Several strains of E. coli 15 harbor a prophage. Viral growth can be induced by exposing the host to mitomycin C or to uv irradiation. The coliphage 15 particles from E. coli 15 and E, coli 15 T^- appear as normal phage with head and tail structure; the particles from E. coli 15 TAU are tailless. The complete particles exert a colicinogenic activity on E.coli 15 and 15 T^-, the tailless particles do not. No host for a productive viral infection has been found and the phage may be defective. The properties of the DNA of the virus have been studied, mainly by electron microscopy. After induction but before lysis, a closed circular DNA with a contour length of about 11.9 μ is found in the bacterium; the mature phage DNA is a linear duplex and 7.5% longer than the intracellular circular form. This suggests the hypothesis that the mature phage DNA is terminally repetitious and circularly permuted. The hypothesis was confirmed by observing that denaturation and renaturation of the mature phage DNA produce circular duplexes with two single-stranded branches corresponding to the terminal repetition. The contour length of the mature phage DNA was measured relative to φX RFII DNA and λ DNA; the calculated molecular weight is 27 x 10⁶. The length of the single-stranded terminal repetition was compared to the length of φX 174 DNA under conditions where single-stranded DNA is seen in an extended form in electron micrographs. The length of the terminal repetition is found to be 7.4% of the length of the nonrepetitious part of the coliphage 15 DNA. The number of base pairs in the terminal repetition is variable in different molecules, with a fractional standard deviation of 0.18 of the average number in the terminal repetition. A new phenomenon termed "branch migration" has been discovered in renatured circular molecules; it results in forked branches, with two emerging single strands, at the position of the terminal repetition. The distribution of branch separations between the two terminal repetitions in the population of renatured circular molecules was studied. The observed distribution suggests that there is an excluded volume effect in the renaturation of a population of circularly permuted molecules such that strands with close beginning points preferentially renature with each other. This selective renaturation and the phenomenon of branch migration both affect the distribution of branch separations; the observed distribution does not contradict the hypothesis of a random distribution of beginning points around the chromosome.

Chapter 5....Some physicochemical studies on the minicircular DNA species in E. coli 15 (0.670 μ, 1.47 x 10⁶ daltons) have been made. Electron microscopic observations showed multimeric forms of the minicircle which amount to 5% of total DNA species and also showed presumably replicating forms of the minicircle. A renaturation kinetic study showed that the minicircle is a unique DNA species in its size and base sequence. A study on the minicircle replication has been made under condition in which host DNA synthesis is synchronized. Despite experimental uncertainties involved, it seems that the minicircle replication is random and the number of the minicircles increases continuously throughout a generation of the host, regardless of host DNA synchronization.

Part II

The flow dichroism of dilute DNA solutions (A₂₆₀≈0.1) has been studied in a Couette-type apparatus with the outer cylinder rotating and with the light path parallel to the cylinder axis. Shear gradients in the range of 5-160 sec.^-1 were studied. The DNA samples were whole, "half," and "quarter" molecules of T4 bacteriophage DNA, and linear and circular λb₂b₅c DNA. For the linear molecules, the fractional flow dichroism is a linear function of molecular weight. The dichroism for linear A DNA is about 1.8 that of the circular molecule. For a given DNA, the dichroism is an approximately linear function of shear gradient, but with a slight upward curvature at low values of G, and some trend toward saturation at larger values of G. The fractional dichroism increases as the supporting electrolyte concentration decreases.

Dynamics of the East Asian Summer Monsoon in Present and Future Climates

This thesis aims at enhancing our fundamental understanding of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), and mechanisms implicated in its climatology in present-day and warmer climates. We focus on the most prominent feature of the EASM, i.e., the so-called Meiyu-Baiu (MB), which is characterized by a well-defined, southwest to northeast elongated quasi-stationary rainfall band, spanning from eastern China to Japan and into the northwestern Pacific Ocean in June and July.

