Carryover proporcionado pelos herbicidas S-metolachlor e trifluralin nas culturas de feijão, milho e soja

As aplicações de herbicidas em pré-emergência têm por finalidade a obtenção da atividade residual no início do ciclo das culturas e a supressão de novos fluxos de plantas daninhas. Contudo, esse efeito pode prejudicar culturas subsequentes, dependendo da variedade utilizada e da persistência do herbicida no solo. Em virtude disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de carryover em cultura subsequente, como soja RR, feijão e milho, proporcionado pelos herbicidas trifluralin e S-metolachlor. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em pré-emergência 120 dias antes da semeadura das culturas. As doses de trifluralin utilizadas (kg ha-1) foram: 0,00; 0,27; 0,54; 1,08; 2,16; e 4,32, e as de S-metolachlor (kg ha-1): 0,00; 0,36; 0,72; 1,44; 2,88; e 5,76. Para o herbicida trifluralin, pode-se observar apenas redução do teor de clorofila (mg cm-2) e na quantidade de massa seca produzida pelas plantas de feijão (IAPAR 81) aos 28 dias após o plantio (DAS), ao passo que em plantas de soja RR (CD 214) foi observada apenas a redução da massa seca. No caso do S-metolachlor, o herbicida provocou redução na altura e injúrias nas plantas de feijão aos 7 e 14 DAS, além da redução nos teores de massa seca. Em plantas de soja, o S-metolachlor alterou a quantidade de massa seca produzida e provocou fitointoxicação leve a moderada. Esses resultados mostram que, de acordo com a dose utilizada, tanto trifluralin como S-metolachlor podem provocar efeitos negativos nas culturas de soja RR (CD 214) e feijão (IAPAR 81), aplicados em pré-emergência 120 dias antes da semeadura das culturas. No entanto, esses herbicidas não interferiram no desenvolvimento das plantas de milho.

Manejo convencional do solo e semeadura direta com diferentes intervalos de dessecação do milheto sobre o desenvolvimento inicial da soja

O cultivo da soja em semeadura direta tem alavancado o uso do herbicida glyphosate na dessecação de espécies antecessoras. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o preparo convencional do solo e o sistema de semeadura direta com diferentes intervalos de dessecação do milheto no desenvolvimento inicial de soja convencional e transgênica. O estudo foi realizado em campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico muito argiloso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram constituídos por dois cultivares de soja: BRS 240 (convencional) e CD 214 RR (transgênica); e três sistemas de manejo: preparo convencional do solo (CONV), semeadura direta com dessecação imediatamente antes da semeadura (sistema Aplique-Plante - AP) e com dessecação 21 dias antes da semeadura da soja (D21). A cultura do milheto foi dessecada com glyphosate na dose de 960 g i.a. ha¹. O cultivar convencional BRS 240 foi mais vigoroso que o cultivar transgênico CD 214 RR quanto à massa verde de plantas. O sistema de semeadura direta AP influenciou de forma negativa o cultivar BRS 240. Nos dois cultivares avaliados, o sistema de semeadura direta AP proporcionou os menores valores de emergência em campo e estande final de plantas. Os sistemas de manejo com semeadura direta (AP e D21) proporcionam melhor desenvolvimento de raízes e maior quantidade de nódulos, além de não influenciarem os teores de N e Mn das plantas de soja.

Conservação genética de populações de Cryptocarya moschata Nees (Lauraceae) na Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo

Através da análise de 18 locos isoenzimáticos polimórficos, foram estimadas as freqüências alélicas referentes a 214 indivíduos adultos de quatro populações naturais de Cryptocarya moschata de duas regiões do estado de São Paulo. Com base nas heterozigosidades observadas e esperadas, foram obtidas estimativas das estatísticas F de Wright. Para fins de comparação, utilizou-se também o método da análise da variância para estimação dos parâmetros correspondentes F = FIT, qP= FST e f = FIS. Os dois métodos forneceram resultados bastante concordantes: IT = 0,142; ST = 0,140; IS = 0,002 e = 0,116; P = 0,123 e = ­0,008, indicando que os indivíduos dentro das populações devem ser panmíticos e que a diversidade entre populações é bastante alta, sendo similar à que se espera para famílias com estruturação de meios-irmãos. Calculando P com as populações tomadas duas a duas, notou-se tendência de P crescer com a distância geográfica o que sugere tendência de isolamento pela distância. O fluxo gênico foi estimado em 0,9 indivíduos por geração, o que corrobora a pronunciada diferenciação populacional encontrada. Devido ao valor negligível encontrado de IS, o tamanho efetivo de variância de cada população é equivalente ao número de indivíduos amostrados. As estratégias de manejo e conservação necessárias para a preservação da alta variabilidade genética intrapopulacional de C. moschata implicam na manutenção de populações com número grande de indivíduos. Além disso, para a preservação da espécie como um todo, a manutenção de muitas populações provavelmente é necessária.