We begin with an observational study of the energetics of the MB front in present-day climate. Analyses of the moist static energy (MSE) budget of the MB front indicate that horizontal advection of moist enthalpy, primarily of dry enthalpy, sustains the front in a region of otherwise negative net energy input into the atmospheric column. A decomposition of the horizontal dry enthalpy advection into mean, transient, and stationary eddy fluxes identifies the longitudinal thermal gradient due to zonal asymmetries and the meridional stationary eddy velocity as the most influential factors determining the pattern of horizontal moist enthalpy advection. Numerical simulations in which the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is either retained or removed show that the TP influences the stationary enthalpy flux, and hence the MB front, primarily by changing the meridional stationary eddy velocity, with reinforced southerly wind on the northwestern flank of the north Pacific subtropical high (NPSH) over the MB region and northerly wind to its north. Changes in the longitudinal thermal gradient are mainly confined to the near downstream of the TP, with the resulting changes in zonal warm air advection having a lesser impact on the rainfall in the extended MB region.

Similar mechanisms are shown to be implicated in present climate simulations in the Couple Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. We find that the spatial distribution of the EASM precipitation simulated by different models is highly correlated with the meridional stationary eddy velocity. The correlation becomes more robust when energy fluxes into the atmospheric column are considered, consistent with the observational analyses. The spread in the area-averaged rainfall amount can be partially explained by the spread in the simulated globally-averaged precipitation, with the rest primarily due to the lower-level meridional wind convergence. Clear relationships between precipitation and zonal and meridional eddy velocities are observed.

Finally, the response of the EASM to greenhouse gas forcing is investigated at different time scales in CMIP5 model simulations. The reduction of radiative cooling and the increase in continental surface temperature occur much more rapidly than changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Without changes in SSTs, the rainfall in the monsoon region decreases (increases) over ocean (land) in most models. On longer time scales, as SSTs increase, rainfall changes are opposite. The total response to atmospheric CO^2 forcing and subsequent SST warming is a large (modest) increase in rainfall over ocean (land) in the EASM region. Dynamic changes, in spite of significant contributions from the thermodynamic component, play an important role in setting up the spatial pattern of precipitation changes. Rainfall anomalies over East China are a direct consequence of local land-sea contrast, while changes in the larger-scale oceanic rainfall band are closely associated with the displacement of the larger-scale NPSH. Numerical simulations show that topography and SST patterns play an important role in rainfall changes in the EASM region.

Regional variations in upper mantle structure beneath North America

Several types of seismological data, including surface wave group and phase velocities, travel times from large explosions, and teleseismic travel time anomalies, have indicated that there are significant regional variations in the upper few hundred kilometers of the mantle beneath continental areas. Body wave travel times and amplitudes from large chemical and nuclear explosions are used in this study to delineate the details of these variations beneath North America.

As a preliminary step in this study, theoretical P wave travel times, apparent velocities, and amplitudes have been calculated for a number of proposed upper mantle models, those of Gutenberg, Jeffreys, Lehman, and Lukk and Nersesov. These quantities have been calculated for both P and S waves for model CIT11GB, which is derived from surface wave dispersion data. First arrival times for all the models except that of Lukk and Nersesov are in close agreement, but the travel time curves for later arrivals are both qualitatively and quantitatively very different. For model CIT11GB, there are two large, overlapping regions of triplication of the travel time curve, produced by regions of rapid velocity increase near depths of 400 and 600 km. Throughout the distance range from 10 to 40 degrees, the later arrivals produced by these discontinuities have larger amplitudes than the first arrivals. The amplitudes of body waves, in fact, are extremely sensitive to small variations in the velocity structure, and provide a powerful tool for studying structural details.

Most of eastern North America, including the Canadian Shield has a Pn velocity of about 8.1 km/sec, with a nearly abrupt increase in compressional velocity by ~ 0.3 km/sec near at a depth varying regionally between 60 and 90 km. Variations in the structure of this part of the mantle are significant even within the Canadian Shield. The low-velocity zone is a minor feature in eastern North America and is subject to pronounced regional variations. It is 30 to 50 km thick, and occurs somewhere in the depth range from 80 to 160 km. The velocity decrease is less than 0.2 km/sec.

Consideration of the absolute amplitudes indicates that the attenuation due to anelasticity is negligible for 2 hz waves in the upper 200 km along the southeastern and southwestern margins of the Canadian Shield. For compressional waves the average Q for this region is > 3000. The amplitudes also indicate that the velocity gradient is at least 2 x 10^-3 both above and below the low-velocity zone, implying that the temperature gradient is < 4.8°C/km if the regions are chemically homogeneous.

In western North America, the low-velocity zone is a pronounced feature, extending to the base of the crust and having minimum velocities of 7.7 to 7.8 km/sec. Beneath the Colorado Plateau and Southern Rocky Mountains provinces, there is a rapid velocity increase of about 0.3 km/sec, similar to that observed in eastern North America, but near a depth of 100 km.

Complicated travel time curves observed on profiles with stations in both eastern and western North America can be explained in detail by a model taking into account the lateral variations in the structure of the low-velocity zone. These variations involve primarily the velocity within the zone and the depth to the top of the zone; the depth to the bottom is, for both regions, between 140 and 160 km.

The depth to the transition zone near 400 km also varies regionally, by about 30-40 km. These differences imply variations of 250 °C in the temperature or 6 % in the iron content of the mantle, if the phase transformation of olivine to the spinel structure is assumed responsible. The structural variations at this depth are not correlated with those at shallower depths, and follow no obvious simple pattern.

The computer programs used in this study are described in the Appendices. The program TTINV (Appendix IV) fits spherically symmetric earth models to observed travel time data. The method, described in Appendix III, resembles conventional least-square fitting, using partial derivatives of the travel time with respect to the model parameters to perturb an initial model. The usual ill-conditioned nature of least-squares techniques is avoided by a technique which minimizes both the travel time residuals and the model perturbations.

Spherically symmetric earth models, however, have been found inadequate to explain most of the observed travel times in this study. TVT4, a computer program that performs ray theory calculations for a laterally inhomogeneous earth model, is described in Appendix II. Appendix I gives a derivation of seismic ray theory for an arbitrarily inhomogeneous earth model.

Anomalous electric dipole internal conversion

Electric dipole internal conversion has been experimentally studied for several nuclei in the rare earth region. Anomalies in the conversion process have been interpreted in terms of nuclear structure effects. It was found that all the experimental results could be interpreted in terms of the j ∙ r type of penetration matrix element; the j ∙ ∇ type of penetration matrix element was not important. The ratio λ of the El j ∙ r penetration matrix element to the El gamma-ray matrix element was determined from the experiments to be:

Lu¹⁷⁵,396 keV, λ = - 1000 ± 100;

282 keV, λ = 500 ± 100;

144 keV, λ = 500 ± 250;

Hf¹⁷⁷, 321 keV λ = - 1400 ± 200;

208 keV λ = - 90 ± 40;

72 keV |λ| ≤ 650;

Gd¹⁵⁵, 86 keV λ = - 150 ± 100;

Tm¹⁶⁹, 63 keV λ = - 100 ± 100;

W¹⁸², 152 keV, λ = - 160 ±80;

67 keV, λ = - 100 ± 100.

Predictions for λ are made using the unified nuclear model.

Mass measurements of some proton-rich nuclei

The Q values and 0^o cross sections of (He³, n) reactions forming seven proton-rich nuclei have been measured with accuracies varying from 6 to 18 keV. The Q values (in keV) are: Si²⁶ (85), S³⁰ (-573), Ar³⁴ (-759), Ti⁴² (-2865), Cr⁴⁸ (5550), Ni⁵⁶ (4513) and Zn⁶⁰ (818). At least one excited state was found for all but Ti⁴². The first four nuclei complete isotopic spin triplets; the results obtained agree well with charge-symmetry predictions. The last three, all multiples of the α particle, are important in the α and e-process theories of nucleo-synthesis in stars. The energy available for β decay of these three was found by magnetic spectrometer measurements of the (He³, p) Q values of reactions leading to V⁴⁸, Co⁵⁶, and Cu⁶⁰. Many excited states were seen: V⁴⁸ (3), Co⁵⁶ (15), Cu⁶⁰ (23). The first two states of S³⁰ are probably 0⁺ and 2⁺ from (He³, n) angular distribution measurements. Two NaI γ-ray measurements are described: the decay of Ar³⁴ (measured ^Ƭ1/2 = 1.2 ± 0.3s) and the prompt γ-ray spectrum from Fe⁵⁴(He³, nγ)Ni⁵⁶. Possible collective structure in Ni⁵⁶ and Ca⁴⁰, both doubly magic, is discussed.