Kirkon omat asiat kirkkolaissa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

The Russian National Innovation System - an International Perspective

Russia inherited a large research and development (R&D) sector from the Soviet times, and has retained a substantial R&D sector today, compared with other emerging economies. However, Russia is falling behind in all indicators measuring innovative output in comparison with most developed countries. Russia’s innovation performance is disappointing, despite the available stock of human capital and overall investment in R&D. The communist legacy still influences the main actors of the innovation system. The federal state is still the most important funding source for R&D. Private companies are not investing in innovative activities, preferring to “import” innovations embedded in foreign technologies. Universities are outsiders in the innovation system, only a few universities carry out research activities. Nowadays, Russia is a resource-depended country. The economy depends on energy and metals for growth. The Russian economy faces the challenge of diversification and should embrace innovation, and shift to a knowledge economy to remain competitive in the long run. Therefore, Russia has to tackle the challenge of developing an efficient innovation system with its huge potential in science expertise and engineering know-how.

Segmentointimalli vanhusten ennakoivien kotikäyntien pohjalta

Väestön ikääntymisen vaikutus väestörakenteeseen on nähtävissä terveydenhuollon kustannusten jyrkkänä kasvuna ja havaittu vaikutus tulee korostumaan entisestään suurten ikäluokkien jäädessä eläkkeelle. Terveydenhuoltojärjestelmää tehostamalla on mahdollista saavuttaa kustannussäästöjä, jotka ovat välttämättömiä myös muiden palveluiden tason ylläpitämiseksi. Vanhusten kotona asumisen tukeminen ehkäisee laitostumista, joka on merkittävä terveydenhuollon kustannustekijä, joten uusille palvelukäytännöille ja tuotteille on ennakoitavissa olevan kysyntää. Tässä tutkimuksessa tavoitteena on luoda segmentointimalli vanhusten terveyden- ja sosiaalihuollon tueksi. Segmentointimallin avulla pyritään hahmottamaan erityyppisissä elinympäristöissä kotona asuvien vanhusten tarpeita ja niiden poikkeavuuksia toisistaan, ottaen huomioon vanhusten henkilökohtaiset ominaisuudet. Pohjana mallin luonnissa käytetään vanhusten ennakoivien kotikäyntien aikana kerättyä aineistoa, jossa on kysymysten avulla kartoitettu vanhusten kykyä selviytyä päivittäisistä askareista itsenäisesti. Valmista segmentointimallia voidaan käyttää apuna esimerkiksi suunniteltaessa uusien tuotteiden ja palveluiden tarjontaa kotona asuville vanhuksille.

Railways, Airports and Sea Container Operators as Publicly Listed Companies – Financial Performance and Shareholder Value Creation Perspective

Logistics infrastructure and transportation services have been the liability of countries and governments for decades, or these have been under strict regulation policies. One of the first branches opened for competition in EU as well as in other continents, has been air transports (operators, like passenger and freight) and road transports. These have resulted on lower costs, better connectivity and in most of the cases higher service quality. However, quite large amount of other logistics related activities are still directly (or indirectly) under governmental influence, e.g. railway infrastructure, road infrastructure, railway operations, airports, and sea ports. Due to the globalization, governmental influence is not that necessary in this sector, since transportation needs have increased with much more significant phase as compared to economic growth. Also freight transportation needs do not correlate with passenger side, due to the reason that only small number of areas in the world have specialized in the production of particular goods. Therefore, in number of cases public-private partnership, or even privately owned companies operating in these sub-branches have been identified as beneficial for countries, customers and further economic growth. The objective of this research work is to shed more light on these kinds of experiments, especially in the relatively unknown sub-branches of logistics like railways, airports and sea container transports. In this research work we have selected companies having public listed status in some stock exchange, and have needed amount of financial scale to be considered as serious company rather than start-up phase venture. Our research results show that railways and airports usually need high fixed investments, but have showed in the last five years generally good financial performance, both in terms of profitability and cash flow. In contrary to common belief of prosperity in globally growing container transports, sea vessel operators of containers have not shown that impressive financial performance. Generally margins in this business are thin, and profitability has been sacrificed in front of high growth – this also concerns cash flow performance, which has been lower too. However, as we examine these three logistics sub-branches through shareholder value development angle during time period of 2002-2007, we were surprised to find out that all of these three have outperformed general stock market indexes in this period. More surprising is the result that financially a bit less performing sea container transportation sector shows highest shareholder value gain in the examination period. Thus, it should be remembered that provided analysis shows only limited picture, since e.g. dividends were not taken into consideration in this research work. Therefore, e.g. US railway operators have disadvantage to other in the analysis, since they have been able to provide dividends for shareholders in long period of time. Based on this research work we argue that investment on transportation/logistics sector seems to be safe alternative, which yields with relatively low risk high gain. Although global economy would face smaller growth period, this sector seems to provide opportunities in more demanding situation as well.