The (He³, n) neutron energy and yield measurements utilized neutron-induced nuclear reactions in a silicon semiconductor detector. Cross sections for the most important detection processes, Si²⁸ (n, α) Mg²⁵ and Si²⁸ (n, p) Al²⁸, are presented for reactions leading to the first four states of both residual nuclei for neutron energies from 7.3 to 16.4 MeV. Resolution and pulse-height anomalies associated with recoil Mg²⁵ and Al²⁸ ions are discussed. The 0^o cross section for Be⁹ (α, n) C¹², used to provide calibration neutrons, has been measured with a stilbene spectrometer for n_o (5.0 ≤ E_α ≤ 12 MeV), n₁ (4.3 ≤ E_α ≤ 12.0 MeV) and n₂ (6.0 ≤ E_α ≤ 10.1 MeV). Resonances seen in the n_o yield may correspond to nine new levels in C¹³.

Nuclear structure effects in internal conversion

Experimental studies of nuclear effects in internal conversion in Ta¹⁸¹ and Lu¹⁷⁵ have been performed. Nuclear structure effects (“penetration” effects), in internal conversion are described in general. Calculation of theoretical conversion coefficients are outlined. Comparisons with the theoretical conversion coefficient tables of Rose and Sliv and Band are made. Discrepancies between our results and those of Rose and Sliv are noted. The theoretical conversion coefficients of Sliv and Band are in substantially better agreement with our results than are those of Rose. The ratio of the M1 penetration matrix element to the M1 gamma-ray matrix element, called λ, is equal to + 175 ± 25 for the 482 keV transition in Ta¹⁸¹ . The results for the 343 keV transition in Lu¹⁷⁵ indicate that λ may be as large as – 8 ± 5. These transitions are discussed in terms of the unified collective model. Precision L subshell measurements in Tm¹⁶⁹ (130keV), W¹⁸² (100 keV), and Ta¹⁸¹ (133 keV) show definite systematic deviations from the theoretical conversion coefficients. The possibility of explaining these deviations by penetration effects is investigated and is shown to be excluded. Other explanations of these anomalies are discussed.

Studies of noble gases in meteorites and in the earth

The isotopic and elemental abundances of noble gases in the solar system are investigated, using simple mixing models and mass-spectrometric measurements of the noble gases in meteorites and terrestrial rocks and minerals.

Primordial neon is modeled by two isotopically distinct components from the interstellar gas and dust. Neon from the gas dominates solar neon, which contains about ten times more ²⁰Ne than ²²Ne. Neon from the dust is represented in meteorites by neon-E, with ²⁰Ne/²²Ne less than 0.6. Isotopic variations in meteorites require neon from both dust and gas to be present. Mixing dust and gas without neon loss generates linear correlation lines on three-isotope and composition-concentration diagrams. A model for solar wind implantation predicts small deviations from linear mixing, due to preferential sputtering of the lighter neon isotopes.

Neon in meteorites consists of galactic cosmic ray spallation neon and at least two primordial components, neon-E and neon-S. Neon was measured in several meteorites to investigate these end- members. Cosmogenic neon produced from sodium is found to be strongly enriched in ²²Ne. Neon measurements on sodium-rich samples must be interpreted with care so not to confuse this source of ²²Ne with neon-E, which is also rich in ²²Ne.

Neon data for the carbonaceous chondrite Mokoia show that the end member composition of neon-Si in meteorites is ²⁰Ne/²²Ne = 13.7, the same as the present solar wind. The solar wind composition evidently has remained constant since before the compaction of Mokoia.

Ca, Al-rich inclusions from the Allende meteorite were examined for correlation between neon-E and oxygen or magnesium isotopic anomalies. ²²Ne and ³⁶Ar enrichments found in some inclusions are attributed to cosmic- ray-induced reactions on Na and Cl, not to a primordial component. Neon-E is not detectably enriched in Allende.

Measurements were made to determine the noble gas contents of various terrestrial rocks and minerals, and to investigate the cycling of noble gases between different terrestrial reservoirs. Beryl crystals contain a characteristic suite of magmatic gases including nucleogenic ²¹Ne and ²²Ne from (α,n) reactions, radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar, and fissiogenic ^131-136Xe from the decay of K and U in the continental crust. Significant concentrations of atmospheric noble gases are also present in beryl.

Both juvenile and atmospheric noble gases are found in rocks from the Skaergaard intrusion. The ratio ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar (corrected for in situ decay of ⁴⁰K) correlates with δ¹⁸O in plagioclase. Atmospheric argon has been introduced into samples that have experienced oxygen-isotope exchange with circulating meteoric hydrothermal fluids. Unexchanged samples contain juvenile argon with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar greater than 6000 that was trapped from the Skaergaard magma.