Floristics, structure and soil of insular vegetation in four quartzite-sandstone outcrops of "Chapada Diamantina", Northeast Brazil

Soil islands on rocky surfaces often harbor aggregated vegetation that consists of insular plant communities. These islands are typical of the rocky outcrops and in various parts of Brazil form the so-called "campos rupestres" vegetation. Four of such sites have been selected in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil, for this comparative study on floristics and vegetation structure: three areas situated inside the "Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina" (Guiné, Fumaça and "Gerais da Fumaça") and one is at the border of the Environmental Protection Area of "Marimbus-Iraquara" ("Mãe Inácia"). All occurring vegetation islands were studied in four random plots of 10 × 10 m per site. Soil was often shallow, sandy and acidic. Vascular plant species were determined, with respective life forms and canopy coverage areas. The total number of species when all four sites were added was 135, and the number of species per island varied from 2 to 32. The areas of the 214 soil islands varied from 0.015 to 91.9 m², totaling 568 m² in the four sites. Monocotyledon families were dominant, essentially Velloziaceae, as well as Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Cyperaceae. Among the eudicotyledons, dominant families were mainly Clusiaceae, Asteraceae and Melastomataceae. The biological spectra revealed that phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes predominated among the life forms, while chamaephytes had the largest coverage area. Epilithic and desiccant chamaephytes composed the most conspicuous interspecific associations, and were probably related to early successional processes. Sites closest to one another were not the most similar in structure, indicating that other factors more relevant than distance might be involved in the abundance of species in space.

Ein aktuelles Kompendium über die Saamen und ihre Kultur

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Sammlung wogulischer Volksdichtung für die Mansen

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Maatalousalueiden kosteikkojen, luonnon monimuotoisuuden ja suojavyöhykkeiden yleissuunnitelma, Laihia

Maaseudun perinteinen maisema ja luonto ovat muotoutuneet vuosisatojen aikana erilaisten maankäyttötapojen tuloksena. Perinteiset maankäyttömuodot, kuten laidunnus ja niitto, ovat luoneet näille alueille tunnusomaisen kasvi- ja eläinlajiston. Maatalouden tarjoamissa elinympäristöissä elää noin neljäsosa Suomen luonnonvaraisista eliölajeista. Viime vuosikymmenten aikana maisema on kuitenkin muuttunut yksipuolisemmaksi ja luonnon monimuotoisuus vähentynyt maatalousympäristössä. Kuivatus on vähentänyt vesistöihin ja luonnon uomiin kuuluneita kosteikkoja ja tulva-alueita. Maatalousympäristöä hoitamalla voidaan palauttaa luonnon monimuotoisuutta ja maisemallisia arvoja. Luonnon monimuotoisuudella tarkoitetaan kaikkien eliölajien sekä niiden elinympäristöjen ja elottoman luonnon moninaisuutta. Laihia on perinteikästä maatalousaluetta. Laihialle laadittiin vuosien 2014-2015 aikana MMM:n määrärahalla maatalousalueiden monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen, luonnon monimuotoisuuden ja suojavyöhykkeiden yleissuunnitelma. Suunnittelualue, jolle kartoitus keskittyi, sijoittui maatalousvaltaiselle alueelle Laihianjoen molemmin puolin. Hankkeessa Laihialla kartoitettiin luonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita, mahdollisia monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen paikkoja sekä suojavyöhykkeiden tarvetta. Kohteille annettiin toimenpidesuosituksia, joita maanomistajat voivat halutessaan toteuttaa.

Effect of chronic fish oil supplementation on renal function of normal and cachectic rats

In the present study we determined the effect of chronic diet supplementation with n-3 PUFA on renal function of healthy and cachectic subjects by providing fish oil (1 g/kg body weight) to female rats throughout pregnancy and lactation and then to their offspring post-weaning and examined its effect on renal function parameters during their adulthood. The animals were divided into four groups of 5-10 rats in each group: control, control supplemented with fish oil (P), cachectic Walker 256 tumor-bearing (W), and W supplemented with fish oil (WP). Food intake was significantly lower in the W group compared to control (12.66 ± 4.24 vs 25.30 ± 1.07 g/day). Treatment with fish oil significantly reversed this reduction (22.70 ± 2.94 g/day). Tumor growth rate was markedly reduced in the P group (16.41 ± 2.09 for WP vs 24.06 ± 2.64 g for W). WP group showed a significant increase in mean glomerular filtration rate compared to P and control (1.520 ± 0.214 ml min-1 kg body weight-1; P < 0.05). Tumor-bearing groups had low urine osmolality compared to control rats. The fractional sodium excretion decreased in the W group compared to control (0.43 ± 0.16 vs 2.99 ± 0.87%; P < 0.05), and partially recovered in the WP group (0.90 ± 0.20%). In summary, the chronic supplementation with fish oil used in this study increased the amount of fat in the diet by only 0.1%, but caused remarkable changes in tumor growth rate and cachexia, also showing a renoprotective function.