Juvenile and atmospheric gases have been measured in the glassy rims of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) pillow basalts. Evidence is presented that three samples contain excess radiogenic ¹²⁹Xe and fission xenon, in addition to the excess radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar found in all samples. These juvenile gases are being outgassed from the upper-mantle source region of the MOR magma. No isotopic evidence has been found here for juvenile primordial noble gases accompanying the juvenile radiogenic gases in the MOR glasses. Large argon isotopic variations in a single specimen provide a clear indication of the late-stage addition of atmospheric argon, probably from seawater.

The Skaergaard data demonstrate that atmospheric noble gases dissolved in ground water can be transferred into crustal rocks. Subduction of oceanic crust altered by seawater can transport atmospheric noble gases into the upper mantle. A substantial portion of the noble gases in mantle derived rocks may represent subducted gases, not a primordial component as is often assumed.

Dynamical models for the Earth's geoid

The Earth's largest geoid anomalies occur at the lowest spherical harmonic degrees, or longest wavelengths, and are primarily the result of mantle convection. Thermal density contrasts due to convection are partially compensated by boundary deformations due to viscous flow whose effects must be included in order to obtain a dynamically consistent model for the geoid. These deformations occur rapidly with respect to the timescale for convection, and we have analytically calculated geoid response kernels for steady-state, viscous, incompressible, self-gravitating, layered Earth models which include the deformation of boundaries due to internal loads. Both the sign and magnitude of geoid anomalies depend strongly upon the viscosity structure of the mantle as well as the possible presence of chemical layering.

Correlations of various global geophysical data sets with the observed geoid can be used to construct theoretical geoid models which constrain the dynamics of mantle convection. Surface features such as topography and plate velocities are not obviously related to the low-degree geoid, with the exception of subduction zones which are characterized by geoid highs (degrees 4-9). Recent models for seismic heterogeneity in the mantle provide additional constraints, and much of the low-degree (2-3) geoid can be attributed to seismically inferred density anomalies in the lower mantle. The Earth's largest geoid highs are underlain by low density material in the lower mantle, thus requiring compensating deformations of the Earth's surface. A dynamical model for whole mantle convection with a low viscosity upper mantle can explain these observations and successfully predicts more than 80% of the observed geoid variance.

Temperature variations associated with density anomalies in the man tie cause lateral viscosity variations whose effects are not included in the analytical models. However, perturbation theory and numerical tests show that broad-scale lateral viscosity variations are much less important than radial variations; in this respect, geoid models, which depend upon steady-state surface deformations, may provide more reliable constraints on mantle structure than inferences from transient phenomena such as postglacial rebound. Stronger, smaller-scale viscosity variations associated with mantle plumes and subducting slabs may be more important. On the basis of numerical modelling of low viscosity plumes, we conclude that the global association of geoid highs (after slab effects are removed) with hotspots and, perhaps, mantle plumes, is the result of hot, upwelling material in the lower mantle; this conclusion does not depend strongly upon plume rheology. The global distribution of hotspots and the dominant, low-degree geoid highs may correspond to a dominant mode of convection stabilized by the ancient Pangean continental assemblage.

Condições de saúde bucal em atletas dos XV Jogos Pan-Americanos e III Jogos Parapan-Americanos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2007

O estudo epidemiológico transversal randomizado objetivou avaliar condições de saúde bucal nos competidores dos XV Jogos Pan-Americanos (JPA) e III Jogos Parapan-Americanos (JPPA), 2007. Foram enviados convites para 5.662 atletas (JPA) e 1.300 (JPPA). Radiografias panorâmicas digitais (RPD) foram utilizadas para o exame de triagem nos 2 eventos, e nos JPPA, os atletas também foram submetidos à avaliação do sangramento gengival interdental (SI) através de uma versão modificada do Índice de Sangramento Interdental de Eastman (EIBI). Foram obtidas RPDs de 410 atletas dos JPA, média de idade 24,38 (dp5,35), 55% homens; e de 118 dos atletas dos JPPA, média de idade de 32,3 (dp9,53), 77,97% homens. 121 competidores (JPPA) foram avaliados para SI: 78,51% homens, média de idade 32,6(dp9,6), e foram separados em grupos (G), conforme sua deficiência física: GI c/ deficiência visual (DV), com 2 subgrupos: GI-a: DV tardia e GI-c-: DV congênita/precoce; GII- deficiência de membro superior; com 1 subgrupo: GII-t: deficiência/ausência bilateral; GIII- deficiência de membro inferior (grupo controle). As RPDs foram examinadas por 1 examinador com o Kodak Dental Imaging(v6.7). A frequência e a distribuição do SI foram calculadas, e os grupos foram comparados. Resultados da triagem com RPDs, representados por número de observações(média por atleta) JPA//número de observações(média por atleta JPPA: Dentes erupcionados/ hígidos: 9097(22,19)//2451(20,77); Ausentes: 803(1,96 //405(3,43); Não erupcionados ou impactados: 330(0,80)//52(0,44); Parcialmente erupcionados e/ou hígidos: 109(0,27)//20(0,17); Cárie extensa: 261(0,64)//62(0,53); Cárie extensa e lesão periapical: 96(0,23)//50(0,42); Tratamento endodôntico e lesão periapical: 24(0,06)//13(0,11); Restaurados: 2298(5,60)//670(5,68); Imagens radiolúcidas patológicas circunscritas: 23(0,06)//0; Raízes-residuais: 27(0,07)//22(0,19); Implantes:6(0,01)//5(0,04); Dentes anteriores fraturados: 13 (0,03)//3(0,03); Molares bandados: 26(0,06)//11(0,09); Dentes anômalos: 7(0,02)//12(0,10). Resultados para SI: G-I>G-III (p=0.0002);GI-c>GI-a (p=0,042). Homens exibiram > freqüência de SI (3,6%+1,7) que mulheres (0,8%+0,5), p<0,01. Conclusões: Os dados das 2 populações de atletas mostraram que há uma grande variação na saúde bucal entre os indivíduos avaliados. Diversas condições com potencial de influenciar o desempenho esportivo dos atletas foram detectadas através de radiografias panorâmicas digitais, sugerindo que um programa de saúde bucal deve ser incluído como parte da preparação destes indivíduos.A avaliação da frequência e distribuição de sangramento gengival interdental em uma população de atletas que competiu nos III Jogos Parapan-Americanos, revelou que o tipo de deficiência ou limitação física dos competidores é um fator que influencia na saúde gengival desses indivíduos. O planejamento de um programa de saúde bucal para esta população deve ser adaptado às diferentes limitações de cada atleta.

Social, economic, and health impact of the respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic search

Background: Bronchiolitis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and its related complications are common in infants born prematurely, with severe congenital heart disease, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia, as well as in immunosuppressed infants. There is a rich literature on the different aspects of RSV infection with a focus, for the most part, on specific risk populations. However, there is a need for a systematic global analysis of the impact of RSV infection in terms of use of resources and health impact on both children and adults. With this aim, we performed a systematic search of scientific evidence on the social, economic, and health impact of RSV infection. Methods: A systematic search of the following databases was performed: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Spanish Medical Index, MEDES-MEDicina in Spanish, Cochrane Plus Library, and Google without time limits. We selected 421 abstracts based on the 6,598 articles identified. From these abstracts, 4 RSV experts selected the most relevant articles. They selected 65 articles. After reading the full articles, 23 of their references were also selected. Finally, one more article found through a literature information alert system was included. Results: The information collected was summarized and organized into the following topics: 1. Impact on health (infections and respiratory complications, mid-to long-term lung function decline, recurrent wheezing, asthma, other complications such as otitis and rhino-conjunctivitis, and mortality; 2. Impact on resources (visits to primary care and specialists offices, emergency room visits, hospital admissions, ICU admissions, diagnostic tests, and treatments); 3. Impact on costs (direct and indirect costs); 4. Impact on quality of life; and 5. Strategies to reduce the impact (interventions on social and hygienic factors and prophylactic treatments). Conclusions: We concluded that 1. The health impact of RSV infection is relevant and goes beyond the acute episode phase; 2. The health impact of RSV infection on children is much better documented than the impact on adults; 3. Further research is needed on mid-and long-term impact of RSV infection on the adult population, especially those at high-risk; 4. There is a need for interventions aimed at reducing the impact of RSV infection by targeting health education, information, and prophylaxis in high-risk populations.