Estrogen receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease in the Brazilian population

We examined the association of three established single nucleotide polymorphisms, IVS1-397T>C, IVS1-351A>G, and +261G>C, in the ESR1 gene with the prevalence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis in a southern Brazilian population of European ancestry. Three hundred and forty-one subjects (127 women and 214 men) with coronary artery disease (CAD) were classified as having significant disease (CAD+ patient group) when they showed 60% or more luminal stenosis in at least one coronary artery or major branch segment at angiography; patients with 10% or less luminal stenosis were considered to have minimal CAD (CAD- patient group). The control sample consisted of 142 subjects (79 women and 63 men) without significant disease, in whom coronary angiography to rule out the presence of asymptomatic CAD was not performed. The polymorphisms were investigated by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction analyses. In the male sample, the +261G>C*C allele was more frequent in CAD+ than CAD- subjects (8 versus 1%, P = 0.024). Homozygosity for the C allele of the IVS1-397T>C polymorphism was also significantly associated with increased CAD severity (OR: 2.99; 95% CI = 1.35-6.63; P = 0.007). In agreement with previous findings, these results suggest that the IVS1-397T>C*C allele was associated with CAD severity independent of gender, whereas the association of the +261G>C variant with CAD was observed in males only. The relation between ESR1 variation and CAD may influence clinical decisions such as the use of hormone therapy, and additionally will be helpful to identify the genetic susceptibility determinants of cardiovascular disease development.

Effects of metformin on the glycemic control, lipid profile, and arterial blood pressure of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome already on insulin

Fifty-seven type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome and on insulin were assessed by a paired analysis before and 6 months after addition of metformin as combination therapy to evaluate the impact of the association on glycemic control, blood pressure, and lipid profile. This was a historical cohort study in which the files of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome on insulin were reviewed. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, A1C level, fasting blood glucose level, daily dose of NPH insulin, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were assessed in each patient before the start of metformin and 6 months after the initiation of combination therapy. Glycemic control significantly improved (P < 0.001) after the addition of metformin (1404.4 ± 565.5 mg/day), with 14% of the 57 patients reaching A1C levels up to 7%, and 53% reaching values up to 8%. There was a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) of total cholesterol (229.0 ± 29.5 to 214.2 ± 25.0 mg/dL), BMI (30.7 ± 5.4 to 29.0 ± 4.0 kg/m²), waist circumference (124.6 ± 11.7 to 117.3 ± 9.3 cm), and daily necessity of insulin. The reduction of total cholesterol occurred independently of the reductions of A1C (9.65 ± 1.03 to 8.18 ± 1.01%) and BMI and the reduction of BMI and WC did not interfere with the improvement of A1C. In conclusion, our study showed the efficacy of the administration of metformin and insulin simultaneously without negative effects. No changes were detected in HDL-cholesterol or blood pressure.

Influence of chronotype and social zeitgebers on sleep/wake patterns

Inter-individual differences in the phase of the endogenous circadian rhythms have been established. Individuals with early circadian phase are called morning types; those with late circadian phase are evening types. The Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) is the most frequently used to assess individual chronotype. The distribution of MEQ scores is likely to be biased by several fact, ors, such as gender, age, genetic background, latitude, and social habits. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of different social synchronizers on the sleep/wake cycle of persons with different chronotypes. Volunteers were selected from a total of 1232 UFPR undergraduate students who completed the MEQ. Thirty-two subjects completed the study, including 8 morning types, 8 evening types and 16 intermediate types. Sleep schedules were recorded by actigraphy for 1 week on two occasions: during the school term and during vacation. Sleep onset and offset times, sleep duration, and mid-sleep time for each chronotype group were compared by the Mann-Whitney U-test separately for school term and vacation. School term and vacation data were compared by the Wilcoxon matched-pair test. Morning types showed earlier sleep times and longer sleep duration compared with evening types (23:00 ± 44 and 508.9 ± 50.27 vs 01:08 ± 61.95 and 456.44 ± 59.08, for the weekdays during vacation). During vacation, the subjects showed later sleep times, except for the morning types, who did not exhibit differences for sleep onset times. The results support the idea that social schedules have an impact on the expression of circadian rhythmicity but this impact depends on the individual chronotype.