Caracterização do maciço Santa Clara no município de Cujubim (RO) com base em litogeoquímica, geocronologia e estudos isotópicos

A Suíte Intrusiva Santa Clara está inserida na Província Estanífera de Rondônia, na porção SW do Cráton Amazônico. Essa suíte intrusiva é composta pelos maciços Santa Clara, Oriente Velho, Oriente Novo, Manteiga-Sul, Manteiga-Norte, Jararaca, Carmelo, Primavera e das Antas. Os litotipos que perfazem a Suíte Santa Clara ocorrem hospedados nas rochas do Complexo Jamari, uma associação polideformada composta por gnaisses ortoderivados e paraderivados. Características observadas em campo e em análises petrográficas permitiram subdividir o Maciço Santa Clara em cinco fácies distintas: fácies porfirítica, fácies isotrópica, fácies fina, fácies piterlítica e fácies viborgítica. Os litotipos observados correspondem a hornblenda-biotita granitos e biotita granitos intermediários a ácidos, com composições médias semelhantes àquelas verificadas para sienogranitos e monzogranitos. Geoquimicamente, três magmas podem ser identificados. O magma menos evoluído corresponde às rochas das fácies porfirítica e equigranular, e o mais evoluído compreende as fácies de granulometria fina e piterlítica. A fácies viborgítica representa o terceiro líquido magmático, e aparentemente é diferente de todas as outras fácies em termos de aspectos de campo e geoquímica. A análise litogeoquímica indica que estes granitoides são subalcalinos, bastante empobrecidos em MgO e exibem caráter metaluminoso a fracamente peraluminoso. Os padrões de elementos-traços evidenciam que tais granitóides possuem alto conteúdo em elementos incompatíveis (Rb, Zr, Y, Ta, Ce) e ETR, com exceção do Eu. Além disso, também exibem leve enriquecimento em LILE, forte depleção em elementos como Sr e Ti, e leve empobrecimento de Ba, indicando que o fracionamento de minerais como plagioclásio e titanita foi importante na evolução do líquido magmático analisado. A anomalia negativa de Nb indica envolvimento de material crustal nos processos magmáticos que geraram estes granitoides. Os litotipos analisados possuem características típicas de granitos tipo-A ferroan, e as razões FeOt/MgO entre 4,27 e 26,22 sugerem tratar-se de uma série de granitos félsicos fracionados. Os padrões de ETR observados para os litotipos analisados exibem um considerável enriquecimento em ETRL, e anomalia negativa de Eu, sugerindo fracionamento de feldspato durante o processo de diferenciação do líquido magmático. Diagramas discriminantes de ambientes tectônicos sugerem que os litotipos do Maciço Intrusivo Santa Clara são típicos de ambiente intraplaca, do tipo-A2, isto é, associados a ambientes pós-colisionais/pós-orogênicos. As características isotópicas observadas para os granitoides do Maciço Santa Clara sugerem que os mesmos foram gerados a partir da fusão parcial de uma crosta inferior pré-existente. As idades U-Pb entre 1,07 e 1,06 Ga são compatíveis com um magmatismo ocorrido nos estágios finais da colagem do supercontinente Rodínia (1,2-1,0 Ga) e estágios finais do Ciclo Orogênico Sunsás-Aguapeí (1320-1100 Ma). Sugere-se ainda que na verdade o Maciço Santa Clara seja formado por uma coalescência das três intrusões graníticas que são representadas pelos três magmas anteriormente descritos.

Estudio prospectivo de las anomalías vasculares. Valoración del Propranolol en Hemangiomas

206 p.

Análise da mortalidade perinatal na região do Médio Paraíba, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2005 a 2009

A taxa de mortalidade perinatal (TMP) é um dos importantes indicadores de saúde que refletem a qualidade da assistência prestada durante a gestação, o parto e ao recém nascido. A TMP possui dois componentes: a taxa e mortalidade fetal e a taxa de mortalidade infantil neonatal precoce. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a mortalidade perinatal na região do Médio Paraíba, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil no período de 2005 a 2009, segundo causa básica dos óbitos, componentes do período perinatal e critérios de evitabilidade. Foram utilizados os dados referentes aos óbitos fetais e infantis neonatais precoces e de nascidos vivos, registrados, respectivamente, nos Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). A TMP na região foi de 18,4 óbitos por mil nascimentos totais. As taxas de mortalidade fetal e infantil neonatal precoce no período alcançaram, espectivamente 10,7 óbitos por mil nascimentos totais e 7,7 óbitos por mil nascidos vivos. A TMP apresentou redução ao longo do quinquênio analisado associada à queda do componente neonatal precoce, mantendo-se estável o componente fetal. As principais causas básicas dos óbitos perinatais, segundo a lista de mortalidade CID BR, foram as afecções originadas no período perinatal (89%) e as malformações congênitas, deformidades e anomalias cromossômicas (10,5%). Utilizando os critérios de evitabilidade segundo Ortiz, para os óbitos infantis neonatais precoces foi observado que mais de 41% eram reduzíveis por diagnósticos e tratamento precoces. Ressalta-se a necessidade da implementação de ações de assistência à saúde da gestante e de cuidados com o recémnascido com vistas à redução da mortalidade perinatal na região do Médio Paraíba.

Avaliação da idade e maturação óssea em crianças cardiopatas

O estudo do crescimento e desenvolvimento é essencial para a Ortodontia, pois cada criança possui um padrão único. Na presença de doenças sistêmicas como as cardiopatias, um exame mais detalhado deve ser feito, uma vez que estas podem alterar o crescimento e desenvolvimento. Um dos métodos mais utilizados nesta avaliação é a análise da calcificação dos ossos da mão e punho. Porém, as modificações no tamanho e forma das vértebras cervicais vêm sendo muito utilizadas nas últimas décadas pelo fato de ser realizada em radiografias cefalométricas laterais, rotineiramente utilizadas no diagnóstico ortodôntico. Inicialmente, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a correlação entre os métodos de obtenção da idade óssea e dos estágios de maturação óssea que utilizam os indicadores presentes na região de mão e punho e os presentes nas vértebras cervicais em um grupo de crianças cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. A partir da correlação positiva e significativa, utilizou-se o método das vértebras cervicais para comparar a idade óssea, a diferença entre idade óssea e cronológica e os estágios de maturação óssea entre crianças cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. A amostra foi formada por 120 crianças com idades entre 4,83 a 14,66 anos, atendidas no Ambulatório de Pediatria do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. Entre estas, 73 eram cardiopatas, todas portadoras de cardiopatias congênitas cianóticas e 47 não cardiopatas, que faziam apenas acompanhamento de rotina, com idades médias de 9,3 e 8,9 anos respectivamente. A idade e maturação óssea foram verificadas através de radiografias cefalométricas laterais e carpais. A determinação da idade óssea foi realizada pelo método de Mito et al. nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais e pelo método de Greulich e Pyle nas radiografias carpais. E, os estágios de maturação óssea foram obtidos pelo método de Hassel e Farman nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais e pelo método de Singer nas radiografias carpais. A correlação entre os métodos de obtenção da idade óssea e dos estágios de maturação óssea apresentou valores positivos e significativos; tanto para o grupo cardiopata, com r = 0,478 (p<0,001) para idade óssea e r = 0,616 (p<0,001) para os estágios de maturação óssea, quanto para o grupo não cardiopata, com r = 0,366 (p=0,024) para idade óssea e r = 0,613 (p<0,001) para os estágios de maturação óssea. As idades ósseas não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,394). As diferenças entre as idades cronológicas e ósseas não apresentaram diferença significativa tanto no grupo cardiopata (p=0,418), quanto para o grupo não cardiopata (p=0,143). Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quando avaliada a quantidade de crianças que apresentavam idade óssea atrasada em relação à idade cronológica (p=0,395). O mesmo ocorreu quando avaliados os gêneros masculino (p = 0,060) e feminino (p = 0,313). A distribuição da amostra pelos estágios de maturação óssea não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p=0,447). Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a cardiopatia congênita, nesta faixa etária avaliada, não altera o padrão de maturação óssea analisado pelas vértebras cervicais.

Rélations hydrométéorologiques sur les côtes du Golfe de Guinée: influence de l'orientation de la côte

The Gulf of Guinea is remarkable for its abundant precipitations and negative anomalies of the surface water temperature. This originality comes from the southern monsoon which transfers the cold season to the middle of northern summer up to latitude 10 degrees North. Yearly precipitations, which can vary along the coast, are well in correlation with coast crossing air flow (r=0.71) and with the sea-air temperature difference (r=0.72). Precipitations provide a better correlation with surface temperatures (0.72) than with salinities (-0.63). The wind influence upon negative anomaly of the surface temperature is more clear on N-S coast (r=0.98) than on W-E coast (r=0.73) of the Gulf. Temporal correlations calculated on 16 years of observations in Pointe-Noire are in connection with previous spatial correlations. Coastal hydroclimates are thus likely to be deduced from meteorology.